AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form भुञ्जीत 3As-विधिलिँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb11.10.36

कथं वर्तेत विहरेत्कैर्वा ज्ञायेत लक्षणैः ।
किं भुञ्जीतोत विसृजेच्छयीतासीत याति वा ।। ११-१०-३६ ।।

Gita Press translation “How does a person liberated or bound behave or sport and by what characteristics is he to be known? How does he eat, ease nature, sleep, sit or walk?”

भुञ्जीत is derived from the धातुः √भुज् (रुधादि-गणः, भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः, धातु-पाठः # ७. १७)

The ending अकारः of the √भुज्-धातुः has a उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus it is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √भुज्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, would take परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. But as per 1-3-66 भुजोऽनवने, the root √भुज् (भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः # ७. १७), takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया: except when used in the sense of protecting. It takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: only when used in the sense of अवने (protecting.) When used in any other meaning it takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:।
In the present example, √भुज् has not been used in the sense of अवने (protecting), hence it has taken a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is विधिलिँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “त”।

(1) भुज् + लिँङ् । By 3-3-161 विधिनिमन्त्रणामन्त्रणाधीष्टसंप्रश्नप्रार्थनेषु लिङ्, the affix लिङ् is prescribed after a धातुः when used in the sense of command, direction, invitation, request, inquiry and entreaty.

(2) भुज् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भुज् + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। “त” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) भुज् + सीयुट् त । By 3-4-102 लिङस्सीयुट् , the affixes of लिँङ् get सीयुट् as the augment. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the सीयुट्-आगमः joins at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।

(5) भुज् + सीय् त । The उकार: in सीयुट् is for pronunciation only (उच्चारणार्थम्)। The टकार: is an इत् by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) भु श्नम् ज् + सीय् त । By 3-1-78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम्, the श्नम्-प्रत्ययः is placed after the verbal roots belonging to the रुधादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः that is used signifying the agent. श्नम् is a मित्। Hence as per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, it is placed after the last vowel (उकार:) of the अङ्गम् “भुज्”।
This सूत्रम् is a अपवादः (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ ।
Note: The purpose of the शकार: (which is an इत् by 1-3-8) in “श्नम्” is in order for पाणिनि: to be able to refer specifically to this प्रत्यय: in rules such as 6-4-23, 6-4-111 etc. It is not for getting the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा (by 3-4-113.) Since this प्रत्यय: does not follow the अङ्गम् (it is placed inside the अङ्गम् as per 1-1-47), it cannot act on the अङ्गम् and hence no purpose would be served by assigning the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) भुनज् + सीय् त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) भुन्ज् + सीय् त । By 6-4-111 श्नसोरल्लोपः, the अकारः of “श्न” and of the verbal root √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) is elided when followed by सार्वाधातुक-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित्।
Note: “श्न” refers to the “श्नम्”-प्रत्यय: (ref. 3-1-78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम्)।
Note: By 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित्, the “सीय् त”-प्रत्यय: becomes ङिद्वत् (behaves like having a ङकारः as an इत्)। This allows 6-4-111 to apply.

(9) भुन्ज् + ई य् त । By 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्‍त्‍यस्‍य, the सकारः of a सार्वधातुक-लिङ् affix is elided, provided it is not the final letter of the affix.

(10) भुन्ज् + ईत । By 6-1-66 लोपो व्‍योर्वलि , a वकारः or a यकारः is elided when it is followed by a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः।

(11) भुंजीत । By 8-3-24 नश्चापदान्तस्य झलि, the नकारः (which is not at the end of the पदम्) gets अनुस्वारः as replacement since a झल् letter follows.

(12) भुञ्जीत । By 8-4-58 अनुस्वारस्य ययि परसवर्णः, when a यय् letter follows, अनुस्वारः gets the सवर्णः of the यय् letter as its replacement.

Questions:

1. Where has 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्‍त्‍यस्‍य (used in step 9 of this example) been used in the last five verses of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “यक्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Where has 7-4-21 शीङः सार्वधातुके गुणः been used in the verse?

4. Can you spot a “श”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

5. Use some words from the verse to construct this sentence in Sanskrit:
“By what characteristics would this disease be recognized?” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “रोग” for “disease.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You should be friendly with the students.” Paraphrase this to “You should behave with friendliness towards the students.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “सौहृद” for “friendliness”and use a verbal root from the verse for “to behave.” Use सप्तमी विभक्ति: to express the meaning of “towards.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-63 शश्छोऽटि been used in the verse?

2. Where has the “लँट्”-प्रत्यय: been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form कुर्याम् 1As-विधिलिँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10.57.12

नाहमीश्वरयोः कुर्यां हेलनं रामकृष्णयोः ।
को नु क्षेमाय कल्पेत तयोर्वृजिनमाचरन् ।। १०-५७-१२ ।।

Gita Press translation “I dare not cross the two almighty Brothers. Having given offense to Them, who can as a matter of fact hope to live in peace?”

कुर्याम् is derived from the धातुः √कृ (तनादि-गणः, डुकृञ् करणे, धातु-पाठः # ८. १०)

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since the √कृ-धातुः has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √कृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √कृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।

In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “√कृ” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √कृ-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is विधिलिँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, उत्तम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्।

(1) कृ + लिँङ् । By 3-3-161 विधिनिमन्त्रणामन्त्रणाधीष्टसंप्रश्नप्रार्थनेषु लिङ्, the affix लिङ् is prescribed after a धातुः when used in the sense of command, direction, invitation, request, inquiry and entreaty.

(2) कृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कृ + मिप् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्। ‘मिप्’ gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have the letter ‘श्’ as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the ‘धातो:’ अधिकार:।

(4) कृ + अम् । By 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः – The तिङ् affixes ‘तस्’, ‘थस्’, ‘थ’ and ‘मिप्’ of a लकारः which is a ङित्, are replaced by ‘ताम्’, ‘तम्’, ‘त’ and ‘अम्’ respectively (ref: 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्)। As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire term ‘मिप्’ is replaced by ‘अम्’। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents ending letter ‘म्’ of ‘अम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) कृ + यासुट् अम् । By 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च, the परस्मैपदम् affixes of लिँङ् get यासुट् as an augment, and this augment is उदात्तः and a ङित्। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the यासुट्-आगमः before the प्रत्यय:।

(6) कृ + यास् अम् । The letter ‘उ’ in यासुट् is for pronunciation only (उच्चारणार्थम्)। The letter ‘ट्’ is an इत् by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) कृ + या अम् । By 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्‍त्‍यस्‍य, the letter ‘स्’ of a सार्वधातुक-लिङ् affix is elided, provided it is not the final letter of the affix.

(8) कृ + याम् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

(9) कृ + उ + याम् । By 3-1-79 तनादिकृञ्भ्य उः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः signifying the agent follows, the affix ‘उ’ is placed after the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) and also after a verbal root belonging to the तनादि-गणः। ‘उ’ gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्द्धधातुकं शेषः।

(10) कर् + उ + याम् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुकम् affix or an आर्धधातुकम् affix follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (‘अ’, ‘इ’, ‘उ’) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (‘र्’, ‘ल्’) letter.
Note: Since यासुट् is a ङित् (by 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च), 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents the गुणादेश: for the letter ‘उ’ which would have taken place by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(11) कुर् + उ + याम् । By 6-4-110 अत उत्‌ सार्वधातुके, when √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) ends in the affix ‘उ’ and is followed by a सार्वधातुकम् affix which is a कित् or a ङित्, then there is a substitution of letter ‘उ’ in place of the letter ‘अ’ (which is a result of गुणादेशः) of √कृ।

(12) कुर्याम् । By 6-4-109 ये च, the letter ‘उ’ of an affix following the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) takes लोप: (elision), when followed by an affix beginning with the letter ‘य्’।

Note: 8-2-79 न भकुर्छुराम् prevents the दीर्घादेशः (elongation) of the उपधा (letter ‘उ’) of the अङ्गम् ‘कुर्’ that would have been done by 8-2-77 हलि च।

Questions:

1. Where is कुर्याम् used in the गीता?

2. Can you spot a ‘सीयुट्’-आगम: in the verse?

3. Can you spot a एकारादेश: (letter ‘ए’ as a substitute) in the verse?

4. How would one say this in Sanskrit?
“Knowledge is conducive to happiness.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “सुख” (happiness.) Use a धातु: from the verse for “to be conducive to.”

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One should never eat meat.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “मांस” for “meat” and √भुज् (भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः, धातु-पाठः # ७. १७) for “to eat.”

6. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“I dare not insult the teacher.”

Easy questions:

1. Why didn’t the ending नकार: of आचरन् (प्रातिपदिकम् “आचरत्”, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) take लोप: by 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य?

2. Where has 7-3-102 सुपि च been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form भिनत्ति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb7.5.13

स एष आत्मा स्वपरेत्यबुद्धिभिर्दुरत्ययानुक्रमणो निरूप्यते ।
मुह्यन्ति यद्वर्त्मनि वेदवादिनो ब्रह्मादयो ह्येष भिनत्ति मे मतिम् ।। ७-५-१३ ।।

Translation “That (supreme) Spirit Itself is described (by the wise) as one whose ways cannot be easily comprehended by those that are laboring under the misapprehension that “he is my own and he is another”, and in whose quest even (great) exponents of the Veda such as Brahmā (the creator) get bewildered. Indeed it is He who alters my outlook.”

भिनत्ति is derived from the धातुः √भिद् (रुधादि-गणः, भिदिँर् विदारणे, धातु-पाठः # ७. २)

By the वार्तिकम् – इर इत्सञ्ज्ञा वाच्या, “इर्” of “भिदिँर्” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । The इकारः of “इर्” has a स्वरित-स्वर: here. Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √भिद्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √भिद्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √भिद् will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √भिद्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) भिद् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) भिद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भिद् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।

(4) भिद् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) भि श्नम् द् + ति । By 3-1-78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम्, the श्नम्-प्रत्ययः is placed after the verbal roots belonging to the रुधादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः that is used signifying the agent. श्नम् is a मित्। Hence as per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, it is placed after the last vowel (इकार:) of the अङ्गम् “भिद्”।
This सूत्रम् is a अपवादः (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ ।
Note: The purpose of the शकार: (which is an इत् by 1-3-8) in “श्नम्” is in order for पाणिनि: to be able to refer specifically to this प्रत्यय: in rules such as 6-4-23, 6-4-111 etc. It is not for getting the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा (by 3-4-113.) Since this प्रत्यय: does not follow the अङ्गम् (it is placed inside the अङ्गम् as per 1-1-47), it cannot act on the अङ्गम् and hence no purpose would be served by assigning the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(6) भिनद् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) भिनत्ति । By 8-4-55 खरि च

Questions:

1. In Chapter Two of the गीता, in which तिङन्तं पदम् ending in a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय: has 3-1-78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम् been used?

2. Can you spot a “श्यन्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Where has 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ been used in the verse?

4. The अव्ययम् “इति” normally ends a quotation. Based on the context we have to find out where the quotation begins. From where does the quotation begin in this verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lotuses are blossomed (caused to open) by the rays of the Sun.” Use (in the passive) √भिद् (रुधादि-गणः, भिदिँर् विदारणे, धातु-पाठः # ७. २) for “to blossom (cause to open.)”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This act of yours violates our (dual) agreement.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “समय” for “agreement”, the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “कृति” for “act” and √भिद् (रुधादि-गणः, भिदिँर् विदारणे, धातु-पाठः # ७. २) for “to violate.”

Easy questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does “मति” get the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-132 एतत्तदोः सुलोपोऽकोरनञ्समासे हलि been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form मनुते 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4.27.4

शयान उन्नद्धमदो महामना महार्हतल्पे महिषीभुजोपधिः ।
तामेव वीरो मनुते परं यतस्तमोऽभिभूतो न निजं परं च यत् ।। ४-२७-४ ।।

Gita Press translation “Lying on a splendid couch with the arm of his queen serving as a pillow, the over-ambitious and valiant Purañjana, whose arrongance knew no bounds, accounted his wife the supreme object of his life; and, overpowered as he was with infatuation, he did not know what was his and what was alien (to him).”

मनुते is derived from the धातुः √मन् (तनादि-गणः, मनुँ अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ८. ९)

In the धातु-पाठः, as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, the √मन्-धातुः has उकारः as इत् letter. The उकारः has a अनुदात्त-स्वर:। Thus by 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम्, √मन् takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। As per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “त” to “महिङ्” get the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √मन् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “त”।

(1) मन् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) मन् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) मन् + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। “त” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।

(4) मन् + ते । By 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे, the टि-भागः of a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययः which substitutes a टित्-लकारः (a लकार: which has टकार: as a इत्), gets एकारः as the replacement.

(5) मन् + उ + ते । By 3-1-79 तनादिकृञ्भ्य उः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः signifying the agent follows, the affix “उ” is placed after the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) and also after a verbal root belonging to the तनादि-गणः। “उ” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्द्धधातुकं शेषः।
Note: By 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित्, the “ते”-प्रत्यय: becomes ङिद्वत् (behaves like having a ङकारः as an इत्)। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents the गुणादेशः for the ending उकार: (of the अङ्गम् “मनु”) which would have been done by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(6) मनुते।

Questions:

1. Where has 3-1-79 तनादिकृञ्भ्य उः (used in step 5 of this example) been used in the first ten verses of Chapter Three of the गीता?

2. Which (if any) other (than “उ”) गण-विकरण: has the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. Which other गण: (besides the तनादि-गण:) has a धातु: of the form √मन्? /> i. अदादि-गण:
ii. दिवादि-गण:
iii. स्वादि-गण:
iv. रुधादि-गण:

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Who would possibly think like this?” Use the अव्ययम् “नु” for “possibly” and the अव्ययम् “एवम्” for “like this.” Use √मन् (तनादि-गणः, मनुँ अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ८. ९) for “to think.”

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I think that you’re confused.” Use the adjective “भ्रान्त” for “confused.” Use the अव्ययम् “इति” (end-quote) for “that.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I want to go to (my) own country.” Use the अव्ययम् “गन्तुम्” for “to go”, use √इष् (इषँ [इषुँ] इच्छायाम् ६. ७८) for “to want” and use an adjective from the verse for “own.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-3-19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य been used in the verse?

2. Derive the form ताम् (स्त्रीलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्”।

Today we will look at the form क्षिणोति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10.39.30

योऽह्नः क्षये व्रजमनन्तसखः परीतो गोपैर्विशन्खुररजश्छुरितालकस्रक् ।
वेणुं क्वणन्स्मितकटाक्षनिरीक्षणेन चित्तं क्षिणोत्यमुमृते नु कथं भवेम ।। १०-३९-३० ।।

Gita Press translation “How can we really survive without Him who – while entering Vraja at the close of the day, accompanied by Balarāma (who is possessed of infinite strength) and surrounded by cowherd boys and playing on the flute, His curly locks and wreaths of flowers covered all over with the dust raised by the hoofs of the cows – used to captivate our mind with His sidelong glances full of smiles?”

Note: As per श्रीधर-स्वामी, here the meaning of क्षिणोति = हरति।

क्षिणोति is derived from the धातुः √क्षि (स्वादि-गणः, क्षि हिंसायाम्, धातु-पाठः # ५. ३३)

In the धातुपाठ:, √क्षि does not have any इत् letter. Hence this धातु: is devoid of any indications for taking आत्मनेपदप्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in the active voice √क्षि takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः by default.

Since the विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्ययः is “तिप्”।

(1) क्षि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) क्षि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) क्षि + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।

(4) क्षि + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) क्षि + श्नु + ति । By 3-1-73 स्वादिभ्यः श्नुः, the श्नु-प्रत्यय: is placed after the verbal roots of the स्वादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. This सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ ।

(6) क्षि + नु + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: By 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित्, the नु-प्रत्यय: becomes ङिद्वत् (behaves like having a ङकारः as an इत्)। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents the गुणादेशः for the ending इकार: (of the अङ्गम् “क्षि”) which would have been done by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(7) क्षिनोति । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) क्षिणोति । णकारादेश: by 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि।

Questions:

1. Where has 3-1-73 स्वादिभ्यः श्नुः (used in step 5 of this example) been used in the last five verses of Chapter Sixteen of the गीता?

2. Where has the “अदस्”-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in the verse?

3. Where has 3-4-99 नित्यं ङितः been used in the verse?

4. Which सूत्रम् from the “भस्य”-अधिकार: has been used in the verse?

5. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“How would we possibly survive (live) without water?” Use √जीव् (जीवँ प्राणधारणे १. ६४३) for “to live.”

6. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“At the end of the day we were all tried.” Use the adjective “श्रान्त” for “tired.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “नुँम्”-आगम: in the form विशन् (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्, प्रातिपदिकम् “विशत्”)? Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् “विशत्” ends in the “शतृँ”-प्रत्यय:।

2. Where has 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form कुर्वीत 3As-विधिलिँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb12.6.34

अतिवादांस्तितिक्षेत नावमन्येत कञ्चन ।
न चेमं देहमाश्रित्य वैरं कुर्वीत केनचित् ।। १२-६-३४ ।।

Gita Press translation “One should put up with abusive words, and show disrespect to none, nor should one enter into hostility with anyone for the sake of this (perishable) body.”

कुर्वीत is derived from the धातुः √कृ (तनादि-गणः, डुकृञ् करणे, धातु-पाठः # ८. १०)

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since the √कृ-धातुः has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः, by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले the √कृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √कृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।

In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “√कृ” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √कृ-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय:।

Since the विवक्षा is विधिलिँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्ययः is “त”।

(1) कृ + लिँङ् । By 3-3-161 विधिनिमन्त्रणामन्त्रणाधीष्टसंप्रश्नप्रार्थनेषु लिङ्, the affix लिङ् is prescribed after a धातुः when used in the sense of command, direction, invitation, request, inquiry and entreaty.

(2) कृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कृ + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। “त” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।

(4) कृ + सीयुट् त । By 3-4-102 लिङस्सीयुट्, the affixes of लिँङ् get “सीयुट्” as the augment. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “सीयुट्”-आगमः joins at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।

(5) कृ + सीय् त । The उकार: in “सीयुट्” is for pronunciation only (उच्चारणार्थम्)। The टकार: is an इत् by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) कृ + ई य् त । By 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्‍त्‍यस्‍य, the सकारः of a सार्वधातुक-लिङ् affix is elided, provided it is not the final letter of the affix.

(7) कृ + ईत । By 6-1-66 लोपो व्‍योर्वलि, a वकारः or a यकारः is elided when it is followed by a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः।

(8) कृ + उ + ईत । By 3-1-79 तनादिकृञ्भ्य उः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः signifying the agent follows, the affix “उ” is placed after the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) and also after a verbal root belonging to the तनादि-गणः। “उ” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्द्धधातुकं शेषः।

(9) कर् + उ + ईत । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
Note: Since “ईत” is a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: which is not a पित्, by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित् it becomes ङिद्वत्। Hence 1-1-5 ग्क्ङिति च prevents the गुणादेश: for the उकार: which would have taken place by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(10) कुर् + उ + ईत । By 6-4-110 अत उत्‌ सार्वधातुके, when √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) ends in the “उ”-प्रत्यय: and is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित्, then there is a substitution of उकारः in place of the अकारः (which is a result of गुणादेशः) of √कृ। See question 2.

(11) कुर्वीत । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि। See question 3.

Questions:

1. Where has the “सीयुट्”-आगम: (used in step 4 of this example) been used in the first ten verses of Chapter Five of the गीता?

2. After step 10, why didn’t the उकार: of the अङ्गम् “कुर्” take the गुणादेश: by 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च?

3. After step 11, why didn’t the उकार: of the अङ्गम् “कुर्” take the दीर्घादेश: by 8-2-77 हलि च?

4. What would have been the final form in this example if a परस्मैप्रत्यय: had been used?

5. Can you spot a “श्यन्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One should never use abusive words.” Use the धातु: √युज् (युजिँर् योगे ७. ७) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र” for to “use.” Use a word from the verse for “abusive words.”

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form केन (पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्”।

2. Where has 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form (प्रति) कुर्यात् 3As-विधिलिँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb3.31.18

येनेदृशीं गतिमसौ दशमास्य ईश सङ्ग्राहितः पुरुदयेन भवादृशेन ।
स्वेनैव तुष्यतु कृतेन स दीननाथः को नाम तत्प्रति विनाञ्जलिमस्य कुर्यात् ।। ३-३१-१८ ।।

Gita Press translation “Overflowing with compassion, it is Your peerless Self, O Lord, that has imparted to this creature, who is (hardly) ten months old, such (incomparable) wisdom. May that protector of the afflicted (Yourself) be pleased with His own (benevolent) act (the bestowal of wisdom); for who can ever repay His obligations except by joining his palms (out of gratitude)?”

Note: कुर्यात् connects with प्रति to give the meaning of प्रतिकुर्यात् (= प्रत्युपकारं कुर्यात् = प्रत्युपकारं कर्तुं शक्नुयात्) = “can repay”.

कुर्यात् is derived from the धातुः √कृ (तनादि-गणः, डुकृञ् करणे, धातु-पाठः # ८. १०)

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since the √कृ-धातुः has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √कृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √कृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।

In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “√कृ” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √कृ-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

Since the विवक्षा is विधिलिँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्ययः is “तिप्”।

(1) कृ + लिँङ् । By 3-3-161 विधिनिमन्त्रणामन्त्रणाधीष्टसंप्रश्नप्रार्थनेषु लिङ्, the affix लिङ् is prescribed after a धातुः when used in the sense of command, direction, invitation, request, inquiry and entreaty.

(2) कृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कृ + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।

(4) कृ + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) कृ + त् । 3-4-100 इतश्च, the ending letter (इकारः) of a इकारान्तः (ending in a इकारः) परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः, is elided.

(6) कृ + यासुट् त् । By 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च, the परस्मैपदम् affixes of लिँङ् get यासुट् as an augment, and this augment is उदात्तः and a ङित्। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the यासुट्-आगमः before the प्रत्यय:।

(7) कृ + यास् त् । The उकार: in यासुट् is for pronunciation only (उच्चारणार्थम्)। The टकार: is an इत् by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) कृ + यात् । By 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्‍त्‍यस्‍य, the सकारः of a सार्वधातुक-लिङ् affix is elided, provided it is not the final letter of the affix.

(9) कृ + उ + यात् । By 3-1-79 तनादिकृञ्भ्य उः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः signifying the agent follows, the affix “उ” is placed after the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) and also after a verbal root belonging to the तनादि-गणः। “उ” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्द्धधातुकं शेषः।

(10) कर् + उ + यात् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
Note: Since यासुट् is a ङित् (by 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च), 1-1-5 ग्क्ङिति च prevents the गुणादेश: for the उकार: which would have taken place by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(11) कुर् + उ + यात् । By 6-4-110 अत उत्‌ सार्वधातुके, when √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) ends in the “उ”-प्रत्यय: and is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित्, then there is a substitution of उकारः in place of the अकारः (which is a result of गुणादेशः) of √कृ।

(12) कुर्यात् । By 6-4-109 ये च, the उकारः of a प्रत्ययः following the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) takes लोप: (elision), when followed by an affix beginning with a यकारः।

Note: 8-2-79 न भकुर्छुराम् prevents the दीर्घादेशः (elongation) of the उपधा (उकारः) of the अङ्गम् “कुर्” that would have been done by 8-2-77 हलि च।

Questions:

1. Where has 6-4-109 ये च been used in Chapter Three of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “श्यन्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Where has 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used in the verse?

4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-4-100 इतश्च (used in step 5 of this example), the काशिका says – परस्मैपदेषु इत्येव, अपचावहि। Please explain.

5. Where has the “अदस्” प्रातिपदिकम् been used in the verse?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“How may I return this favor?” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “उपकार” for “favor” and use the अव्ययम् “कथम्” for “how.”

Easy questions:

1. Which intervening letter prevented the नकार: in भवादृशेन from being substituted by a णकार:?

2. Can you spot a “क”-आदेश: in the verse?

Today we will look at the form अनुभुङ्क्ष्व 2As-लोँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb7.10.11

नृसिंह उवाच
नैकान्तिनो मे मयि जात्विहाशिष आशासतेऽमुत्र च ये भवद्विधाः ।
अथापि मन्वन्तरमेतदत्र दैत्येश्वराणामनुभुङ्क्ष्व भोगान् ।। ७-१०-११ ।।

Gita Press translation – Lord Nṛsiṁha replied : “Those like you, who are exclusively devoted to Me, never seek (even) from Me benefits in this or the next world. Nevertheless enjoy here during (the whole of) this Manvantara continuously the luxuries of the lords of the Daityas.”

भुङ्क्ष्व is derived from the धातुः √भुज् (रुधादि-गणः, भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः, धातु-पाठः # ७. १७)

The ending अकारः of the √भुज्-धातुः has a उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus it is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √भुज्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, would take परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. But as per 1-3-66 भुजोऽनवने, the root √भुज् (भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः # ७. १७), takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया: except when used in the sense of protecting. It takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: only when used in the sense of अवने (protecting.) When used in any other meaning it takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:।
In the present example, √भुज् has not been used in the sense of अवने (protecting), hence it has taken a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “थास्”।

(1) भुज् + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च, the affix लोँट् follows a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) भुज् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भुज् + थास् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “थास्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “थास्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।
Note: By 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित्, the “थास्”-प्रत्यय: becomes ङिद्वत् (behaves like having a ङकारः as an इत्)।

(4) भुज् + से । By 3-4-80 थासस्से, the थास्-प्रत्ययः which substitutes a टित्-लकारः (a लकार: which has टकार: as a इत्), gets “से” as the replacement.

(5) भुज् + स्व । By 3-4-91 सवाभ्यां वामौ, the एकारः of लोँट् which follows a सकारः or वकारः is replaced by “व” and “अम्” respectively.

(6) भु श्नम् ज् + स्व । By 3-1-78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम्, the श्नम्-प्रत्ययः is placed after the verbal roots belonging to the रुधादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः that is used signifying the agent. श्नम् is a मित्। Hence as per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, it is placed after the last vowel (उकार:) of the अङ्गम् “भुज्”।
This सूत्रम् is a अपवादः (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ ।
Note: The purpose of the शकार: (which is an इत् by 1-3-8) in “श्नम्” is in order for पाणिनि: to be able to refer specifically to this प्रत्यय: in rules such as 6-4-23, 6-4-111 etc. It is not for getting the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा (by 3-4-113.) Since this प्रत्यय: does not follow the अङ्गम् (it is placed inside the अङ्गम् as per 1-1-47), it cannot act on the अङ्गम् and hence no purpose would be served by assigning the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) भुनज् + स्व । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) भुन्ज् + स्व । By 6-4-111 श्नसोरल्लोपः, the अकारः of “श्न” and of the verbal root √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) is elided when followed by सार्वाधातुक-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित्।
Note: “श्न” refers to the “श्नम्”-प्रत्यय: (ref. 3-1-78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम्)।

(9) भुन्ग् + स्व । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(10) भुंग् + स्व । By 8-3-24 नश्चापदान्तस्य झलि, the नकारः (which is not at the end of the पदम्) gets अनुस्वारः as replacement since a झल् letter follows.

(11) भुंग् + ष्व । 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः , the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष् when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्)। This substitution only takes place if the स् is an आदेश: (substitute) or part of a प्रत्यय: (affix.)

(12) भुंक् + ष्व । 8-4-55 खरि च।

(13) भुङ्क्ष्व । By 8-4-58 अनुस्वारस्य ययि परसवर्णः, when a यय् letter follows, अनुस्वारः gets the सवर्णः of the यय् letter as its replacement.

“अनु” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
अनु + भुङ्क्ष्व = अनुभुङ्क्ष्व।

Questions:

1. Where has भुङ्क्ष्व been used in the गीता?

2. 3-4-91 सवाभ्यां वामौ (used in the step 5 of the example) is a अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?

3. Can you spot a “अत्”-आदेश: in the verse?

4. In the verse, which two अव्यये have been together translated as “never”?

5. Where has 8-3-60 शासिवसिघसीनां च been used in the verse?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Enjoy this delicious food.” Use the adjective “मिष्ट” for “delicious” and the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “अन्नम्” for “food.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि been used in the verse?

2. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः apply in the form एतद् (नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम् derived from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “एतद्”)?

Today we will look at the form पिनष्टि 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb5.10.23

शास्ताभिगोप्ता नृपतिः प्रजानां यः किङ्करो वै न पिनष्टि पिष्टम् ।
स्वधर्ममाराधनमच्युतस्य यदीहमानो विजहात्यघौघम् ।। ५-१०-२३ ।।

Gita Press translation “(Granted that the relation of master and servant subsisting between a ruler and his subjects is not permanent or unchangeable) A king is (nevertheless for the time being) the ruler and protector of the people. He who is a servant (of the Lord, that is, he who does his duty as a piece if service to the Lord) does not grind what is already ground (undertake an unprofitable business), for (although he may not be able to rid a dunce of his stupidity by upbraiding him for his remissness, he thereby carries out the Lord’s behests and) by offering worship to the Lord in the shape of performing his duty he is able to get rid of his stock of sins.”

पिनष्टि is derived from the धातुः √पिष् (रुधादि-गणः, पिषॢँ सञ्चूर्णने, धातु-पाठः # ७. १५)

The ending ऌकारः of “पिषॢँ” has a उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus it is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √पिष्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √पिष्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोगः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) पिष् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) पिष् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पिष् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।

(4) पिष् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) पि श्नम् ष् + ति । By 3-1-78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम्, the श्नम्-प्रत्ययः is placed after the verbal roots belonging to the रुधादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः that is used signifying the agent. श्नम् is a मित्। Hence as per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, it is placed after the last vowel (इकार:) of the अङ्गम् “पिष्”।
This सूत्रम् is a अपवादः (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ ।
Note: The purpose of the शकार: (which is an इत् by 1-3-8) in “श्नम्” is in order for पाणिनि: to be able to refer specifically to this प्रत्यय: in rules such as 6-4-23, 6-4-111 etc. It is not for getting the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा (by 3-4-113.) Since this प्रत्यय: does not follow the अङ्गम् (it is placed inside the अङ्गम् as per 1-1-47), it cannot act on the अङ्गम् and hence no purpose would be served by assigning the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(6) पिनष् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) पिनष्टि । By 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः , when the letter स् or a letter of the त-वर्ग: (त्, थ्, द्, ध्, न्) comes in contact with either the letter ष् or a letter of the ट-वर्ग: (ट्, ठ्, ड्, ढ्, ण्) then it is replaced respectively by ष्, ट-वर्ग: (ट्, ठ्, ड्, ढ्, ण्).

Questions:

1. Where has 3-1-78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम् been used in Chapter Thirteen of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “अनँङ्”-आदेश: in the verse?

3. Can you spot a “श्लु” elision in the verse?

4. Approximately how many verbal roots are listed in the रुधादि-गण:?
i. 25
ii. 50
iii. 100
iv. 200

5. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit.
“Why do you grind what has (already) been ground?” (This is an idiomatic expression which means “Doing something which has already been done.”) Use the अव्ययम् “कस्मात्” for “why.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Get rid of this anxiety.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “चिन्ता” for “anxiety.” Use a धातु:/उपसर्ग: from the verse for “to get rid of.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् has been used for the “नुँट्”-आगम: in the form प्रजानाम्?

2. Where has 6-1-114 हशि च been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form संयुनक्ति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb1.13.40

नारद उवाच
मा कञ्चन शुचो राजन्यदीश्वरवशं जगत् ।
लोकाः सपाला यस्येमे वहन्ति बलिमीशितुः ।
स संयुनक्ति भूतानि स एव वियुनक्ति च ।। १-१३-४० ।।

Gita Press translation “Grieve not for anybody, O king; for the world is under control of God. It is to Him, the supreme Ruler of all, that all these worlds along with their rulers offer their homage. It is He who unites and He again who parts living beings from one another.”

युनक्ति is derived from the धातुः √युज् (रुधादि-गणः, युजिँर् योगे, धातु-पाठः # ७. ७)

By the वार्तिकम् – इर इत्सञ्ज्ञा वाच्या, “इर्” of “युजिँर्” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । The इकारः of “इर्” has a स्वरित-स्वर: here. Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √युज्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √युज्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √युज् will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √युज्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) युज् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) युज् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) युज् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।

(4) युज् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) यु श्नम् ज् + ति । By 3-1-78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम्, the श्नम्-प्रत्ययः is placed after the verbal roots belonging to the रुधादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः that is used signifying the agent. श्नम् is a मित्। Hence as per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, it is placed after the last vowel (उकार:) of the अङ्गम् “युज्”।
This सूत्रम् is a अपवादः (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ ।
Note: The purpose of the शकार: (which is an इत् by 1-3-8) in “श्नम्” is in order for पाणिनि: to be able to refer specifically to this प्रत्यय: in rules such as 6-4-23, 6-4-111 etc. It is not for getting the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा (by 3-4-113.) Since this प्रत्यय: does not follow the अङ्गम् (it is placed inside the अङ्गम् as per 1-1-47), it cannot act on the अङ्गम् and hence no purpose would be served by assigning the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(6) युनज् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) युनग् + ति । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(8) युनक्ति । 8-4-55 खरि च।

“सम्” is the उपसर्गः (ref 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)
सम् + युनक्ति = संयुनक्ति (8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः)

Questions:

1. Where has √युज् (रुधादि-गणः, युजिँर् योगे, धातु-पाठः # ७. ७) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first ten verses of Chapter Six of the गीता?

2. What would have been the final form in this verse had a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: been used?

3. Why didn’t 6-4-111 श्नसोरल्लोपः apply in this example? (Which condition was not satisfied?)

4. Where has 7-2-109 दश्च been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The teacher appointed me for (in) this job.” Use √युज् (युजिँर् योगे, धातु-पाठः # ७. ७) with the उपसर्ग: “नि” for “to appoint.” Use a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय:। Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “कार्य” for “job.” Use सप्तमी विभक्ति: with “this job.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“(You) Be ready for war.” Use √युज् (युजिँर् योगे, धातु-पाठः # ७. ७) in the passive for “to be ready.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “war.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-2-8 न ङिसम्बुद्ध्योः been used in the verse?

2. Can you spot a यकार-लोप: (elision of the letter “य्”) in the verse?