Today we will look at the form शूरमानी mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.21.17.

मयि ते यद्यनुक्रोशो यदि रक्षःसु तेषु च । रामेण यदि शक्तिस्ते तेजो वास्ति निशाचर ।। ३-२१-१४ ।।
दण्डकारण्यनिलयं जहि राक्षसकण्टकम् । यदि रामममित्रघ्नं न त्वमद्य वधिष्यसि ।। ३-२१-१५ ।।
तव चैवाग्रतः प्राणांस्त्यक्ष्यामि निरपत्रपा । बुद्ध्याहमनुपश्यामि न त्वं रामस्य संयुगे ।। ३-२१-१६ ।।
स्थातुं प्रतिमुखे शक्तः सबलोऽपि महारणे । शूरमानी न शूरस्त्वं मिथ्यारोपितविक्रमः ।। ३-२१-१७ ।।

Gita Press translation – If you have compassion for me and if you have mercy for those ogres, (nay) if you have power or prowess to contend with Rāma, O prowler of the night, make short work of that thorn in the side of the ogres, who has taken up his abode in the Daṇḍaka forest. If, however, you do not kill Rāma, the slayer of his foes, today, I shall give up the ghost, (already) divested as I am of my shame (in the shape of my nose and ears). I vividly see with (the eye of) my intuition that, (even) though followed by your army on the battlefield, you cannot stand in front of Rāma in a major combat. (Even) though you account yourself to be brave, you are not (really) valiant; you have falsely assumed that you are brave. (14-17)

शूरमात्मानं मन्यते = शूरमानी।

“मानिन्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “शूरमानी” is derived as follows:

(1) शूर + ङस् + मन् + णिनिँ । By 3-2-83 आत्ममाने खश्च – When in composition with a सुबन्तं पदम् (a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix), the verbal root √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३) may take the the affix “खश्” – as well as the affix “णिनिँ” – provided the agent of the verbal root is also its object.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-83, the term सुपि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-83 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “शूर + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) शूर + ङस् + मन् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) शूर + ङस् + मान् + इन् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

We form a compound between “शूर ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “मानिन्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “शूर ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “मानिन्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “शूर ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “शूर ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“शूर ङस् + मानिन्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) शूर + मानिन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= शूरमानिन् ।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(5) शूरमानिन् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) शूरमानिन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) शूरमानीन् + स् । By 6-4-13 सौ च – The penultimate letter of terms ending in “इन्”, “हन्”, “पूषन्” and “अर्यमन्” is lengthened when the सुँ-प्रत्यय: – which is not सम्बुद्धि: – follows.

(8) शूरमानीन् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। “शूरमानीन्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।

(9) शूरमानी । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. What would be the final form in this example if the affix “खश्” were to be used (instead of “णिनिँ”)?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-83 आत्ममाने खश्च (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – आत्ममाने किम्? दर्शनीयमानी देवदत्तो यज्ञदत्तस्य।

3. Can you spot an affix “ट” in the verses?

4. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः been used in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You think yourself to be handsome, but you’re not (really) handsome.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “दर्शनीय” for “handsome (fit to be seen.)” For this sentence use a similar construction as in the verse.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I consider (my) father to be a scholar.” Use षष्ठी विभक्ति: with “father.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution “पश्य” in अनुपश्यामि?

2. Looking at that form बुद्ध्या (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) how can we tell that the प्रातिपदिकम् “बुद्धि” is feminine?

Today we will look at the form मधुरभाषिणी fNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.33.20.

इति ब्रुवाणा सरमा राक्षसी सीतया सह | सर्वोद्योगेन सैन्यानां शब्दं शुश्राव भैरवम् || ६-३३-१९ ||
दण्डनिर्घातवादिन्याः श्रुत्वा भेर्या महास्वनम् | उवाच सरमा सीतामिदं मधुरभाषिणी || ६-३३-२० ||
संनाहजननी ह्येषा भैरवा भीरु भेरिका | भेरीनादं च गम्भीरं शृणु तोयदनिःस्वनम् || ६-३३-२१ ||
कल्प्यन्ते मत्तमातङ्गा युज्यन्ते रथवाजिनः | दृश्यन्ते तुरगारूढाः प्रासहस्ताः सहस्रशः || ६-३३-२२ ||

Gita Press translation – While talking thus with Sītā, the ogress Saramā heard the terrible noise of troops engaged in every effort (for war) (19). Hearing the crash of kettledrums sounding when beaten with a stick, Saramā, who had a sweet tongue, spoke to Sītā as follows: – (20) “Indeed here is a fearful kettledrum, producing a sound signifying preparations for war, being beaten, O timid lady! Also hear the deep-sounding crash of kettledrums, which resembles the rumbling of clouds (21). Elephants in rut are being decorated and horses are being yoked to the chariots. (Nay) carrying spears in their hands, horsemen are seen in their thousands (22)”.

मधुरं भाषते तच्छीला = मधुरभाषिणी।

“भाषिन्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √भाष् (भाषँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ६९६).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “मधुरभाषिणी” is derived as follows:

(1) मधुर + ङस् + भाष् + णिनिँ । By 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये – When in composition with a सुबन्तं पदम् (a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix) which does not denote a class/genus, a verbal root may take the affix “णिनिँ” to express the meaning of a habitual/natural action.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-78, the term सुपि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “मधुर + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) मधुर + ङस् + भाष् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

We form a compound between “मधुर ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “भाषिन्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “मधुर ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “भाषिन्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “मधुर ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “मधुर ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“मधुर ङस् + भाषिन्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) मधुर + भाषिन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= मधुरभाषिन् ।

Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “मधुरभाषिणी”।

(4) मधुरभाषिन् + ङीप् । By 4-1-5 ऋन्नेभ्यो ङीप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि that end in a ऋकारः or नकारः get the ङीप् affix in the feminine gender.

(5) मधुरभाषिन् + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) मधुरभाषिणी । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि – The letter “न्” is replaced by “ण्” when either “र्” or “ष्” precedes, even if intervened by a letter of the अट्-प्रत्याहार: or by a letter of the क-वर्ग: or प-वर्गः or the term “आङ्” or “नुँम्” (अनुस्वारः) either singly or in any combination.

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(7) मधुरभाषिणी + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(8) मधुरभाषिणी + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) मधुरभाषिणी । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”।

Questions:

1. In which two words in the last five verses of Chapter Seventeen of the गीता has the affix “णिनिँ” been used?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये (used in step 1), the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – ताच्छील्ये किम्? उष्णं भुङ्क्ते कदाचित्। Please explain.

3. Can you recall another सूत्रम् (which we have studied) – besides 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये – by which पाणिनि: prescribes the affix “णिनिँ”?

4. In the verses, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् in which the affix “क” has been used?

5. In which तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses has the सूत्रम् 6-4-51 णेरनिटि been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who habitually speaks the truth is never afraid.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the प्रातिपदिकम् “एतद्” used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form पारगः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.41.4.

शूरश्च कृतविद्यश्च पूर्वैस्तुल्योऽसि तेजसा | पितॄणां गतिमन्विच्छ येन चाश्वोऽपवाहितः ।। १-४१-२ ।।
अन्तर्भौमानि सत्त्वानि वीर्यवन्ति महान्ति च | तेषां त्वं प्रतिघातार्थं सासिं गृह्णीष्व कार्मुकम् ।। १-४१-३ ।।
अभिवाद्याभिवाद्यांस्त्वं हत्वा विघ्नकरानपि | सिद्धार्थः संनिवर्तस्व मम यज्ञस्य पारगः ।। १-४१-४ ।।
एवमुक्तोंऽशुमान्सम्यक्सगरेण महात्मना | धनुरादाय खड्गं च जगाम लघुविक्रमः ।। १-४१-५ ।।

Gita Press translation – ‘You are valiant and learned and the compeer of your forbears in splendor. Trace the whereabouts of your uncles as well as of the man by whom the (sacrificial) horse has been stolen away (2). The living beings inhabiting the subterranean regions are full of (great) prowess and gigantic (of body). In order to meet their assault, therefore, take up a bow along with a sword (3). Bowing to those who deserve to be greeted and at the same time killing those who come in your way, return (only) when you have accomplished your purpose, and (thus) ensure the completion of my sacrificial performance.’ (4) Duly instructed thus by the high-souled Sagara and taking his bow and sword, Aṁśumān departed with quick paces (5).

पारं गच्छतीति पारग:।

“ग” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “पारग” is derived as follows:

(1) पार + ङस् + गम् + ड । By 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः – The affix “ड” may be used after the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) which is either “अन्त” or “अत्यन्त” or “अध्वन्” or “दूर” or “पार” or “सर्व” or “अनन्त”।

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-48, the term अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “पार + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) पार + ङस् + गम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पार + ङस् + ग् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter. Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having डकार: as a इत् in “ड”। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः। See easy question 2.

= पार ङस् + ग ।

We form a compound between “पार ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ग” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “पार ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ग”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “पार ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “पार ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“पार ङस् + ग” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) पार + ग । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= पारग ।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(5) पारग + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) पारग + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) पारगः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the affix ‘ड’ been used with the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) in Chapter Twelve of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः (used in step 1) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – संज्ञायामिति निवृत्तम्। Please explain.

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-113 ई हल्यघोः been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot the affix ‘ट’ in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘व’ in the form संनिवर्तस्व?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I wish I become a master of grammar.” Use आशीर्लिँङ् to express the meaning of “I wish.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “master.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य been used in the verses?

2. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define the term टि?

Today we will look at the form परंतपः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 5.58.25.

ततः पश्याम्यहं देवीं सुरसां नागमातरम् । समुद्रमध्ये सा देवी वचनं मामभाषत ।। ५-५८-२२ ।।
मम भक्ष्यः प्रदिष्टस्त्वममरैर्हरिसत्तम । ततस्त्वां भक्षयिष्यामि विहितस्त्वं हि मे सुरैः ।। ५-५८-२३ ।।
एवमुक्तः सुरसया प्राञ्जलिः प्रणतः स्थितः । विवर्णवदनो भूत्वा वाक्यं चेदमुदीरयम् ।। ५-५८-२४ ।।
रामो दाशरथिः श्रीमान्प्रविष्टो दण्डकावनम् । लक्ष्मणेन सह भ्रात्रा सीतया च परंतपः ।। ५-५८-२५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Then I perceived in mid ocean the goddess Surasā, the mother of the serpents, and that goddess spoke (to me) as follows – (22) ‘You have been destined by the immortals to be my food, O jewel among monkeys! I shall accordingly devour you since you have been sent by the gods.'(23) Spoken to the aforesaid by Surasā, I stood bent low with joined palms (before her); and my face turning pale, I submitted (to her) as follows: -(24) The glorious Śrī Rāma, son of Daśaratha and the scourge of his foes, penetrated deep into the Daṇḍaka forest with his (younger half-) brother, Lakṣmaṇa, and (his consort) Sītā (25).

परान् (शत्रून्) तापयतीति परंतप:/परन्तप:।

“तप” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the causative form of the verbal root √तप् (भ्वादि-गणः, तपँ सन्तापे, धातु-पाठः #१. ११४०).

(1) तप् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.

(2) तप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) ताप् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

= तापि । “तापि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “परंतप/परन्तप” is derived as follows:

(4) पर + आम् + तापि + खच् । By 3-2-39 द्विषत्परयोस्तापेः – The affix “खच्” may be used after the verbal root “तापि” when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) which is either “द्विषत्” or “पर”। Note: The verbal root “तापि” refers to either √तप् (तपँ दाहे, # १०. ३५०) or a causative form of √तप् (तपँ सन्तापे, # १. ११४०).

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-39, the term द्विषत्परयो: ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “पर + आम्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of तापयति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “आम्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(5) पर + आम् + तापि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) पर + आम् + तपि + अ । By 6-4-94 खचि ह्रस्वः – The penultimate letter (vowel) of a अङ्गम् is shortened when the अङ्गम् is followed by the affix “णि” which itself is followed by the affix खच्।

(7) पर + आम् + तप् + अ । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि – The “णि”-प्रत्यय: is elided when followed by an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: which does not have the augment इट्।

= पर + आम् + तप

We form a compound between “पर + आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “तप” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “पर + आम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “तप”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “पर + आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “पर + आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“पर + आम् + तप” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(8) पर + तप । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(9) पर मुँम् + तप । By 6-3-67 अरुर्द्विषदजन्तस्य मुम् – When followed by a उत्तरपदम् (latter member of a compound) which ends in a खित् (having खकार: as a इत्) affix, the पूर्वपदम् (prior member of a compound) takes the augment मुँम् provided the following two conditions are satisfied:
(i) the पूर्वपदम् is either “अरुस्”, “द्विषत्” or ends in a अच् (vowel)
(ii) the पूर्वपदम् is not a अव्ययम्
As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the मुँम् augment joins after the last vowel (अकार:) of “पर”।

(10) परम् + तप । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) परं तप । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।

(12) परन्तप/परंतप । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(13) परंतप + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(14) परंतप + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(15) परंतपः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has 3-2-39 द्विषत्परयोस्तापेः been used for the first time in the गीता?

2. In the verses can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् which is a आर्ष-प्रयोग: (irregular grammatical usage)?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः been used in the verses?

4. Where has the affix यत् been used in the verses?

5. Which लकार: has been used in the form भक्षयिष्यामि?
i) लँट् ii) लिँट् iii) लुँट् iv) लृँट्

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Arjuna became well-known as a scorcher of foes.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रसिद्ध” for “well-known.” Use the अव्ययम् “इति” to express the meaning of “as.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्त्तिसर्त्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot an augment अट् in the verses?

Today we will look at the form प्रियंवद mVs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.16.4.

स कदाचित् प्रभातायां शर्वर्यां रघुनन्दनः । प्रययावभिषेकार्थं रम्यां गोदावरीं नदीम् ।। ३-१६-२ ।।
प्रह्वः कलशहस्तस्तु सीतया सह वीर्यवान् । पृष्ठतोऽनुव्रजन्भ्राता सौमित्रिरिदमब्रवीत् ।। ३-१६-३ ।।
अयं स कालः सम्प्राप्तः प्रियो यस्ते प्रियंवद । अलङ्कृत इवाभाति येन संवत्सरः शुभः ।। ३-१६-४ ।।
नीहारपरुषो लोकः पृथिवी सस्यमालिनी । जलान्यनुपभोग्यानि सुभगो हव्यवाहनः ।। ३-१६-५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Once that delight of the Raghus, at break of day, went to the beautiful Godāvarī river for the sake of a bath (2). Following at the heels of Śrī Rāma with a vessel for water in his hand together with Sītā, his brave brother, the son of Sumitrā, spoke as follows :- (3) “Now has arrived that season which is dear to you, O polite brother, with which the blessed year appears as though ornamented (4). The people feel dry with cold, the earth is rich with crops; the waters are unenjoyable, the fire is agreeable” (5).

प्रियं वदतीति प्रियंवद:।

“वद” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √वद् (वदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि, # १. ११६४).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रियंवद” is derived as follows:

(1) प्रिय + ङस् + वद् + खच् । By 3-2-38 प्रियवशे वदः खच् – The affix “खच्” may be used after the verbal root √वद् (वदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि, # १. ११६४) when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) which is either “प्रिय” or “वश”।

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-38, the term प्रियवशे ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “प्रिय ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of वदति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) प्रिय + ङस् + वद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

= प्रिय + ङस् + वद

We form a compound between “प्रिय + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “वद” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “प्रिय + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “वद”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “प्रिय + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “प्रिय + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“प्रिय + ङस् + वद” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) प्रिय + वद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) प्रिय मुँम् + वद । By 6-3-67 अरुर्द्विषदजन्तस्य मुम् – When followed by a उत्तरपदम् (latter member of a compound) which ends in a खित् (having खकार: as a इत्) affix, the पूर्वपदम् (prior member of a compound) takes the augment मुँम् provided the following two conditions are satisfied:
(i) the पूर्वपदम् is either “अरुस्”, “द्विषत्” or ends in a अच् (vowel)
(ii) the पूर्वपदम् is not a अव्ययम्
As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the मुँम् augment joins after the last vowel (in this case अकार:) of “प्रिय”।

(5) प्रियम् + वद । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। प्रियम् has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः to apply in the next step

(6) प्रियंवद । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बुद्धिः।

(7) (हे) प्रियंवद + सुँ (सम्बुद्धिः) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The affix “सुँ” has the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा here by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः।

(8) (हे) प्रियंवद + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The सकार: which is an एकाल् (single letter) प्रत्यय: gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः।

(9) (हे) प्रियंवद । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the affix खच् prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-38 प्रियवशे वदः खच् (used in step 1), the काशिका says – चकारः ‘6-4-94 खचि ह्रस्वः’ इति विशेषणार्थः। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the comment (shown in question 1) made in the काशिका, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘एकानुबन्धग्रहणे द्व्यनुबन्धस्य न ग्रहणम्’ इति खशि न भविष्यतीत्यादिना वृत्तिग्रन्थस्यायुक्तत्वमाहुः। Please explain.

3. Can you spot an affix यत् in the verses?

4. Which affix is used to derive the form ‘प्रिय’?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ङीप् in the form ‘नदी’?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“No one likes a person who does not speak kindly.” Paraphrase to “A person who does not speak kindly is not pleasing unto anyone.” Use √रुच् (रुचँ दीप्तावभिप्रीतौ च १. ८४७) for “to please.” To express the meaning of “unto” use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “anyone.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “one who speaks kindly.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used in the verses?

2. In which word in the verses has लँट् been used?

Today we will look at the form यशस्करम् nAs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.2.42.

तस्य शिष्यास्ततः सर्वे जगुः श्लोकमिमं पुनः । मुहुर्मुहुः प्रीयमाणाः प्राहुश्च भृशविस्मिताः ।। १-२-३९ ।।
समाक्षरैश्चतुर्भिर्यः पादैर्गीतो महर्षिणा । सोऽनुव्याहरणाद्भूयः शोकः श्लोकत्वमागतः ।। १-२-४० ।।
तस्य बुद्धिरियं जाता वाल्मीकेर्भावितात्मनः । कृत्स्नं रामायणं काव्यमीदृशैः करवाण्यहम् ।। १-२-४१ ।।
उदारवृत्तार्थपदैर्मनोरमैस्तदास्य रामस्य चकार कीर्तिमान् । समाक्षरैः श्लोकशतैर्यशस्विनो यशस्करं काव्यमुदारदर्शनः ।। १-२-४२ ।।

Gita Press translation – Then all his pupils repeated the aforesaid verse (uttered by their teacher) and, getting delighted again and again, spoke (to one another as follows), greatly astonished (at the honor conferred on their teacher by the creator himself by calling on him of his own accord) :- (39) “What was uttered by the great sage (Vālmīki) in four feet consisting of an equal number of syllables was (nothing but) his grief converted into a verse because of it being voiced by him.” (40) The thought occurred to the great sage of purified mind that he should compose the entire poem of the Rāmāyaṇa in such verses (similar to the one already uttered by him out of grief) (41). The illustrious sage, endowed (as he was) with a catholic outlook, then composed in hundreds (thousands) of soul-ravishing verses with their feet comprising an even number of syllables and consisting of words depicting the noble deeds of the glorious Śrī Rāma, a poem which has brought (great) renown to him (42).

यश: करोतीति यशस्करम् (काव्यम्)। यशसो हेतु: (काव्यम्) इत्यर्थ:।

“कर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “यशस्कर” is derived as follows:

(1) यशस् + ङस् + कृ + ट । By 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु – When in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action), the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) may take the affix “ट” to express the meaning of a cause or habitual/natural action or amiability (going with the grain.)

Note: The term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “यशस् ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of करोति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) यशस् + ङस् + कृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) यशस् ङस् + कर् अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

= यशस् ङस् + कर

We form a compound between “यशस् ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “कर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “यशस् ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “कर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “यशस् ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “यशस् ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“यशस् ङस् + कर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) यशस् + कर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) यशः + कर । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Note: At this point 8-3-37 कुप्वोः ≍क≍पौ च would apply, but the special सूत्रम् 8-3-46 अतः कृकमिकंसकुम्भपात्रकुशाकर्णीष्वनव्ययस्य comes into effect.

(6) यशस्कर । By 8-3-46 अतः कृकमिकंसकुम्भपात्रकुशाकर्णीष्वनव्ययस्य – In a compound, a विसर्ग: always takes सकार: as a substitute if the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the विसर्ग: is preceded by a अकार:
(ii) the विसर्ग: does not belong to a अव्ययम्
(iii) the विसर्ग: is followed by one of the following – √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०), √कम् (कमुँ कान्तौ, # १. ५११), ‘कंस’, ‘कुम्भ’, ‘पात्र’, ‘कुशा’ or ‘कर्णी’।

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(7) यशस्कर + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(8) यशस्कर + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(9) यशस्करम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. In the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी the वृत्ति: of the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु (used in step 1) is given as एषु द्योत्येषु करोतेष्टः स्यात्। Commenting on this, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – एषु किम्? कुम्भकार:। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the  सूत्रम् 8-3-46 अतः कृकमिकंसकुम्भपात्रकुशाकर्णीष्वनव्ययस्य (used in step 6) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – समासे किम्? यश: करोति। Please explain.

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-89 मेर्निः been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot an affix क्यप् in the verses?

5. From which verbal root is जगुः derived?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Ignorance (is) the cause of bondage.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “the cause of bondage.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-110 यः सौ been used in the verses?

2. In the verses can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which is used only in the plural (no singular or dual)?

Today we will look at the form निशाचर mVs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.41.20.

मां निहत्य तु रामोऽसावचिरात्त्वां वधिष्यति । अनेन कृतकृत्योऽस्मि म्रिये चाप्यरिणा हतः ।। ३-४१-१७ ।।
दर्शनादेव रामस्य हतं मामवधारय । आत्मानं च हतं विद्धि हृत्वा सीतां सबान्धवम् ।। ३-४१-१८ ।।
आनयिष्यसि चेत्सीतामाश्रमात्सहितो मया । नैव त्वमपि नाहं वै नैव लङ्का न राक्षसाः ।। ३-४१-१९ ।।
निवार्यमाणस्तु मया हितैषिणा न मृष्यसे वाक्यमिदं निशाचर । परेतकल्पा हि गतायुषो नरा हितं न गृह्णन्ति सुहृद्भिरीरितम् ।। ३-४१-२० ।।

Gita Press translation – Having killed me, the aforesaid Rāma for his part will dispose of you before long. I shall, however, feel accomplished of purpose through such death; for I would fain give up the ghost when killed by an enemy (rather than killed by you, my king) (17). Take me as killed at the very sight of Rāma and deem yourself as killed with your kith and kin as soon as you bear away Sītā (18). If, accompanied by me, you fetch Sītā from the hermitage, under no circumstances will you survive nor I nor even Laṅkā (your capital) nor the ogres (19). You do not heed this counsel of mine, though being checked by me, your wellwisher, O ranger of the night! For men whose span of life has come to an end and who are on the verge of death do not accept the salutary advice tendered by their disinterested friends (20).

निशायां चरतीति निशाचरः (राक्षस:)।

“चर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “निशाचर” is derived as follows:

(1) निशा + ङि + चर् + ट । By 3-2-16 चरेष्टः – The affix “ट” may be used after the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०) when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the locus (of the action.)

Note: The term अधिकरणे (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 from the prior सूत्रम् 3-2-15 अधिकरणे शेतेः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “निशा ङि” (which is the locus (अधिकरणम्) of चरति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) निशा + ङि + चर् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

We form a compound between “निशा + ङि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “चर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “निशा + ङि”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “चर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “निशा + ङि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “निशा + ङि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“निशा + ङि + चर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) निशाचर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बुद्धिः।

(4) (हे) निशाचर + सुँ (सम्बुद्धिः) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The affix “सुँ” has the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा here by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः।

(5) (हे) निशाचर + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The सकार: which is an एकाल् (single letter) प्रत्यय: gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः।

(6) (हे) निशाचर । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः।

Questions:

1. In the verses can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् which is a आर्ष-प्रयोग: (irregular grammatical construct)?

2. Where has the affix “श” been used in the verses?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “धि”-आदेश: in the word विद्धि?

4. The form गृह्णन्ति is derived from the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१). Can you recall six सूत्राणि (which we have studied) wherein पाणिनि: specifically mentions this verbal root? Which one of these six सूत्राणि has been used in the form गृह्णन्ति?

5. Please correct the following sentence:
शूर्पणखा नामैका निशाचरा बभूव।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A fisherman found a ring in the stomach of a fish.” Use the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 चरेष्टः to form a word for “fish” (“own who roams in the water” – जले चरति)। Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “धीवर” for “fisherman.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “अङ्गुलीय” for “(finger-)ring.”

Easy Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution “ना” in the form अरिणा?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चाऽसम्बुद्धौ been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form निशायाम् fLs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.35.1

उपास्य रात्रिशेषं तु शोणाकूले महर्षिभिः | निशायां सुप्रभातायां विश्वामित्रोऽभ्यभाषत || १-३५-१ ||
सुप्रभाता निशा राम पूर्वा सन्ध्या प्रवर्तते | उत्तिष्ठोत्तिष्ठ भद्रं ते गमनायाभिरोचय || १-३५-२ ||
तच्छ्रुत्वा वचनं तस्य कृतपूर्वाह्णिकक्रियः | गमनं रोचयामास वाक्यं चेदमुवाच ह || १-३५-३ ||
अयं शोणः शुभजलो गाधः पुलिनमण्डितः | कतरेण पथा ब्रह्मन्सन्तरिष्यामहे वयम् || १-३५-४ ||

Gita Press translation – Having reposed for the rest of the night on the bank of Ṣoṇa along with the great Ṛṣis (who accompanied him on the journey,) Viśwāmitra spoke (as follows) on the night having culminated in a beautiful sunrise: – (1) “The night has ended in a lovely dawn, O Rāma! The morning twilight has set in. Get up, arise and make yourself inclined to proceed (further.) May prosperity attend you!” (2) Hearing his instruction as aforesaid and having finished his morning duties (Sandhyā etc.,) Śrī Rāma made himself inclined to leave (for the journey) and spoke the following words: so the tradition goes: – (3) “The river Sona, whose waters are so holy, is fordable here and (as such) adorned with sandy banks. By which of the two fords (appearing before us) shall we wade through it, O holy sir?” (4)

नितरां श्यति (नाशयति व्यापारान्) इति निशा।

“निश” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √शो (शो तनूकरणे ४. ४०) along with the उपसर्गः “नि”।

(1) In the सूत्रम् 3-1-136 आतश्चोपसर्गे (to be used in the next step) the term उपसर्गे ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “नि” (which is a उपसर्ग: by 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्। (The affixes which are prescribed from this सूत्रम् onward only apply in the presence of the उपपदम् when applicable.) Note: This is a अधिकार-सूत्रम् which runs up to the end of Chapter Three of the अष्टाध्यायी। Note: The term उपपदम् is derived as follows: उप (= समीपे) उच्चारितं पदम् = उपपदम्।

(2) नि शा + क । By 3-1-136 आतश्चोपसर्गे – The affix “क” may be used after a verbal root ending in a आकार:, when in composition with a उपसर्गः (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)। By 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति – The ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows. Hence the ending ओकार: of the verbal root “शो” is replaced by a आकार: here.

(3) नि शा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) नि श् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or
(ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।

(5) निश । We form a compound between “नि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “श” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “नि”)  invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “श”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “नि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “नि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“निश” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “निशा” is derived as follows:

(6) निश + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.

(7) निश + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) निशा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्।

(9) निशा + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) निशा + आम् । By 7-3-116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः – The affix “ङि”, following a base ending in “नदी” or “आप्” or following the term “नी”, gets “आम्” as the substitute. The entire प्रत्ययः is replaced as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “आम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) निशा + याट् आम् । By 7-3-113 याडापः – The ङित् affixes following a base ending in an “आप्” affix get the augment “याट्”। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “याट्”-आगम: joins at the beginning of the प्रत्ययः “आम्”।

(12) निशा + या आम् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(13) निशायाम् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “निशा” been used in Chapter Two of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम्  2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (used in step 5), the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – अतिङ् किम्? मा भवान् भूत्। ‘3-3-175 माङि लुङ्’  इति सप्तमीनिर्देशान्माङुपपदम्। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ककारादेश: in the word वाक्यम्?

4. What would be an alternate form for सन्तरिष्यामहे?

5. Can you spot the affix णिच् in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Śrī Hanumān thought – “I should enter Laṅkā at night.”

Easy Questions:

1. Can you spot an augment अट् in the verses?

2. From which प्रातिपदिकम् is the word पथा derived? Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions this प्रातिपदिकम्?

Today we will look at the form विभीषणस्य mGs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.89.5.

ततो विस्फारयामास महद्धनुरवस्थितः । उत्ससर्ज च तीक्ष्णाग्रान्राक्षसेषु महाशरान् ।। ६-८९-३ ।।
ते शराः शिखिसंस्पर्शा निपतन्तः समाहिताः । राक्षसान्द्रावयामासुर्वज्राणीव महागिरीन् ।। ६-८९-४ ।।
विभीषणस्यानुचरास्तेऽपि शूलासिपट्टिशैः । चिच्छिदुः समरे वीरान्राक्षसान्राक्षसोत्तमाः ।। ६-८९-५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Standing firm, he now stretched his mighty bow and loosed long sharp-pointed arrows against the ogres (3). Falling thick and fast, the aforesaid shafts, which impinged like fire, tore the ogres to pieces as thunderbolts would cleave mighty mountains (4). The well-known followers of Vibhīṣaṇa, too, who were the foremost of ogres, rent asunder the heroic ogres in combat with their pikes, swords and sharp-edged spears (5).

विशेषेण भीषयतीति विभीषणः।

“विभीषण” is a causative form derived from the verbal root √भी (ञिभी भये ३. २) with the उपसर्गः “वि”।

(1) भी + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.

(2) भी + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भी षुँक् + इ । By 7-3-40 भियो हेतुभये षुक् – The verbal root √भी (ञिभी भये ३. २) – when it ends in a ईकार: – takes the “षुँक्”-आगम: when the “णि”-प्रत्यय: follows and the हेतु: (ref. 1-4-55 तत्प्रयोजको हेतुश्च) is directly the cause of the fear.

(4) भी ष् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

“भीषि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

The प्रातिपदिकम् “विभीषण” is derived as follows:

(5) वि भीषि + ल्यु । By 3-1-134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः – The affix “ल्यु” may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by “नन्दि”; the affix “णिनिँ” may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by “ग्रहि”; and the affix “अच्” may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by “पच्”। Note: The word विभीषणः is listed in the नन्द्यादि-गण:।

(6) वि भीषि + यु । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) वि भीषि + अन । By 7-1-1 युवोरनाकौ – The affixes “यु” and “वु” are substituted respectively by “अन” and “अक”।

(8) वि भीष् + अन । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि – The “णि”-प्रत्यय: is elided when followed by an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: which does not have the augment इट्।

(9) विभीषण । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्।

(10) विभीषण + ङस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(11) विभीषणस्य । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः, since the “ङस्”-प्रत्यय: is following an अङ्गम् ending in an अकार:, it is replaced by “स्य”। As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire ङस्-प्रत्यय: is replaced.

Questions:

1. Where has the affix “ल्यु” been used in the last five verses of Chapter Eleven of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-3-40 भियो हेतुभये षुक् the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says भी ई इतीकार: प्रश्लिष्यते। ईकारान्तस्य भिय: षुक् स्याण्णौ हेतुभये। Explaining this वृत्तिः the तत्त्वबोधिनी says तेन आत्वपक्षे भापयते इत्येव न त्वत्र षुगित्यर्थः। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-3-40 भियो हेतुभये षुक् the काशिका says हेतुभय इति किम्? कुञ्चिकयैनं भाययति। Please explain.

4. From which verbal root is the form द्रावयामासुः derived?

5. Can you spot an augment “तुँक्” in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Arjuna said to Śrī Kṛṣṇa “Having withdrawn this frightful form show me your gentle one.” Use the अव्ययम् “संहृत्य” for “having withdrawn.”

Easy Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the नकारादेशः in the form राक्षसान्?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form भोज्येषु nLp from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.77.15

ननु भोज्येषु पानेषु वस्त्रेष्वाभरणेषु च । प्रवारयति सर्वान् नस्तन्नः कोऽद्य करिष्यति ॥ २-७७-१५ ॥
अवदारणकाले तु पृथिवी नावदीर्यते । विहीना या त्वया राज्ञा धर्मज्ञेन महात्मना ॥ २-७७-१६ ॥
पितरि स्वर्गमापन्ने रामे चारण्यमाश्रिते । किं मे जीवितसामर्थ्यं प्रवेक्ष्यामि हुताशनम् ॥ २-७७-१७ ॥

Gita Press translation – Indeed you made us all (the four brothers) have our best choice out of (a large variety of) eatables, drinks, articles of wearing apparel and ornaments (placed before us.) (Since you have disappeared from our midst) who will discharge this function now? (15) (How strange that) this earth, even though it has been deprived of you, its high-souled ruler, who knew what is right, is not riven even at a time when it should have been riven! (16) My father having reached heaven and  Śrī Rāma having retired to the forest, what energy has been left in me to survive? I shall (accordingly) enter the fire (17). 

“भोज्य” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √भुज् (रुधादि-गणः, भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः, धातु-पाठः # ७. १७).

(1) भुज् + ण्यत् । By 3-1-124 ऋहलोर्ण्यत्‌ – The affix ण्यत् may be used following any verbal root which either ends in a ऋ-वर्णः (ऋकारः or ॠकारः) or in a consonant.

(2) भुज् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: “य” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।

(3) भोज्य । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च – When a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases:
i) The अङ्गम् ends in a “पुक्”-आगमः। or
ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।

See question 2.

“भोज्य” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्।

(4) भोज्य + सुप् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) भोज्य + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) भोज्येसु । By 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत् – The ending “अ” of a अङ्गम् changes to “ए” when followed by a plural सुँप् affix beginning with a झल् letter.

(7) भोज्येषु । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः ।

Questions:

1. In the first verse of which Chapter of the गीता has the affix “ण्यत्” been used?

2. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 7-3-52 चजोः कु घिण्ण्यतोः apply in the form “भोज्य”?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-77 हलि च been used in the verses?

4. Which verbal root has been used in the form प्रवेक्ष्यामि?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“These fruits are not fit to be eaten.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Kaikeyī said to Bharata “You ought to enjoy the kingdom.” Paraphrase to passive “The kingdom ought to be enjoyed by you.”

Easy Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the गुणादेशः in the form पितरि?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-134 अल्लोपोऽनः been used in the verses?