Today we will look at the form प्रतिपेदिरे 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.20.43

त आत्मसर्गं तं कायं पितरः प्रतिपेदिरे ।
साध्येभ्यश्च पितृभ्यश्च कवयो यद्वितन्वते ।। ३-२०-४३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
आत्मनः सर्गो यस्मात्तम् । यद्येन कार्येण संप्रदानत्वनिमित्तेन । कवयः कर्मकोविदाः । साध्येभ्यः पितृभ्यश्च स्वपितृरूपेभ्यः । वितन्वते श्राद्धादिना हव्यं कव्यं च ददति ।

Gita Press translation “The Pitṛs themselves took possession of that invisible body, the source of their existence. It is through the medium of this invisible body (of the Pitṛs) that those well-versed in the ritual offer oblations to the Sādhyas and the Pitṛs (in the form of their departed ancestors on the occasion of Śrāddha etc.)”

पेदिरे is derived from the धातुः √पद् (दिवादि-गणः, पदँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः #४. ६५)।

The ending अकार: of “पदँ” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This इत् has a अनुदात्त-स्वर:। Thus by 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् √पद् takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। As per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “त” to “महिङ्” get the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √पद् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झ”।

(1) पद् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) पद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पद् + झ । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झ” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झ” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) पद् + इरेच् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, “इरेच्” comes as a substitute for “झ”।

(5) पद् + इरे । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) पद् पद् + इरे । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) प पद् + इरे । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) पेदिरे । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence “इरेच्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

“प्रति” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
प्रति + पेदिरे = प्रतिपेदिरे ।

Questions:

1. In the first five verses of Chapter Fifteen of the गीता where has √पद् (दिवादि-गणः, पदँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः #४. ६५) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Where has 7-1-5 आत्मनेपदेष्वनतः been used in the verse?

3. Why didn’t 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः apply in the form ददति used in the commentary? (विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्। धातु: is √दा (डुदाञ् दाने ३. १०)।)

4. The वृत्ति: of the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि says – लिण्निमित्तादेशादिकं न भवति यदङ्गं तदवयवस्यासंयुक्तहल्मध्यस्थस्यात एत्वमभ्यासलोपश्च किति लिटि। On this the तत्त्वबोधिनी comments यद्यपि “गमहन” इति सूत्रे क्ङितीति वर्तते, तथापि प्रयोजनाऽभावान्ङितीत्येतन्नानुवर्तत इति भावः। Please explain.

5. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the काशिका says अतः इति किम्? दिदिवतुः। Please explain.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Hearing the word ‘Rama’, Marica was terrified.” Paraphrase “was terrified” to “went to fear.” Use the अव्ययम् “श्रुत्वा” for “hearing (having heard)” and use √पद् (दिवादि-गणः, पदँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः #४. ६५) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र” for “to go to.” Use the अव्ययम् “इति” as an end-quote.

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of त आत्मसर्गम् and mention the necessary rules.

2. Where has 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form लेभे 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.2.23

अहो बकी यं स्तनकालकूटं जिघांसयापाययदप्यसाध्वी ।
लेभे गतिं धात्र्युचितां ततोऽन्यं कं वा दयालुं शरणं व्रजेम ।। ३-२-२३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
एवमनुवृत्तिः कृपयैवेति सूचयन्नपकारिष्वपि तस्य कृपालुतां दर्शयन्नाह । अहो आश्चर्यं कृपालुतायाः । हन्तुमिच्छ्यापि स्तनयोः संभृतं कालकूटं विषं यमपाययत् । बकी पूतना असाध्वी दुष्टापि धात्र्या यशोदाया उचितां गतिं लेभे । भक्तवेषमात्रेण यः सद्गतिं दत्तवानित्यर्थः । ततोऽन्यं कं वा भजेम ।।

Gita Press translation “Oh, even that impious woman, Pūtanā (the sister of demon Baka) – who suckled Him (as a Babe) at her breast, which was daubed with a most deadly poison, with intent to kill Him – got from Him (in return) the destiny appropriate to a foster-mother! Is there anyone so merciful, whom we should resort to for protection, other than Him?”

लेभे is derived from the धातुः √लभ् (भ्वादि-गणः, डुलभँष् प्राप्तौ, धातु-पाठः #१. ११३०)

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः, the अकार: following the भकार: gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and the षकारः at the end gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। All three take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The इत् vowel (अकार:) of “डुलभँष्” has a अनुदात्त-स्वर:। Thus by 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् √लभ् takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। As per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “त” to “महिङ्” get the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √लभ् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “त”।

(1) लभ् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) लभ् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) लभ् + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “त” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) लभ् + एश् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, “एश्” comes as a substitute for “त”।

(5) लभ् + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) लभ् लभ् + ए । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) ल लभ् + ए । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) लेभे । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence “एश्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

Questions:

1. Where has √लभ् (भ्वादि-गणः, डुलभँष् प्राप्तौ, धातु-पाठः #१. ११३०) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Eleven of the गीता?

2. Where has 7-3-37 शाच्छासाह्वाव्यावेपां युक् been used in the verse?

3. Where has विधि-लिँङ् been used in the verse?

4. Can you spot a “यासुट्”-आगम: in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“On hearing Sri Krishna’s advice, Arjuna was at ease.” Paraphrase “was as ease” to “obtained ease.” Use the अव्ययम् “श्रुत्वा” for “on hearing (having heard)” and use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “स्वास्थ्य” for “ease.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“On seeing Sita again, Sri Rama obtained immense joy.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अपार” for “immense (unbounded)” and the अव्ययम् “दृष्ट्वा” for “on seeing (having seen.)”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “आट्”-आगम: in the commentary?

2. In how many places has 8-3-32 ङमो ह्रस्वादचि ङमुण्नित्यम् been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form नेदुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.33.5

ततो दुन्दुभयो नेदुर्निपेतुः पुष्पवृष्टयः ।
जगुर्गन्धर्वपतयः सस्त्रीकास्तद्यशोऽमलम् ।। १०-३३-५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तत्तस्य भगवतः श्रीकृष्णस्यामलं निर्मलं यशो जगुरिति ।।

Gita Press translation “Then sounded kettle-drums (beaten by heavenly beings), showers of flowers fell, and the chiefs of Gandharvas sang His immaculate glory in chorus with their spouses.”

नेदुः is derived from the धातुः √नद् (भ्वादि-गणः, णदँ अव्यक्ते शब्दे, धातु-पाठः #१. ५६)

In the धातु-पाठः, the धातुः “णदँ” has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the दकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus this धातु: is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: this धातु: will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So this धातु: can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The धातुः “णदँ” is णोपदेशः, since it has an initial णकारः in the धातु-पाठः। By 6-1-65 णो नः, there is the substitution of नकारः in the place of the initial णकारः of a धातुः। The अकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। So, now we have “नद्”।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) नद् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) नद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) नद् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) नद् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) नद् नद् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) न नद् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
See advanced question.

(7) नेद् + उस् । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.
See question 2.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – is considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence “उस्” is a कित् affix here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

(8) नेदुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. In the first fifteen verses of Chapter Ten of the गीता can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् formed from a धातु: which is णोपदेश: (like “णदँ” used in this example)?

2. The वृत्ति: for 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि says – लिण्निमित्तादेशादिकं न भवति यदङ्गं तदवयवस्यासंयुक्तहल्मध्यस्थस्यात एत्वमभ्यासलोपश्च किति लिटि। What would have been the problem in this example if the वृत्ति: had said just आदेशादिकम् instead of लिण्निमित्तादेशादिकम्?

3. Where else (besides in नेदु:) has 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि been used in the verse?

4. Where has 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When Sri Rama executed Ravana, showers of flowers fell from heaven.” Use √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) for “to execute.” Use the अव्यये यदा/तदा।

Advanced question:

1. In this example could have skipped step 6 and gone directly from step 5 to step 7?

Easy questions:

1. In how many places has 7-3-109 जसि च been used in the verse?

2. The word भगवत: used in the commentary is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम् derived from the प्रातिपदिकम् “भगवत्”। Which other विभक्ति: (besides षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) would also give the form भगवत:?

Today we will look at the form चेलुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.17.4

सहाचला भुवश्चेलुर्दिशः सर्वाः प्रजज्वलुः ।
सोल्काश्चाशनयः पेतुः केतवश्चार्तिहेतवः ।। ३-१७-४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अचलैः सहिता भुवः प्रदेशाः । केतवश्चोदयं चक्रुरिति शेषः ।।

Gita Press translation “Parts of the globe shook along with the mountains; all the quarters appeared to be on fire, meteors and thunderbolts descended on earth and comets portending grief appeared.”

चेलुः is derived from the धातुः √चल् (भ्वादि-गणः, चलँ कम्पने, धातु-पाठः #१. ९६६)

In the धातु-पाठः, the धातुः “चलँ” has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the लकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus √चल् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √चल् in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √चल् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) चल् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) चल् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) चल् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) चल् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) चल् चल् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) च चल् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(7) चेल् + उस् । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence, “उस्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

(8) चेलुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. In how many places has 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि been used in the गीता?
i. Only once in Chapter One
ii. Twice
iii. More than five times
iv. Never

2. Where else (besides in चेलु:) has 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि been used in the verse?

3. Why doesn’t 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि apply in the form जज्वलु: used in the verse? (Which condition is not satisfied?)

4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – किति किम्। ननाद। Please explain.

5. Where has लिँट् been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Struck by Sri Rama’s arrows, all the demons fell on the ground.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “हत” for “struck.” Use a verb from the verse for “fell.”

Easy questions:

1. In how many places has 7-3-109 जसि च been used in the verse?

2. The word दिश: used in the commentary is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “दिश्”। What would be the form in प्रथमा-एकवचनम्?
i. दिश्
ii. दिट्/दिड्
iii. दिक्/दिग्
iv. दिश:

Today we will look at the form दधार 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.17.3

विदुर उवाच
कस्माद्दधार गोरूपं धरित्री बहुरूपिणी ।
यां दुदोह पृथुस्तत्र को वत्सो दोहनं च किम् ।। ४-१७-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
दोहनं पात्रम् ।

Gita Press translation – Vidura said : “Wherefore did Earth who could take any number of forms, (particularly) assume the form of a cow that Pṛthu milked ? Who played the role of a calf for the time being and what served as the milk-pail?”

दधार is derived from the धातुः √धृ (भ्वादि-गणः, धृञ् धारणे, धातु-पाठः #१. १०४७)

Since the √धृ-धातुः has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः, by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले the √धृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √धृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।

In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √धृ will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √धृ will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) धृ + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) धृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) धृ + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying. See easy question 2.

(4) धृ + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) धृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) धृ धृ + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case गुण: of the ऋकार: by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case अकार:) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 9 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(7) धर् धृ + अ । By 7-4-66 उरत्‌, a ऋवर्ण: of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the अकारादेश: when a प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(8) ध धृ + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(9) ध धर् + अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(10) धधार । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

(11) दधार । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. Where has 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः (used in step 10 of the example) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the last fifteen verses of Chapter Three of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अतः किम्। तुतोद। Please explain.

3. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम्, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – उपधायाः किम्। गणयति। इह अतो लोपं बाधित्वा परत्वाद्वृद्धिः स्यात्। Please explain.

4. Where else (besides in दधार) has the “णल्”-प्रत्यय: been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In order to enter Lanka, Sri Hamuman assumed a minute form.” Use the अव्ययम् “प्रवेष्टुम्” for “in order to enter” and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “सूक्ष्म” for “minute.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Ravana’s son was killed by Sri Hanuman.” Use (a passive लिँट् form of) √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) for “to kill.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ been used in the verse?

2. From which सूत्रम् (which we have studied) does the अनुवृत्ति: of “सार्वधातुके” come in to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌?

Today we will look at the form जघ्नुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.20.34

तस्यासन्नृप वैदर्भ्यः पत्न्यस्तिस्रः सुसम्मताः ।
जघ्नुस्त्यागभयात्पुत्रान्नानुरूपा इतीरिते ।। ९-२०-३४ ।।

नानुरूपा मत्सदृशा न भवन्तीति भर्त्रा ईरिते सति व्यभिचारशङ्कयास्मांस्त्यक्ष्यतीति भयात्पुत्रान् जघ्नुः । पुनः पुत्राणां दर्शने वैसादृश्यानुसन्धानेन त्यजेन्नान्यथेत्याशयेन हतवत्यः ।।

Gita Press translation “Bharata had three beloved wives, (all of them) daughters of the king of Vidarbha, O protector of men ! They disposed of their own sons for fear of being forsaken by their husband, because it was remarked (by him) that the sons were not after him.”

जघ्नुः is derived from the धातुः √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. २)

The ending अकारः (which is an इत्) of “हनँ” has a उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus the √हन्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √हन्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default.

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) हन् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) हन् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) हन् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) हन् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) हन् हन् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case लोप: of the अकार: by 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case the उकार: of “उस्”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 8 below.) If 6-4-98 were allowed to operate before 6-1-8, then there would have been no अच् left in the अङ्गम् and we would not have been able to apply 6-1-8 at all.

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि।

(6) झन् हन् + उस् । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(7) झ हन् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) झ ह् न् + उस् । By 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि, the उपधा (penultimate letter – ref. 1-1-65 अलोऽन्त्यात् पूर्व उपधा) of the verbal roots √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७), √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २), √जन् ([जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४], [जनँ जनने ३. २५]), √खन् (खनुँ अवदारणे १. १०२०) and √घस् (घसॢँ अदने १. ८१२) is elided, when followed by an अजादि-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित् with the exclusion of the “अङ्”-प्रत्ययः।
Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence, “उस्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय:। This allows 6-4-98 to apply.

(9) झ घ् न् + उस् । By 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु, the हकारः of √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) gets replaced by a letter of the कवर्ग: when followed by an affix with ञकारः or णकारः as an इत्, or when followed (immediately) by a नकारः। See advanced question.

(10) झघ्नुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

(11) जघ्नु: । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. In Chapter One of the गीता, where has √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. २) been used with the प्रत्यय: “झि” (as in this example)?

2. In the verse, in the derivation of which word is 6-4-22 असिद्धवदत्राभात्‌ required?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “तिसृ”-आदेश: (in place of “त्रि”) in the form तिस्र: (प्रातिपदिकम् “त्रि”, स्त्रीलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्)?

4. Can you spot a “इय्”-आदेश: in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama destroyed all the demons in the Dandaka forest.” Use the (compound) neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “दण्डकारण्य” for “the Dandaka forest.”

Advanced question:

1. In step 9 why did we apply 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु instead of 7-3-55 अभ्यासाच्च? Both will give the same result, but since 7-3-55 is a पर-कार्यम् (later rule in the अष्टाध्यायी) compared to 7-3-54, shouldn’t we give preference to 7-3-55? (Note: The वृत्ति: of 7-3-55 says अभ्यासात्परस्य हन्तेर्हस्य कुत्वं स्यात्। The हकार: of √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः #२. २) takes a कवर्गादेश: (घकार:) when it follows a अभ्यास:।)
The answer to this question is given in the तत्त्वबोधिनी as follows – यद्यप्यत्र “अभ्यासाच्च” इत्यस्यापि प्रवृत्तिरस्ति तथाप्यन्तरङ्गत्वात् “हो हन्ते:-” इत्युपन्यस्तम्। Please explain.

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-1-105 दीर्घाज्जसि च been used in the verse?

2. Where has the प्रत्यय: “झि” been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form जहौ 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.15.35

यथा मत्स्यादिरूपाणि धत्ते जह्याद्यथा नटः।
भूभारः क्षपितो येन जहौ तच्च कलेवरम् ।। १-१५-३५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
श्रीकृष्णमूर्तेर्विशेषमाह – यथेति । तान्यपि यथा धत्ते जहाति च । तदाह । यथा नटो निजरूपेण स्थितोऽपि रूपान्तराणि धत्तेऽन्तर्धत्ते च तथा तदपि कलेवरं जहौ ।।

Gita Press translation “Even as the Lord, like an actor, assumes and then drops the form of a fish etc., so did He shuffle off the body with which He had removed the earth’s burden.”

जहौ is derived from the धातुः √हा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, ओँहाक् त्यागे, धातु-पाठः #३.९)

In the धातु-पाठः, the √हा-धातुः has ओकारः and ककारः as इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् respectively. After 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः only “हा” remains. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √हा-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √हा-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: is “तिप्”।

(1) हा + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) हा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) हा + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा here. This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) हा + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) हा + औ । By 7-1-34 आत औ णलः, the “णल्”-प्रत्यय: is substituted by a औकार:, when it follows a धातु: that ends in a आकार:।

(6) हा हा + औ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case वृद्धि: by 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case “औ”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 9 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(7) झा हा + औ । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(8) झ हा + औ । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(9) झहौ । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(10) जहौ । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. Where has 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः (used in step 8 of the example) been used in the last ten verses of Chapter Nine of the गीता?

2. Where has विधि-लिँङ् been used in the verse?

3. What type of सूत्रम् is 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि?
i. विधि-सूत्रम् – a rule which prescribes an operation
ii. निषेध-सूत्रम् – a rule which prohibits another rule
iii. परिभाषा-सूत्रम् – a rule which helps in interpreting other rules and resolving conflicts in their application
iv. अपवाद-सूत्रम् – a rule which is an exception to another rule

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the धकारादेश: in the form धत्ते? (धत्ते is derived from √धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११). विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।)

5. Where has 6-1-10 श्लौ been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In Nandigrama, Sri Rama abandoned his matted hair.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “जटा” for “matted hair.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि (used in step 9 of the example) been used in the first verse of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “टा”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

Today we will look at the form जगौ 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.9.18

भृशममर्षरोषावेशरभसविलसितभ्रुकुटिविटपकुटिलदंष्ट्रारुणेक्षणाटोपातिभयानकवदना हन्तुकामेवेदं महाट्टहासमतिसंरम्भेण विमुञ्चन्ती तत उत्पत्य पापीयसां दुष्टानां तेनैवासिना विवृक्णशीर्ष्णां गलात्स्रवन्तमसृगासवमत्युष्णं सह गणेन निपीयातिपानमदविह्वलोच्चैस्तरां स्वपार्षदैः सह जगौ ननर्त च विजहार च शिरःकन्दुकलीलया ।। ५-९-१८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अमर्षोऽपराधासहनं रोषश्च वपुषो दाहनं तयोरावेशस्तस्य रभसेन वेगेन विलसित उत्तम्भितो भ्रुकुटिलक्षणो विटपः शाखाकुटिला दंष्ट्राश्चारुणानीक्षणानि च तेषामाटोपः संभ्रमस्तेनातिभयानकं वदनं यस्याः । इदं जगद्धन्तुमुद्यतेव । महान्तमट्टहासं सनादं हासम् । ततः स्थानादुत्पत्य विवृक्णानि छिन्नानि शीर्षाणि येषाम् । गणेन परिवारेण सह । शिरांस्येव कन्दुकानि तेषां लीलया चिक्रीड च ।।

Gita Press translation “With Her arched eyebrows thrown up in the vehemence of extreme indignation and intensity of rage, curved teeth and wild bloodshot eyes She assumed a most dreadful aspect, as if intending to destroy the (whole) world, laughed a terrible horse-laugh in great anger and, springing up from the altar and lopping off the heads of those wicked sinners with the same sword (with which they were going to behead the Brāhmaṇa), drank to satiety along with Her retinue the exceedingly hot and inebriating blood streaming forth from their necks. Then, overpowered with intoxication through excessive drink, She sang at the pitch of Her voice along with Her attendants and also danced and played with the (amputated) heads like balls.”

जगौ is derived from the धातुः √गै (गै शब्दे १. १०६५)।

In the धातु-पाठः, the √गै-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √गै-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √गै-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: is “तिप्”।

(1) गा + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

Note: By 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति, the ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows.
Since there is going to be no शित् (शकार: as a इत्) following, the धातु: “गै” becomes “गा”।

(2) गा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) गा + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) गा + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) गा + औ । By 7-1-34 आत औ णलः, the “णल्”-प्रत्यय: is substituted by a औकार:, when it follows a धातु: that ends in a आकार:।

(6) गा गा + औ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case वृद्धि: by 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case “औ”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 9 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(7) जा गा + औ । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(8) ज गा + औ । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(9) जगौ । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

Questions:

1. In the last twenty verses of Chapter Two of the गीता, can you a spot a तिङन्तं पदम् wherein the सूत्रम् 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः (used in step 8 of this example) has been used?

2. The अनुवृत्ति: of “धातो:” comes into 6-1-45 (used in step 1 of the example) from a सूत्रम् which we have studied. Which one is it?

3. In which तिङन्तं पदम् in the verse is there a अकारादेश: (letter “अ” used as a substitute)?

4. Where else (besides in जगौ) has 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः been used in the verse?

5. Where has 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When Sri Rama killed Ravana, all the Gandharvas sang and the Apsaras danced with joy.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “अप्सरस्” (in the plural), use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “मुद्” for “joy” and use (a लिँट् form of) √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) for “to kill.” Use the अव्यये यदा/तदा।

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-62 झयो होऽन्यतरस्याम् been used in the commentary?

2. Can you spot a नकारान्तं प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the नकार:) used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form चक्रे 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.45.44

तयोः सपर्यां महतीं चक्रे भक्त्युपबृंहिताम् ।
उवाचावनतः कृष्णं सर्वभूताशयालयम् ।
लीलामनुष्य हे विष्णो युवयोः करवाम किम् ।। १०-४५-४४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
सपर्यां पूजाम् । सर्वेषां भूतानामाशया अन्तःकरणानि तान्यालयो निवासो यस्य तम् ।

Gita Press translation “(Yama) offered to Them both worship on a grand scale, accompanied with devotion, and, bending low (with humility), addressed (as follows) Śrī Kṛṣṇa, who has His abode in the heart of all created beings (as the Inner Controller of all), “O Viṣṇu (the all-pervading Lord) disguised as a human being by way of sport, what can we do for You both?”

चक्रे is derived from the धातुः √कृ (तनादि-गणः, डुकृञ् करणे, धातु-पाठः # ८. १०)

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since the √कृ-धातुः has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः, by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले the √कृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √कृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।

In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √कृ will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √कृ will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “त”।

(1) कृ + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) कृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कृ + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “त” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) कृ + एश् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य the entire affix “त” (and not just its last letter) is replaced by “एश्”।

(5) कृ + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: As per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, the “ए”-प्रत्यय: is a कित् and hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(6) कृ कृ + ए । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case रेफादेश: by 6-1-77 इको यणचि) shall not be made in the place of a vowel (in this case the ending ऋकार: of “कृ”) on the basis of a vowel (in this case एकार:) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 10 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

(7) कर् कृ + ए । By 7-4-66 उरत्‌, a ऋवर्ण: of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the अकारादेश: when a प्रत्यय: follows.
By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(8) चर् कृ + ए । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(9) च कृ + ए । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(10) चक्रे । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

Questions:

1. In the last verse of what chapter of the गीता has √कृ (तनादि-गणः, डुकृञ् करणे, धातु-पाठः # ८. १०) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Can you spot a “आट्”-आगम: in the verse?

3. Where has 6-1-17 लिट्यभ्यासस्योभयेषाम् been used in the verse?

4. What would have been the final form in this example if a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय: had been used?

5. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“Sabari performed worship of Sri Rama with devotion.”

6. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“Bending low, Sugriva said to Sri Rama, ‘What can I do for you?'”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः been used in the verse?

2. Can you spot a एकारादेश: in another word (besides चक्रे) in the verse?

Today we will look at the form बभार 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.25.10

मूर्तिं नः पुरुकृपया बभार सत्त्वं संशुद्धं सदसदिदं विभाति तत्र ।
यल्लीलां मृगपतिराददेऽनवद्यामादातुं स्वजनमनांस्युदारवीर्यः ।। ५-२५-१० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तर्हि कथमसौ मुमुक्षुभिः सेव्यते तत्राह – मूर्तिमिति । यत्रेदं सदसद्विभाति स नोऽस्माकं भक्तानां बहुकृपया संशुद्धं सत्त्वं मूर्तिं बभार । स्वजनानां मनांस्यादातुं वशीकर्तुं कृतां यस्य लीलां मृगपतिः सिंह आददे अशिक्षत् । यतः उदाराणि वीर्याणि यस्य तस्मादन्यं मुमुक्षुः कमाश्रयेदित्युत्तरेणान्वयः । यद्वा कृपयेत्यत्र हेतुः – यद्यस्मात्स्वजनानां मनांस्यादातुं लीलामाददे । मृगपतिरिवोदारवीर्यः । यद्वा मृग्यन्त इति मृगाः कामप्रदास्तेषां पतिर्मुख्यः ।।

Gita Press translation “The same Brahma (transcendent Reality), in which appears as distinct this manifest (gross) and unmanifest (subtle) creation, assumed out of abounding compassion for us a form – consisting of Sattva (which is) entirely pure (unmixed with Rajas and Tamas) – by which He chose to enact faultless (innocent) sports in order to captivate the minds of His devotees, possessed as He is of unlimited energy like a lion (the king of beasts).”

बभार is derived from the धातुः √भृ (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुभृञ् धारणपोषणयोः, धातु-पाठः #३.६)

The “डु” at the beginning of “डुभृञ्” gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since the √भृ-धातुः has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः, by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले the √भृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √भृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।

In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √भृ will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √भृ will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

Note: The form बभार can also be derived from the धातुः √भृ (भ्वादि-गणः, भृञ् भरणे, धातु-पाठः #१. १०४५) which is also उभयपदी।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) भृ + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) भृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भृ + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) भृ + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) भृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) भृ भृ + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case गुण: of the ऋकार: by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case अकार:) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 9 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(7) भर् भृ + अ । By 7-4-66 उरत्‌, a ऋवर्ण: of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the अकारादेश: when a प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(8) भ भृ + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(9) भ भर् + अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(10) भभार । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।
Note: Instead of applying 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः and 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, we could apply 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति and get the same result in one step.

(11) बभार । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. √भृ (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुभृञ् धारणपोषणयोः, धातु-पाठः #३.६) is used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in only one place in the गीता। Where is that?

2. Can you spot a word in the verse wherein the शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?

3. Where else (besides in बभार) has लिँट् been used in the verse?

4. Can you spot a word in the commentary wherein the “यासुट्”-आगम: has been used?

5. Where has 6-4-51 णेरनिटि been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Out of abounding compassion, the sage Valmiki took care of Sita’s two sons.” Use (a लिँट् form of) √भृ (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुभृञ् धारणपोषणयोः, धातु-पाठः #३.६) for “to take care of” and use a word from the verse for “out of abounding compassion.”

Easy questions:

1. The word न: used in the verse is a optional short form for which word?

2. Where has 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used in the verse?