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धर्मभृताम् mGp

Today we will look at the form धर्मभृताम् mGp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.10.1.

शौनक उवाच
हत्वा स्वरिक्थस्पृध आततायिनो युधिष्ठिरो धर्मभृतां वरिष्ठः । सहानुजैः प्रत्यवरुद्धभोजनः कथं प्रवृत्तः किमकारषीत्ततः ।। १-१०-१ ।।
सूत उवाच
वंशं कुरोर्वंशदवाग्निनिर्हृतं संरोहयित्वा भवभावनो हरिः । निवेशयित्वा निजराज्य ईश्वरो युधिष्ठिरं प्रीतमना बभूव ह ।। १-१०-२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
राज्यं चकारेत्युक्तं तत्र पृच्छति – हत्वेति । स्वस्य रिक्थे धने स्पर्धन्ते स्म ये ते तथा । यद्वा स्वरिक्थाय स्पृत्संग्रामो येषामत एव धनादिहरणादाततायिनस्तान्हत्वाप्रत्यवरुद्धभोजनो बन्धुवधदुःखेन संकुचितभोगो, राज्यलाभेन प्राप्तभोगो वा । कथं राज्ये प्रवृत्तः, प्रवृत्तो वा ततः किमकार्षीत् ।। १ ।। राज्यप्रवृत्तौ श्रीकृष्णस्य प्रीतिं पर्यालोच्य प्रवृत्त इत्याशयेनोत्तरमाह । वंशं कुरोः संरोहयित्वा परीक्षिद्रक्षणेन संरोह्याङ्कुरितं कृत्वा । कथंभूतम् । वंशदवाग्निनिर्हृतं वंश एव दवो वनं तस्मादुद्भूतो यः क्रोधरूपोऽग्निस्तेन निर्हृतं दग्धम् । निजराज्ये निवेश्य च ।। २ ।।

Gita Press translation – Śaunaka said: Having got rid of the ruffians who sought to rob him of his lawful heritage, how did Yudhiṣṭhira, the foremost of pious rulers, proceed (to rule his kingdom) with his younger brothers and what did he accomplish later, averse as he was to the gratification of his senses? (1) Sūta continued: Having revived the race of Kuru, that had been consumed by the fire of internecine feud – even as the wild fire produced by the rubbing of bamboo stems against one another consumes a whole forest of bamboos – and established Yudhiṣṭhira on his throne, the almighty Śrī Hari (Śrī Kṛṣṇa), the promoter of the world, rejoiced at heart (2).

धर्मभृताम् is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धर्मभृत्’।

(1) धर्मभृत् + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per 2-3-41 यतश्च निर्धारणम्‌ – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) or a seventh case affix (‘ङि’, ‘ओस्’, ‘सुप्’) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) which denotes a group/whole from which an element/part is to be singled out based on a genus or quality or action or proper name.

In the present example, ‘युधिष्ठिर’ is being singled out from the group denoted by ‘धर्मभृत्’ (‘pious ruler’) based on the quality of being ‘वरिष्ठ’ (‘foremost.’) Hence the conditions for applying 2-3-41 are satisfied and a sixth case affix is used following the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धर्मभृत्’। (A seventh case affix could have also been used.)

1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘आम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

= धर्मभृताम् ।

Questions:

1. In the first verse of which Chapter of the गीता has the सूत्रम् 2-3-41 यतश्च निर्धारणम्‌ (used in step 1) been used?

2. Which कृत् affix is used to form the उपपद-समास: ‘धर्मभृत्’?

3. Why is the form संरोहयित्वा not appropriate in the classical language? What is the correct form?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the word अनुजै: used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Pāṇini is the foremost among grammarians.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वैयाकरण’ for ‘grammarian.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the augment ‘वुक्’ in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the वृद्धि: substitution in the form अकार्षीत्?


1 Comment

  1. http://avg-sanskrit.org/2014/11/20/धर्मभृताम्-mgp/
    1. In the first verse of which Chapter of the गीता has the सूत्रम् 2-3-41 यतश्च निर्धारणम्‌ (used in step 1) been used?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-3-41 यतश्च निर्धारणम्‌ has been used in the forms एतयोः (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘एतद्’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे षष्ठी/सप्तमी-द्विवचनम्), तेषाम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तद्’, पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्) and ज्ञानानाम् (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ज्ञान’, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्) in the following verses –

    अर्जुन उवाच |
    संन्यासं कर्मणां कृष्ण पुनर्योगं च शंससि |
    यच्छ्रेय एतयोरेकं तन्मे ब्रूहि सुनिश्चितम्‌ || 5-1||
    Here, ‘यद्’/‘एक’ is being singled out from the group denoted by ‘एतद्’ (‘this’) based on the quality of being ‘श्रेयस्’ (‘superior.’) Hence the conditions for applying 2-3-41 are satisfied and a sixth/seventh case affix is used following the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘एतद्’।

    अर्जुन उवाच |
    एवं सततयुक्ता ये भक्तास्त्वां पर्युपासते |
    ये चाप्यक्षरमव्यक्तं तेषां के योगवित्तमाः || 12-1||
    Here, ‘किम्’ is being singled out from the group denoted by ‘तद्’ (‘that’) based on the quality of being ‘योगवित्तम’ (‘having the best knowledge of Yoga.’) Hence the conditions for applying 2-3-41 are satisfied and a sixth case affix is used following the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तद्’। (A seventh case affix could have also been used.)

    श्रीभगवानुवाच |
    परं भूयः प्रवक्ष्यामि ज्ञानानां ज्ञानमुत्तमम्‌ |
    यज्ज्ञात्वा मुनयः सर्वे परां सिद्धिमितो गताः || 14-1||
    Here, ‘पर’/’ज्ञान’ is being singled out from the group denoted by ‘ज्ञान’ (‘knowledge’) based on the quality of being ‘उत्तम’ (‘best.’) Hence the conditions for applying 2-3-41 are satisfied and a sixth case affix is used following the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ज्ञान’। (A seventh case affix could have also been used.)

    2. Which कृत् affix is used to form the उपपद-समास: ‘धर्मभृत्’?
    Answer: The कृत् affix ‘क्विँप्’ is used to form the उपपद-समास: ‘धर्मभृत्’ – derived from the verbal root √भृ (डुभृञ् धारणपोषणयोः ३. ६).

    धर्मं बिभर्तीति धर्मभृत् ।

    ‘भृत्’ is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form). The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धर्मभृत्’ is derived as follows:
    धर्म + ङस् + भृ + क्विँप् । By the 3-2-76 क्विप् च – (In addition to the affixes mentioned in the सूत्रम् 3-2-74) the affix ‘क्विँप्’ may also be used (following any verbal root with or without the presence of a उपपदम्।)
    Note: The term सुपि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च from the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence ‘धर्म + ङस्’ gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।
    Note: The affix ‘ङस्’ is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति। This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।
    = धर्म + ङस् + भृ + व् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = धर्म + ङस् + भृ । By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य। As per 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्यय:, here the letter ‘व्’ has अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: The affix क्विँप् is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्)। This enables 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च to stop 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
    = धर्म + ङस् + भृ तुँक् । By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक्। Note: Even though the affix क्विँप् undergoes सर्वापहार-लोपः (completely disappears), 6-1-71 still applies as per the सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
    Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the letter ‘ऋ’।
    = धर्म + ङस् + भृत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    We form a compound between ‘धर्म + ङस्’ (which is the उपपदम्) and ‘भृत्’ by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्। In the compound, ‘धर्म + ङस्’ is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌। Note: Here ‘धर्म + ङस्’ is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case ‘उपपदम्’) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation ‘उपसर्जन’।
    ‘धर्म + ङस् + भृत्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
    = धर्म + भृत् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
    = धर्मभृत् ।

    3. Why is the form संरोहयित्वा not appropriate in the classical language? What is the correct form?
    Answer: The form संरोहयित्वा is not appropriate in the classical language because the affix क्त्वा should have been replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्‍ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).
    The correct form is संरोह्य/संरोप्य – derived from the causative form of the verbal root √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘सम्’।

    रुह् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च।
    = रुह्/रुप् + णिच् । As per 7-3-43 रुहः पोऽन्यतरस्याम् – The ending letter (‘ह्’) of the verbal root √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) optionally takes the letter ‘प्’ as a substitute when the affix ‘णि’ follows.
    = रुह्/रुप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = रोहि/रोपि । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च।
    ‘रोहि/रोपि’ gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

    रोहि/रोपि + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।
    Note: Here the common agent of the actions संरोह्य (having revived) – as well as निवेश्य (having established) – and (प्रीतमनाः) बभूव (rejoiced) is हरिः। The earlier of the two actions (of reviving and rejoicing) is the action of reviving which is denoted by ‘रोहि/रोपि’ and hence ‘रोहि/रोपि’ takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’।
    Note: अव्ययकृतो भावे (from महाभाष्यम्) – कृत् affixes (such as ‘क्‍त्‍वा’) having the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा are used to denote भाव: (action) – and not the agent (ref. 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्‌) of the action.
    = सम् + रोहि/रोपि + क्त्वा । ‘रोहि/रोपि + क्त्वा’ is compounded with ‘सम्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
    = सम् + रोहि/रोपि + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्‍ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6). The entire term ‘क्त्वा’ is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
    = सम् + रोहि/रोपि + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    Note: Since the affix ‘य’ does not begin with a वल् letter it cannot take the augment ‘इट्’ (by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।) This allows 6-4-51 to apply in the next step.
    = सम् रोह्/रोप् + य । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि।
    = संरोह्य/संरोप्य । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
    ‘संरोह्य/संरोप्य’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ।

    संरोह्य/संरोप्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
    = संरोह्य/संरोप्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।

    4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति been used in the verses?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति has been used in the form हत्वा – derived from the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २).

    हन् + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।
    Note: Here the common agent of the actions हत्वा (having got rid) and अकार्षीत् (accomplished) is युधिष्ठिरः। The earlier of the two actions is the action of ‘getting rid’ which is denoted by √हन् and hence √हन् takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’।
    Note: अव्ययकृतो भावे (from महाभाष्यम्) – कृत् affixes (such as ‘क्‍त्‍वा’) having the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा are used to denote भाव: (action) – and not the agent (ref. 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्‌) of the action.
    हन् + त्वा । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    ह + त्वा । By 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति – There is an elision of the final nasal consonant of the verbal root √वन् (वनँ शब्दे १. ५३३, वनँ सम्भक्तौ १. ५३४, वनुँ च नोच्यते १. ९१५) and of the verbal roots* which have अनुदात्त-स्वरः in the धातु-पाठः as well as of the verbal roots belonging to the तनादि-गणः – when followed by a झलादि-प्रत्ययः (an affix beginning with a झल् letter) which is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) or a ङित् (has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्)।
    Note: * सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी – ‘यमिरमिनमिगमिहनिमन्यतयोऽनुदात्तोपदेशाः।’ The following six roots end in a nasal consonant and have a अनुदात्त-स्वरः in the धातु-पाठः।
    √यम् (यमँ उपरमे १. ११३९), √रम् (रमुँ क्रीडायाम् | रमँ इति माधवः १. ९८९), √नम् (णमँ प्रह्वत्वे शब्दे च १. ११३६), √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७), √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) and √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३)।
    = हत्वा । ‘हत्वा’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः।

    हत्वा + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
    = हत्वा । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।

    5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the word अनुजै: used in the verses?
    Answer: The use of a third case affix in the form अनुजै: (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनुज’, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-बहुवचनम्) is justified by the सूत्रम् 2-3-19 सहयुक्तेऽप्रधाने – A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भिस्’) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) co-occurring with सह or a synonym of सह, provided the प्रातिपदिकम् does not denote the primary (agent.)

    6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
    “Pāṇini is the foremost among grammarians.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वैयाकरण’ for ‘grammarian.’
    Answer: वैयाकरणानाम्/वैयाकरणेषु पाणिनिः वरिष्ठः = वैयाकरणानां/वैयाकरणेषु पाणिनिर्वरिष्ठः।

    Easy questions:
    1. Can you spot the augment ‘वुक्’ in the verses?
    Answer: The augment ‘वुक्’ occurs in the form बभूव – derived from the verbal root √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १).

    Please see the following post for derivation of the form बभूव – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/12/10

    2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the वृद्धि: substitution in the form अकार्षीत्?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-2-1 सिचि वृद्धिः परस्मैपदेषु prescribes the वृद्धि: substitution in the form अकार्षीत् – derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०)।

    Please see the following post for derivation of the form अकार्षीत् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/04/20/अकार्षीत्-3as-लुँङ्/

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