Today we will look at the form ज्ञानविज्ञानात् n-Ab-s from श्रीमद्भागवतम् verse 4.22.33
अर्थेन्द्रियार्थाभिध्यानं सर्वार्थापह्नवो नृणाम् । भ्रंशितो ज्ञानविज्ञानाद्येनाविशति मुख्यताम् ।। ४-२२-३३ ।।
न कुर्यात्कर्हिचित्सङ्गं तमस्तीव्रं तितीरिषुः । धर्मार्थकाममोक्षाणां यदत्यन्तविघातकम् ।। ४-२२-३४ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
कुत इत्यत आह । अर्थस्याभिध्यानमिन्द्रियस्यार्थः कामस्तस्याभिध्यानं सर्वार्थनाशः । ज्ञानं विज्ञानं च परोक्षापरोक्षम् । येन ध्यानेन मुख्यतां स्थावरताम् ।। ३३ ।। अनात्मरतेरनर्थहेतुत्वमुक्तं सङ्गस्याप्याह – नेति । यद्वस्तु धर्मादीनां विघातकं तस्मिन्सङ्गम् । तमः संसारम् ।। ३४ ।।
Gita Press translation – Constant preoccupation with wealth and the objects of sense means the ruination of all the interests of men. Deprived of his knowledge and wisdom through such preoccupation, man is reborn in the immobile creation (the vegetable and mineral kingdom) (33). Whoever is keen to cross and reach the other end of the impenetrable gloom in the form of ignorance (the root of transmigration) should never conceive an attachment to that which is most detrimental to (the attainment of) religious merit, worldly possessions, gratification of the senses and liberation (34).
(1) ज्ञानं विज्ञानं च तयो: समाहार: = ज्ञानविज्ञानम् – knowledge and wisdom.
Note: समाहारः denotes a collection of two or more terms (having the designation पदम्) wherein the individuality of the terms is subservient to the group.
(2) ज्ञान सुँ + विज्ञान सुँ । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।
(3) ज्ञान सुँ + विज्ञान सुँ । As per 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम् – In a द्वन्द्व: compound the term having the least number of syllables (vowels) is placed in the prior position. Since ‘ज्ञान’ has two syllables while ‘विज्ञान’ has three, ‘ज्ञान सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in this द्वन्द्व: compound.
Note: ‘ज्ञान सुँ + विज्ञान सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) ज्ञान + विज्ञान । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
= ज्ञानविज्ञान ।
Since there is only a single group in a द्वन्द्वः compound which expresses a समाहारः it is always singular in number and as per 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम् it is always neuter in gender.
The विवक्षा is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्।
(5) ज्ञानविज्ञान + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(6) ज्ञानविज्ञान + आत् । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in a the letter ‘अ’, the affixes ‘टा’, ‘ङसिँ’ and ‘ङस्’ are replaced respectively by ‘इन’, ‘आत्’ and ‘स्य’। Note: Since the substitute ‘आत्’ has more than one letter, as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire affix (and not just its last letter) is replaced by ‘आत्’।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘त्’ of ‘आत्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(7) ज्ञानविज्ञानात् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
Questions:
1. Can you spot a समाहार-द्वन्द्वः compound in verses 41-45 of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?
2. What would be the final form in this example if the द्वन्द्व: compound were to be formed इतरेतरयोगे (instead of समाहारे)?
3. What type of compound is ‘अत्यन्त’ (used as part of the larger compound अत्यन्तविघातकम् in the verses)?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. बहुव्रीहि:
iii. प्रादि-तत्पुरुष:
iv. अव्ययीभाव:
4. The form तितीरिषुः is आर्ष: (grammatically irregular.) What is the grammatically correct form?
5. Which compound used in the commentary is a समाहार-द्वन्द्व:?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Knowledge and wisdom is obtained through (by) devotion.”
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-109 ये च been used in the verses?
1. Can you spot a समाहार-द्वन्द्वः compound in verses 41-45 of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?
Answer: A समाहार-द्वन्द्व: compound occurs in verses 41-45 of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता in the form कृषिगौरक्ष्यवाणिज्यम् (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’कृषिगौरक्ष्यवाणिज्य’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।
कृषिगौरक्ष्यवाणिज्यं वैश्यकर्म स्वभावजम् ।
परिचर्यात्मकं कर्म शूद्रस्यापि स्वभावजम् ॥ 18-44 ॥
कृषिर्गौरक्ष्यं च वाणिज्यं च तेषां समाहार: = कृषिगौरक्ष्यवाणिज्यम् – Agriculture, rearing of cows and trade.
The अलौकिक-विग्रह: is –
कृषि सुँ + गौरक्ष्य सुँ + वाणिज्य सुँ ।
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’कृषिगौरक्ष्यवाणिज्य’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’ज्ञानविज्ञान’ as shown in the post.
Since there is only a single group in a द्वन्द्वः compound which expresses a समाहारः it is always singular in number and as per 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम् it is always neuter in gender.
2. What would be final form in this example if the द्वन्द्व: compound were to be formed इतरेतरयोगे (instead of समाहारे)?
Answer: The final form in this example if the द्वन्द्व: compound were to be formed इतरेतरयोगे would be ज्ञानविज्ञानाभ्याम् (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’ज्ञानविज्ञान’, पञ्चमी-द्विवचनम्)। The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ज्ञानविज्ञान’ (in the case इतरेतरयोग:) is the same as shown in the post.
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’ज्ञानविज्ञान’ is neuter since the final member ‘विज्ञान’ of the compound is neuter. This द्वन्द्वः compound (which expresses इतरेतरयोगः) is dual in number because it has two members. It declines like वन-शब्द:।
3. What type of compound is ‘अत्यन्त’ (used as part of the larger compound अत्यन्तविघातकम् in the verses)?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. बहुव्रीहि:
iii. प्रादि-तत्पुरुष:
iv. अव्ययीभाव:
Answer: The compound ‘अत्यन्त’ is composed using the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) अत्यादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे द्वितीयया।
अत्यन्तम् = अतिक्रान्तमन्तम् – exceedingly (beyond the end)
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अत्यन्त’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उपेन्द्र’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/10/12/उपेन्द्रम्-mas. Except that in step 5 the सूत्रम् 6-1-77 इको यणचि applies (instead of 6-1-87 आद्गुणः) to give – अति + अन्त = अत्यन्त।
4. The form तितीरिषुः is आर्ष: (grammatically irregular.) What is the grammatically correct form?
Answer: The grammatically valid forms are तितीर्षुः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तितीर्षु’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्), तितरीषुः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तितरीषु’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) and तितरिषुः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तितरिषु’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) – derived from the desiderative form of the verbal root √तॄ (तॄ प्लवनतरणयोः १. ११२४).
The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तितीर्षु’ is derived from the सनन्त-धातुः ’तितीर्ष’। Please see the answer to question 2 in the following comment for the derivation of the सनन्त-धातुः ’तितीर्ष’ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/07/09/तितरिषन्ति-3ap-लँट्/#comment-3978
The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तितरीषु’ is derived from the सनन्त-धातुः ’तितरीष’। Please see the answer to question 3 in the following comment for the derivation of the सनन्त-धातुः ’तितरीष’ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/07/09/तितरिषन्ति-3ap-लँट्/#comment-3978
The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तितरिषु’ is derived from the सनन्त-धातुः ’तितरिष’। Please refer to the following post for the derivation of the सनन्त-धातुः ’तितरिष’ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/07/09/तितरिषन्ति-3ap-लँट्/#comment-3978
Now we derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ’तितीर्षु/तितरीषु/तितरिषु’ from the सन्नन्त-धातुः ‘तितीर्ष/तितरीष/तितरिष’ as follows –
तितीर्ष/तितरीष/तितरिष + उ । By 3-2-168 सनाशंसभिक्ष उः। Note: The affix ’उ’ gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= तितीर्ष्/तितरीष्/तितरिष् + उ । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः।
= तितीर्षु/तितरीषु/तितरिषु ।
Since the affix ’उ’ has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्, ’तितीर्षु/तितरीषु/तितरिषु’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। ’तितीर्षु/तितरीषु/तितरिषु’ is an adjective which declines like गुरु-शब्द: in the masculine.
5. Which compound used in the commentary is a समाहार-द्वन्द्व:?
Answer: The compound परोक्षापरोक्षम् (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’परोक्षापरोक्ष’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) is a समाहार-द्वन्द्व:।
परोक्षमपरोक्षं च तयो: समाहार: = परोक्षापरोक्षम् – indirect and direct
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’परोक्षापरोक्ष’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’ज्ञानविज्ञान’ as shown in the post. Except that we apply 6-1-101 after step 4, to get –
परोक्ष + अपरोक्ष = परोक्षापरोक्ष । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
Since there is only a single group in a द्वन्द्वः compound which expresses a समाहारः it is always singular in number and as per 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम् it is always neuter in gender.
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Knowledge and wisdom is obtained through (by) devotion.”
Answer: भक्त्या ज्ञानविज्ञानम् लभ्यते = भक्त्या ज्ञानविज्ञानं लभ्यते।
अथवा –
भक्त्या ज्ञानविज्ञाने लभ्येते = भक्त्या ज्ञानविज्ञाने लभ्येते।
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?
Answer: The affix ‘श’ occurs in the verses in the form आविशति – derived from the verbal root √विश् (विशँ प्रवेशने ६. १६०).
Please see the answer to easy question 1 in the following comment for derivation of the form विशति –
https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/03/09/गजभीतः-mns/#comment-32272
‘आङ्’ is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
आङ् + विशति = आविशति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-109 ये च been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-109 ये च has been used in the form कुर्यात् – derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०).
Please see to question 3 in the following comment for the derivation of the form कुर्यात् – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/08/20/सङ्गच्छन्ते-3ap-लँट्/#comment-4268