1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-37 पञ्चमी भयेन (used in step 2) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – भयेनेति स्वरूपग्रहणं नार्थस्य, प्रमाणाभावात्, ‘भयभीत-‘ इति वार्तिकारम्भाच्च। तेन वृकात्त्रास इत्यादौ समासो न। Please explain.
Answer: The term ‘भय’ mentioned in the सूत्रम् 2-1-37 पञ्चमी भयेन stands for itself only and not for its synonyms. This is so because there is no authoritative evidence telling us otherwise. And also the fact that the वार्त्तिकम् – भयभीतभीतिभीभिरिति वाच्यम्‌ – which mentions synonyms of ‘भय’ – has been constructed, confirms the understanding that the term ‘भय’ in the सूत्रम् 2-1-37 पञ्चमी does not stand for its synonyms. (If it did, there would be no purpose served by mentioning the synonyms in the वार्त्तिकम्)। Hence in the case of sentences such as वृकात्त्रास: there is no compounding even though त्रास: is a synonym of भयम्।

2. What is the alternate form for अवगत्य?
Answer: The alternate form for अवगत्य is अवगम्य।
The verbal root used in अवगत्य/अवगम्य is √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७). Note: Here the common agent of the actions अवगत्य (having perceived) and दधति (develop) is सुधिय: (men of sound judgement).
Derivation of अवगम्य is similar to that of the form उपसङ्गम्य shown in the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/06/21/उपसङ्गम्य-ind/
The only difference is that while in the post the उपसर्गौ ‘उप’ and ‘सम्’ are used, in the current example the उपसर्गः ’अव’ is used.

3. Why is the form अनुवर्तताम् used in the verses a आर्ष-प्रयोग: (irregular grammatical usage)?
Answer: As clarified in the commentary, the grammatically correct form is अनुवर्तमानानाम्। The verbal root in question is √वृत् (वृतुँ वर्तने १. ८६२). The derivation is as follows –
वृत् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
= वृत् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= वृत् + शानच् । By 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे। Note: As per 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् the verbal root √वृत् is आत्मनेपदी। Therefore √वृत् takes the affix ‘शानच्’ which has the designation आत्मनेपदम् as per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम् and not the affix ‘शतृँ’ which has the designation परस्मैपदम् as per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्। Note: In the form अनुवर्तताम् (occuring in the verses) the परस्मैपदम् affix ‘शतृँ’ has been irregularly used – even though the verbal root √वृत् is आत्मनेपदी।
= वृत् + आन । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= वृत् + शप् + आन । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्।
= वृत् + अ + आन । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= वर्त् + अ + आन । By 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च, 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
= वर्त मुँक् + आन । By 7-2-82 आने मुक् – A letter ‘अ’ belonging to a अङ्गम् takes the augment मुँक् when followed by ‘आन’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ – the augment मुँक् joins after the letter ‘अ’।
= वर्त म् + आन । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= वर्तमान । ‘वर्तमान’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
‘वर्तमान’ is compounded with the उपसर्ग: ‘अनु’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः to give the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनुवर्तमान’।
The विवक्षा in the form अनुवर्तमानानाम् is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्।
अनुवर्तमान + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… ।
= अनुवर्तमान + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट्, 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ ।
= अनुवर्तमान + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= अनुवर्तमानानाम् । By 6-4-3 नामि।

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-86 षत्वतुकोरसिद्धः been used in the commentary?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-1-86 षत्वतुकोरसिद्धः has been used in the commentary in the form परीत्य। The verbal root in question is √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०).
इ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।
Note: Here the actions परीत्य and अभिसंविवेश have a common agent (who has not been specifically mentioned. ) The earlier of the two actions is the action परीत्य which is denoted by √इ and hence √इ takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’।
Note: अव्ययकृतो भावे (from महाभाष्यम्) – कृत् affixes (such as ‘क्‍त्‍वा’) having the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा are used to denote भाव: (action) – and not the agent (ref. 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्‌) of the action.
= परि इ + क्त्वा । ‘इ + क्त्वा’ is compounded with ‘परि’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
= परि + इ + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌। The entire term ‘क्त्वा’ is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।)
= परि + इ + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.
= परी + य । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः। Since the affix ‘य’ is no longer preceded by a short vowel, 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् would not apply here. But now 6-1-86 षत्वतुकोरसिद्धः intervenes and says that when it comes to a possible addition of the augment ‘तुँक्’, the single substitute ‘ई’ (in place of ‘इ + इ’) is to be treated as if it has not occurred. Thus 6-1-71 still sees परि + इ + य and the addition of the augment ‘तुँक्’ does take place.
Note: The entire meaning of the सूत्रम् 6-1-86 षत्वतुकोरसिद्धः is – When the substitution ‘ष्’ or the augment ‘तुँक्’ is to be performed, a single replacement (in place of the preceding and following letter) is treated as if it has not occurred.
= परी तुँक् + य । By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक्, 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ।
= परीत्य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
‘परीत्य’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ।
परीत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
= परीत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘अय्’ in the form आकलय्य used in the commentary?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-56 ल्यपि लघुपूर्वात्‌ prescribes the substitution ‘अय्’ in आकलय्य – derived from the verbal root √कल (कल गतौ सङ्ख्याने च १०.४०४) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘आङ्’।
कल + णिच् । By 3-1-25 सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच्। The affix ‘णिच्’ gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः। This allows the application of the सूत्रम् 6-4-48 अतो लोपः in the next step.
= कल् + णिच् । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः। Note: As per 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, the affix ‘णिच्’ would do a वृद्धि: substitution in place of the letter ‘अ’ of the अङ्गम् ‘कल्’। But this does not happen because as per 1-1-57 अचः परस्मिन् पूर्वविधौ, the लोप: done by 6-4-48 has स्थानिवद्-भाव: (it behaves like the item it replaced – the letter ‘अ’) when it comes to an operation (वृद्धि:) that would be performed to the left of it. Hence as far as 7-2-116 is concerned, the उपधा of the अङ्गम् is the letter ‘ल्’ and hence it cannot apply.
= कल् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= कलि । ‘कलि’ gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
कलि + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।
Note: Here the common agent of the actions आकलय्य and दधति is सुधिय:। The earlier of the two actions is the action आकलय्य which is denoted by ‘कलि’ and hence ‘कलि’ takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’।
Note: अव्ययकृतो भावे (from महाभाष्यम्) – कृत् affixes (such as ‘क्‍त्‍वा’) having the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा are used to denote भाव: (action) – and not the agent (ref. 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्‌) of the action.
= आङ् कलि + क्त्वा । ‘कलि + क्त्वा’ is compounded with ‘आङ्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
= आ कलि + क्त्वा । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= आ कलि + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌। The entire term ‘क्त्वा’ is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।)
= आ कलि + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= आ कलय् + य । By 6-4-56 ल्यपि लघुपूर्वात्‌ – The affix ‘णि’ is substituted by ‘अय्’ when the following two conditions are satisfied –
(i) ‘णि’ is preceded by a letter (‘ल्’ in this case) which itself is preceded by a vowel (‘अ’ in this case) having the designation ‘लघु’ (ref. 1-4-10 ह्रस्वं लघु) and
(ii) ‘णि’ is followed by the affix ‘ल्यप्’।
‘आकलय्य’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ।
आकलय्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
= आकलय्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Everyone is afraid of death.” Paraphrase to “Everyone has fear of (from) death.”
Answer: सर्वस्य मृत्युभयम् अस्ति = सर्वस्य मृत्युभयमस्ति ।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-112 श्नाभ्यस्तयोरातः been used in the verses?
Answer: : The सूत्रम् 6-4-112 श्नाभ्यस्तयोरातः has been used in the verses in the form दधति derived from √धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११).
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
धा + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
= धा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= धा + झि । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।
= धा + शप् + झि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्।
= धा + झि । By 2-4-75 जुहोत्यादिभ्यः श्लुः।
= धा + धा + झि । By 6-1-10 श्लौ।
= ध + धा + झि । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः। ‘ध + धा’ gets the अभ्यस्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 6-1-5 उभे अभ्यस्तम्।
= ध + धा + अत् इ। By 7-1-4 अदभ्यस्तात् – The letter ‘झ्’ of an affix that follows a reduplicated (ref. 6-1-5 उभे अभ्यस्तम्) root is substituted by ‘अत्’।
Note: Since ‘अत्’ is an आदेश: (substitute) in place of the letter ‘झ्’ of the affix ‘झि’ which has the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-104 विभक्तिश्च, ‘अत्’ also gets the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। Hence 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘त्’ of ‘अत्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
= ध ध् अति । By 6-4-112 श्नाभ्यस्तयोरातः – When followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) or a ङित् (has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्), the letter ‘आ’ of the affix ‘श्ना’ or of a reduplicated root (अभ्यस्तम्) is elided.
(Note: Since the सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: ‘अति’ is अपित् (does not have the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकम् अपित् it behaves ङिद्वत् – as if it has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्। This allows 6-4-112 to apply.)
= दधति । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च।

2. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?
Answer: In the verses, the affix ‘श’ occurs in the form सृजति derived from the verbal root √सृज् (सृजँ विसर्गे ६. १५०).
Please see answer to question 1 in the following comment for the derivation of the form सृजति –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/03/28/उत्स्रक्ष्ये-1as-लृँट्/#comment-3550