Today we will look at the form उक्तवान् mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 7.11.38.

दीयतां नगरी लङ्का पूर्वं रक्षोगणोषिता । मयात्र यदनुष्ठेयं तन्ममाचक्ष्व सुव्रत ।। ७-११-३६ ।।
ब्रह्मर्षिस्त्वेवमुक्तोऽसौ विश्रवा मुनिपुङ्गवः । प्राञ्जलिं धनदं प्राह शृणु पुत्र वचो मम ।। ७-११-३७ ।।
दशग्रीवो महाबाहुरुक्तवान्मम संनिधौ । मया निर्भर्त्सितश्चासीद्बहुशोक्तः सुदुर्मतिः ।। ७-११-३८ ।।

Gita Press translation – “Let Laṅkā, which was previously occupied by the Rākṣasas, be given back to me. Please tell me, O pious one, what I should do in this connection.” (35-36) Being addressed thus, Viśravā, the Brahmarṣi, the best of sages, told the lord of wealth, who was standing with joined palms, “My son, listen to my words. (37) Daśagrīva, the mighty-armed, said the same thing in my presence also. I rebuked him and exhorted that highly evil-minded fellow in several ways.“(38)

The प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्तवत्” is derived from the verbal root √वच् (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८).

(1) वच् + क्तवतुँ । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्तवतुँ’ is used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) as per 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्‌ – The affixes designated as कृत् are used to denote the agent.

(2) वच् + तवत् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The affix “क्तवतुँ” is a कित्। This allows 6-1-15 वचिस्वपियजादीनां किति to apply in the next step. Note: Here 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(3) उ अ च् + तवत् । By 6-1-15 वचिस्वपियजादीनां किति – The verbal roots √वच् (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८), √स्वप् (ञिष्वपँ शये २. ६३) and also the nine verbal roots beginning with √यज् (यजँ देवपूजासङ्गतिकरणदानेषु १. ११५७) take सम्प्रसारणम् (ref. 1-1-45) when followed by an affix which is a कित्।

(4) उच् + तवत् । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च – When a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a अच् (vowel), there is a single replacement (in place of both the सम्प्रसारणम् and the following अच्) of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्)।

(5) उक् + तवत् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः – The consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

“उक्तवत्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) उक्तवत् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
Note: “उक्तवत्” ends in the affix “क्तवतुँ”। Thus it ends in “अतुँ” and is also उगित् (since the उकार: in “क्तवतुँ” is a इत्)। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-14 as well as the सूत्रम् 7-1-70 to apply below.

(7) उक्तवत् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) उक्तवात् + स् । By 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः – When the “सुँ” affix which is not सम्बुद्धिः follows, a base that ends in “अतुँ” or a base that ends in “अस्” which is not of a verbal root, has its penultimate letter elongated.

(9) उक्तवा नुँम् त् + स् । By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः – A non-verbal base with an उक् (“उ”, “ऋ”, “ऌ”) as a marker and the verbal base “अञ्चुँ” whose नकारः has taken elision takes the नुँम् augment when followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix. Note: The प्रत्यय: “स्” has the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य।

(10) उक्तवा न् त् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) उक्तवान्त् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् “उक्तवान्त्” gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(12) उक्तवान् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter (तकार:) of the पदम् takes लोपः।
Note: After this, 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य does not apply because of 8-2-1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम्।

Questions:

1. Where has the affix ‘क्तवतुँ’ (used in step 1) been used for the last time in the गीता?

2. Where else (besides 3-2-102) in the अष्टाध्यायी does the सूत्रम् ‘निष्ठा’ occur?

3. Can you spot an affix ‘क’ in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ईकारादेश: in the form दीयताम्?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I did not say anything.”

Advanced question:

1. Derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उषित’ (feminine ‘उषिता’ used in the verses as part of the compound रक्षोगणोषिता) from the verbal root √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०) by adding the affix ‘क्त’। You will need to use the following सूत्रम् (which we have not studied in the class):
7-2-52 वसतिक्षुधोरिट् – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ or a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) always takes the augment इट् when following the verbal root √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०) or √क्षुध् (क्षुधँ बुभुक्षायाम् ४. ८७).

Easy questions:

1. Why does the सूत्रम् 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः (which is an earlier सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी compared to 7-1-70) apply (in step eight) before 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः (in step nine)?

2.Where else (besides in उक्तवान्) has the सूत्रम् 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form ईप्सितम् nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.3.12.

ग्रहं ग्रहीष्ये सोमस्य यज्ञे वामप्यसोमपोः । क्रियतां मे वयो रूपं प्रमदानां यदीप्सितम् ।। ९-३-१२ ।।
बाढमित्यूचतुर्विप्रमभिनन्द्य भिषक्तमौ । निमज्जतां भवानस्मिन्ह्रदे सिद्धविनिर्मिते ।। ९-३-१३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
असोमपोः सोमपानरहितयोरपि वां युवयोः सोमस्य ग्रहं सोमपूर्णं पात्रं ग्रहीष्ये दास्यामीति । युवां सोमेन यक्ष्य इत्यर्थः । ‘ऐन्द्रवायवं गृह्णाति’ इत्यादिषु द्रव्यदेवतासंबन्धानुपपत्त्या गृह्णातेर्यागपर्यवसायित्वात् ।। १२ ।। बाढमित्यभिनन्द्य भवानस्मिन्निमज्जतामित्यूचतुः ।। १३ ।।

Gita Press translation – “I shall bear you both a cup of that juice, even though (I know) you are not entitled to a potation of the Soma juice in a sacrifice. Be pleased (therefore) to make my age and exterior such as may be coveted by young women.” (12) Gladly accepting his prayer with the word “Amen” the two foremost physicians (of the gods) said to the Brāhmaṇa (the sage Cyavana) “Plunge you into this pool created by the Siddhas.”(13)

“ईप्सित” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from desiderative form of the verbal root √आप् (आपॢँ व्याप्तौ ५. १६).

The सन्नन्त-धातुः “ईप्स” is derived as follows:

(1) आप् + सन् । As per 3-1-7 धातोः कर्मणः समानकर्तृकादिच्छायां वा – In order to express wish/desire, the affix सन् is optionally prescribed after a verbal root which underlies the object of and shares the same agent with the verbal root √इष् (इषुँ इच्छायाम् ६. ७८).

(2) आप् + स । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ stops 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(3) ईप् + स । By 7-4-55 आप्ज्ञप्यृधामीत्‌ – “ई” is substituted for the root-vowel of the following verbal roots when followed by the affix सन् beginning with a सकारः (i.e. no augment “इट्”) –
i) √आप् (आपॢँ व्याप्तौ ५. १६)
ii) √ज्ञप् (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३ (in the causative) , ज्ञपँ ज्ञानज्ञापनमारणतोषणनिशाननिशामनेषु मिच्च १०. ११८)
iii) √ऋध् (ऋधुँ वृद्धौ ४. १६०, ऋधुँ वृद्धौ ५. २७).

(4) ई प्स प्स । By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a verbal root ending in the affix “सन्”/”यङ्” which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(5) ईप्स । By 7-4-58 अत्र लोपोऽभ्यासस्य – The reduplicate (अभ्यासः) is elided under the circumstances mentioned in the foregoing सूत्राणि 7-4-54 सनि मीमाघुरभलभशकपतपदामच इस् to 7-4-57 मुचोऽकर्मकस्य गुणो वा।

“ईप्स” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

Now, we derive the कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् “ईप्सित” as follows:

(6) ईप्स + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि (to denote the object) here as per 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation “कृत्य”, the affix “क्त” and the affixes that have the sense of “खल्” (ref: 3-3-126) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।

(7) ईप्स + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) ईप्स + इट् त । By 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः, an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः gets the augment “इट्”। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “इट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।

(9) ईप्स + इ त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(10) ईप्स् + इ त । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः – When an आर्धधातुकम् affix follows, the अकारः at the end of a अङ्गम् is elided if the अङ्गम् ends in a अकार: at the time when the आर्धधातुकम् affix is prescribed.

“ईप्सित” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(11) ईप्सित + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(12) ईप्सित + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(13) ईप्सितम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. From which verbal root is the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गीत’ (feminine ‘गीता’) derived?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः (used in step 6), the काशिका says – एवकारः कर्तुरपकर्षणार्थः। Please explain.

3. Can you spot a सम्प्रसारणम् in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the दीर्घादेश: in the form ग्रहीष्ये?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-28 रिङ् शयग्लिङ्क्षु been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I will give you what you want.” Paraphrase to “I will give you that which is desired to be obtained by you.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with the first ‘you’ (in ‘give you.’)

Easy Questions:

1. In which word in the verses has the सूत्रम् 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used?

2. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘युष्मद्’ been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form आत्मजः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.23.33.

दशलक्षसहस्राणि पुत्राणां तास्वजीजनत् । तेषां तु षट्प्रधानानां पृथुश्रवस आत्मजः ।। ९-२३-३३ ।।
धर्मो नामोशना तस्य हयमेधशतस्य याट् । तत्सुतो रुचकस्तस्य पञ्चासन्नात्मजाः शृणु ।। ९-२३-३४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पृथुश्रवाः पृथुकीर्तिः पृथुयशा इत्यादयः षट् प्रधानाः श्रेष्ठा येषां तेषां मध्ये ।। ३३ ।। पञ्च आत्मजा आसंस्तान् शृणु ।। ३४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Through his ten thousand wives that exceedingly renowned emperor begot a thousand million sons (a lakh through each). Of those (thousand million) sons, of whom six (viz., Pṛthuśravā and others) were the foremost. The son of Pṛthuśravā was Dharma by name, whose son was Uśanā, who performed a hundred horse-sacrifices. His son was Rucaka, who had five sons. (Please) hear of them (33-34).

आत्मनो जातः = आत्मजः (पुत्रः)।

“ज” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “आत्मज” is derived as follows:

(1) आत्मन् + ङसिँ + जन् + ड । By the 3-2-98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ – When in composition with a पदम् which ends in the fifth (ablative) case, the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) may take the the affix “ड” provided the verbal root is used to denote an action in the past tense and the उपपदम् does not denote a class/genus.
Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-98, the term पञ्चम्याम् ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

(2) आत्मन् + ङसिँ + जन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) आत्मन् + ङसिँ + ज् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion (ref: 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि) takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has the letter ‘ड्’ as an indicatory letter. Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having the letter ‘ड्’ as a इत् in the affix ‘ड’। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।

= आत्मन् + ङसिँ + ज ।

Now we form a compound between “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “आत्मन् + ङसिँ”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“आत्मन् + ङसिँ + ज” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) आत्मन् + ज । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। ‘आत्मन्’ now has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य to apply in the next step.

(5) आत्मज । By 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) आत्मज + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) आत्मज + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) आत्मजः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In Chapter Four of the गीता can you spot a उपपद-समास: in which 3-2-98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ as well as 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य has been used (as in this example)?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ, the काशिका says अजाताविति किम्? हस्तिनो जातः। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘शृ’ in the form शृणु?

4. Can you spot an affix चङ् in the verses?

5. In which word in the verses has लँङ् been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There were many mind-born sons of (Lord) Brahmā.” Use a उपपद-समास: for ‘mind-born’ (मनसो जात:) as well as ‘son.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-52 आमि सर्वनाम्नः सुट् been used in the verses?

2. From which प्रातिपदिकम् is उशना (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) derived?
(i) ‘उशना’ (ii) ‘उशन’ (iii) ‘उशनस्’ (iv) ‘उशनन्’

Today we will look at the form प्रजाः fAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.90.43

देवासुराहवहता दैतेया ये सुदारुणाः । ते चोत्पन्ना मनुष्येषु प्रजा दृप्ता बबाधिरे ।। १०-९०-४३ ।।
तन्निग्रहाय हरिणा प्रोक्ता देवा यदोः कुले । अवतीर्णाः कुलशतं तेषामेकाधिकं नृप ।। १०-९०-४४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
ते चोत्पन्ना इति । प्रत्येकं बहुभी रूपैरिति ज्ञेयम् ।। ४३ ।। एवमेव यदुकुलेऽपि देवा इति । तथा चोक्तम् – ‘सहस्रशः समुद्भूता देवा यदुकुले पृथक्’ इति ।। ४४ ।।

Gita Press translation – (Parīkṣit, in days of yore) many a terrible Asura was slain in the encounter between the gods and the Asuras; they were reborn among men. These proud and arrogant Asuras (reborn as human beings) began to molest the people (43). In order to chastise and subdue them the gods under the direction of the Supreme Lord were born in the race of Yadu, O King! This race was divided into one hundred and one families (44).

प्रजातेति (प्रजाता इति)  प्रजा। (ref. अमरकोश: – “प्रजा स्यात् सन्ततौ जने”)।

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रजा” is derived as follows:

(1) प्र + जन् + ड । By 3-2-99 उपसर्गे च संज्ञायाम् – When in composition with a पदम् which is a उपसर्ग: (ref. 1-4-59), the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) may take the the affix “ड” provided the verbal root is used to denote an action in the past tense and the derived word denotes a proper name.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-99, the term उपसर्गे ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “प्र” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

(2) प्र + जन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) प्र + ज् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter.

Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having डकार: as a इत् in “ड”। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।

Now we form the compound between “प्र” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज” using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “प्र”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

Note: Here “प्र” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपपदम् ends in the nominative case.
In the compound, “प्र” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position.

“प्र + ज” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रजा” is derived as follows:

(4) प्रज + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.

(5) प्रज + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) प्रजा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्।

(7) प्रजा + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(8) प्रजा + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “शस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(9) प्रजास् । By 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(10) प्रजाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रजा’ been used in Chapter Ten of the गीता?

2. Which कृत्-प्रत्यय: is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृप’?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘इरे’ in the form बबाधिरे?

4. Can you spot a कृत्य-प्रत्यय: in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Protection of the people should be the first duty of a king.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My maternal uncle has no progeny.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मातुल’ for ‘maternal uncle.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘ना’ in the form हरिणा?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-14 रो रि been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form शूरमानी mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.21.17.

मयि ते यद्यनुक्रोशो यदि रक्षःसु तेषु च । रामेण यदि शक्तिस्ते तेजो वास्ति निशाचर ।। ३-२१-१४ ।।
दण्डकारण्यनिलयं जहि राक्षसकण्टकम् । यदि रामममित्रघ्नं न त्वमद्य वधिष्यसि ।। ३-२१-१५ ।।
तव चैवाग्रतः प्राणांस्त्यक्ष्यामि निरपत्रपा । बुद्ध्याहमनुपश्यामि न त्वं रामस्य संयुगे ।। ३-२१-१६ ।।
स्थातुं प्रतिमुखे शक्तः सबलोऽपि महारणे । शूरमानी न शूरस्त्वं मिथ्यारोपितविक्रमः ।। ३-२१-१७ ।।

Gita Press translation – If you have compassion for me and if you have mercy for those ogres, (nay) if you have power or prowess to contend with Rāma, O prowler of the night, make short work of that thorn in the side of the ogres, who has taken up his abode in the Daṇḍaka forest. If, however, you do not kill Rāma, the slayer of his foes, today, I shall give up the ghost, (already) divested as I am of my shame (in the shape of my nose and ears). I vividly see with (the eye of) my intuition that, (even) though followed by your army on the battlefield, you cannot stand in front of Rāma in a major combat. (Even) though you account yourself to be brave, you are not (really) valiant; you have falsely assumed that you are brave. (14-17)

शूरमात्मानं मन्यते = शूरमानी।

“मानिन्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “शूरमानी” is derived as follows:

(1) शूर + ङस् + मन् + णिनिँ । By 3-2-83 आत्ममाने खश्च – When in composition with a सुबन्तं पदम् (a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix), the verbal root √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३) may take the the affix “खश्” – as well as the affix “णिनिँ” – provided the agent of the verbal root is also its object.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-83, the term सुपि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-83 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “शूर + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) शूर + ङस् + मन् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) शूर + ङस् + मान् + इन् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

We form a compound between “शूर ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “मानिन्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “शूर ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “मानिन्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “शूर ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “शूर ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“शूर ङस् + मानिन्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) शूर + मानिन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= शूरमानिन् ।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(5) शूरमानिन् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) शूरमानिन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) शूरमानीन् + स् । By 6-4-13 सौ च – The penultimate letter of terms ending in “इन्”, “हन्”, “पूषन्” and “अर्यमन्” is lengthened when the सुँ-प्रत्यय: – which is not सम्बुद्धि: – follows.

(8) शूरमानीन् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। “शूरमानीन्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।

(9) शूरमानी । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. What would be the final form in this example if the affix “खश्” were to be used (instead of “णिनिँ”)?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-83 आत्ममाने खश्च (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – आत्ममाने किम्? दर्शनीयमानी देवदत्तो यज्ञदत्तस्य।

3. Can you spot an affix “ट” in the verses?

4. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः been used in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You think yourself to be handsome, but you’re not (really) handsome.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “दर्शनीय” for “handsome (fit to be seen.)” For this sentence use a similar construction as in the verse.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I consider (my) father to be a scholar.” Use षष्ठी विभक्ति: with “father.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution “पश्य” in अनुपश्यामि?

2. Looking at that form बुद्ध्या (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) how can we tell that the प्रातिपदिकम् “बुद्धि” is feminine?

Today we will look at the form मधुरभाषिणी fNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.33.20.

इति ब्रुवाणा सरमा राक्षसी सीतया सह | सर्वोद्योगेन सैन्यानां शब्दं शुश्राव भैरवम् || ६-३३-१९ ||
दण्डनिर्घातवादिन्याः श्रुत्वा भेर्या महास्वनम् | उवाच सरमा सीतामिदं मधुरभाषिणी || ६-३३-२० ||
संनाहजननी ह्येषा भैरवा भीरु भेरिका | भेरीनादं च गम्भीरं शृणु तोयदनिःस्वनम् || ६-३३-२१ ||
कल्प्यन्ते मत्तमातङ्गा युज्यन्ते रथवाजिनः | दृश्यन्ते तुरगारूढाः प्रासहस्ताः सहस्रशः || ६-३३-२२ ||

Gita Press translation – While talking thus with Sītā, the ogress Saramā heard the terrible noise of troops engaged in every effort (for war) (19). Hearing the crash of kettledrums sounding when beaten with a stick, Saramā, who had a sweet tongue, spoke to Sītā as follows: – (20) “Indeed here is a fearful kettledrum, producing a sound signifying preparations for war, being beaten, O timid lady! Also hear the deep-sounding crash of kettledrums, which resembles the rumbling of clouds (21). Elephants in rut are being decorated and horses are being yoked to the chariots. (Nay) carrying spears in their hands, horsemen are seen in their thousands (22)”.

मधुरं भाषते तच्छीला = मधुरभाषिणी।

“भाषिन्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √भाष् (भाषँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ६९६).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “मधुरभाषिणी” is derived as follows:

(1) मधुर + ङस् + भाष् + णिनिँ । By 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये – When in composition with a सुबन्तं पदम् (a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix) which does not denote a class/genus, a verbal root may take the affix “णिनिँ” to express the meaning of a habitual/natural action.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-78, the term सुपि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “मधुर + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) मधुर + ङस् + भाष् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

We form a compound between “मधुर ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “भाषिन्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “मधुर ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “भाषिन्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “मधुर ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “मधुर ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“मधुर ङस् + भाषिन्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) मधुर + भाषिन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= मधुरभाषिन् ।

Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “मधुरभाषिणी”।

(4) मधुरभाषिन् + ङीप् । By 4-1-5 ऋन्नेभ्यो ङीप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि that end in a ऋकारः or नकारः get the ङीप् affix in the feminine gender.

(5) मधुरभाषिन् + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) मधुरभाषिणी । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि – The letter “न्” is replaced by “ण्” when either “र्” or “ष्” precedes, even if intervened by a letter of the अट्-प्रत्याहार: or by a letter of the क-वर्ग: or प-वर्गः or the term “आङ्” or “नुँम्” (अनुस्वारः) either singly or in any combination.

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(7) मधुरभाषिणी + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(8) मधुरभाषिणी + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) मधुरभाषिणी । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”।

Questions:

1. In which two words in the last five verses of Chapter Seventeen of the गीता has the affix “णिनिँ” been used?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये (used in step 1), the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – ताच्छील्ये किम्? उष्णं भुङ्क्ते कदाचित्। Please explain.

3. Can you recall another सूत्रम् (which we have studied) – besides 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये – by which पाणिनि: prescribes the affix “णिनिँ”?

4. In the verses, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् in which the affix “क” has been used?

5. In which तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses has the सूत्रम् 6-4-51 णेरनिटि been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who habitually speaks the truth is never afraid.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the प्रातिपदिकम् “एतद्” used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form द्विट् mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.3.24.

तत्ते निरीक्ष्यो न पितापि देहकृद्दक्षो मम द्विट्तदनुव्रताश्च ये । यो विश्वसृग्यज्ञगतं वरोरु मामनागसं दुर्वचसाकरोत्तिरः ।। ४-३-२४ ।।
यदि व्रजिष्यस्यतिहाय मद्वचो भद्रं भवत्या न ततो भविष्यति । सम्भावितस्य स्वजनात्पराभवो यदा स सद्यो मरणाय कल्पते ।। ४-३-२५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तत्तस्मात्त्वया न निरीक्ष्यः । देहकृदपीति पोषकत्वादिभिरौपचारिकपितृत्वव्यावृत्त्यर्थम् । द्विट् शत्रुः । तदेवाह । हे वरोरु, यो दक्षो विश्वसृजां यज्ञगतं मां निरपराधं तिरोऽकरोत्तिरस्कृतवान् ।। २४ ।। विपक्षे दोषमाह – यदीति । मद्वचोऽतिहायातिक्रम्य । यतः संभावितस्य सुप्रतिष्ठितस्य यदा पराभवो भवति तदा स पराभवस्तस्य मरणाय कल्पते ।। २५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Therefore, you should never look at the face of Dakṣa – even though he is your father, your very procreator – nor of those who are devoted to him, because he bears ill-will to me and offered indignity to me by abusing me, O charming lady, when I visited the sacrifice performed by the lords of created beings, even though I did no wrong to him (24). If you ignore my advice and go there, no good will come to you thereby. For, when a man who is held in high esteem suffers indignity at the hands of a relation, the affront forthwith causes his death (25).

द्वेष्टीति द्विट् ।

“द्विष्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √द्विष् (द्विषँ अप्रीतौ, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ३).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “द्विष्” is derived as follows:

(1) द्विष् + क्विँप् । By the 3-2-76 क्विप् च – (In addition to the affixes mentioned in the सूत्रम् 3-2-74) the affix “क्विँप्” may also be used (following any verbal root with or without the presence of a उपपदम्।)

(2) द्विष् + व् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) द्विष् । By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य – The वकारः which is अपृक्तः (a single letter प्रत्ययः), takes लोपः। As per 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्यय:, herevthe वकारः has अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: The affix क्विँप् is a कित्। This enables 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च to stop 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।

“द्विष्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) द्विष् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) द्विष् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.

(6) द्विष् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”। Note: “द्विष्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।

(7) द्विड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter that occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(8) द्विट्/द्विड् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च (used in step 1) been used in the last ten verses of Chapter Six of the गीता?

2. The काशिका gives the वृत्ति: of the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च as follows – सर्वधातुभ्यः सोपपदेभ्यो निरुपपदेभ्यश्च छन्दसि भाषायां च क्विप् प्रत्ययो भवति। Commenting on the term निरुपपदेभ्यश्च used in the वृत्ति:, the पदमञ्जरी says – एतदपिशब्दस्य सर्वोपाधिव्यभिचारार्थस्यानुवृत्तेर्लभ्यते, न तु सुपीत्यस्य निवृत्ते:, उत्तरसूत्रे ‘सुप्युपसर्गेऽपीति वर्तते’ इति वक्ष्यमाणत्वात्। Please explain.

3. Can you spot an augment “तुँक्” in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the लकारादेश: in the form कल्पते? (We have not studied this सूत्रम् in the class but have used it in a prior post.)

5. Which कृत्य-प्रत्यय: has been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us bow to the creator of the universe.” Use the verbal root √नम् (णमँ प्रह्वत्वे शब्दे च १. ११३६) for “to bow to.”

Easy questions:

1. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः apply between  द्विट् + तदनुव्रता: in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form उरगः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.59.7.

पाञ्चजन्यध्वनिं श्रुत्वा युगान्ताशनिभीषणम् । मुरः शयान उत्तस्थौ दैत्यः पञ्चशिरा जलात् ।। १०-५९-६ ।।
त्रिशूलमुद्यम्य सुदुर्निरीक्षणो युगान्तसूर्यानलरोचिरुल्बणः । ग्रसंस्त्रिलोकीमिव पञ्चभिर्मुखैरभ्यद्रवत्तार्क्ष्यसुतं यथोरगः ।। १०-५९-७ ।।
आविध्य शूलं तरसा गरुत्मते निरस्य वक्त्रैर्व्यनदत्स पञ्चभिः । सरोदसी सर्वदिशोऽम्बरं महानापूरयन्नण्डकटाहमावृणोत् ।। १०-५९-८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
युगान्ताशनेर्ध्वनिवद्भीषणम् । परिखाया जलात् ।। ६ ।। ७ ।। आविध्य आतोल्य स महान्नाद इत्यन्वयः ।। ८ ।।

Gita Press translation – Hearing the blast of Pāñcajanya, terrific as the clap of thunder (heard) at the end of a Kalpa (marking the dissolution of the universe,) the five-headed demon Mura rose from under the water (of the moat), where he has been lying asleep (6). Lifting up his trident, the terrible demon, who shone like the sun and fire appearing at the end of a Kalpa and (as such) was difficult to gaze at, darted at the Lord, even as a serpent would rush at Garuḍa (son of the sage Kaśyapa), devouring as it were (all) the three worlds with his five (gaping) mouths (7). Brandishing his trident and hurling it with force at Garuḍa, the demon roared with (all) his five mouths. Filling the horizon and the atmosphere as well as the four quarters, the great roar covered the entire cosmos (8).

उरसा गच्छतीति उरग:।

“ग” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “उरग” is derived as follows:

(1) उरस् + टा + गम् + ड । By the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः) उरसो लोपश्च – The affix “ड” may be used after the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) when in composition with “उरस्” and simultaneously there is an elision of (the final letter of) “उरस्”।

(2) उर + टा + गम् + ड । By the same वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः) उरसो लोपश्च । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter (सकार:) of ‘उरस्’ takes लोपः।

(3) उर + टा + गम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) उर + टा + ग् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter. Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having डकार: as a इत् in “ड”। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।

= उर टा + ग ।

We form a compound between “उर टा” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ग” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “उर टा”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ग”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “उर टा” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “उर टा” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“उर टा + ग” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) उर + ग । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= उरग ।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(5) उरग + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) उरग + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) उरगः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः) उरसो लोपश्च been used in Chapter Eleven of the गीता?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः been used in the verses?

3. Commenting on the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भीषण’ (used in the commentary), the धातुवृत्ति: says – नन्द्यादित्वात् ण्यन्ताल्ल्यु:। Please explain.

4. Can you spot the affix ‘श्नु’ in the verses?

5. From which verbal root is the form अभ्यद्रवत् derived?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All the serpants are afraid of Garuḍa.” Use पञ्चमी विभक्ति: with “Garuda.”

Easy questions:

1. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् apply in the form पञ्चभिः?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used to perform the operation यथा + उरगः = यथोरगः?

Today we will look at the form पारगः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.41.4.

शूरश्च कृतविद्यश्च पूर्वैस्तुल्योऽसि तेजसा | पितॄणां गतिमन्विच्छ येन चाश्वोऽपवाहितः ।। १-४१-२ ।।
अन्तर्भौमानि सत्त्वानि वीर्यवन्ति महान्ति च | तेषां त्वं प्रतिघातार्थं सासिं गृह्णीष्व कार्मुकम् ।। १-४१-३ ।।
अभिवाद्याभिवाद्यांस्त्वं हत्वा विघ्नकरानपि | सिद्धार्थः संनिवर्तस्व मम यज्ञस्य पारगः ।। १-४१-४ ।।
एवमुक्तोंऽशुमान्सम्यक्सगरेण महात्मना | धनुरादाय खड्गं च जगाम लघुविक्रमः ।। १-४१-५ ।।

Gita Press translation – ‘You are valiant and learned and the compeer of your forbears in splendor. Trace the whereabouts of your uncles as well as of the man by whom the (sacrificial) horse has been stolen away (2). The living beings inhabiting the subterranean regions are full of (great) prowess and gigantic (of body). In order to meet their assault, therefore, take up a bow along with a sword (3). Bowing to those who deserve to be greeted and at the same time killing those who come in your way, return (only) when you have accomplished your purpose, and (thus) ensure the completion of my sacrificial performance.’ (4) Duly instructed thus by the high-souled Sagara and taking his bow and sword, Aṁśumān departed with quick paces (5).

पारं गच्छतीति पारग:।

“ग” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “पारग” is derived as follows:

(1) पार + ङस् + गम् + ड । By 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः – The affix “ड” may be used after the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) which is either “अन्त” or “अत्यन्त” or “अध्वन्” or “दूर” or “पार” or “सर्व” or “अनन्त”।

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-48, the term अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “पार + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) पार + ङस् + गम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पार + ङस् + ग् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter. Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having डकार: as a इत् in “ड”। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः। See easy question 2.

= पार ङस् + ग ।

We form a compound between “पार ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ग” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “पार ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ग”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “पार ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “पार ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“पार ङस् + ग” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) पार + ग । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= पारग ।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(5) पारग + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) पारग + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) पारगः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the affix ‘ड’ been used with the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) in Chapter Twelve of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः (used in step 1) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – संज्ञायामिति निवृत्तम्। Please explain.

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-113 ई हल्यघोः been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot the affix ‘ट’ in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘व’ in the form संनिवर्तस्व?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I wish I become a master of grammar.” Use आशीर्लिँङ् to express the meaning of “I wish.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “master.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य been used in the verses?

2. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define the term टि?