Today we will look at the form रामलक्ष्मणौ mNd from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.31.1.
अथ तां रजनीं तत्र कृतार्थौ रामलक्ष्मणौ । ऊषतुर्मुदितौ वीरौ प्रहृष्टेनान्तरात्मना ।। १-३१-१ ।।
प्रभातायां तु शर्वर्यां कृतपौर्वाह्णिकक्रियौ । विश्वामित्रमृषींश्चान्यान्सहितावभिजग्मतुः ।। १-३१-२ ।।
अभिवाद्य मुनिश्रेष्ठं ज्वलन्तमिव पावकम् । ऊचतुः परमोदारं वाक्यं मधुरभाषिणौ ।। १-३१-३ ।।
इमौ स्म मुनिशार्दूल किङ्करौ समुपागतौ । आज्ञापय मुनिश्रेष्ठ शासनं करवाव किम् ।। १-३१-४ ।।
Gita Press translation – Delighted on having accomplished their purpose (in the shape of protecting the sacrifice of Viśwāmitra), the two heroes Śrī Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, then spent that night with a most cheerful mind in the sacrificial hall (of Viśwāmitra at Siddhāśrama itself) (1). Having finished their morning duties at the close of night, the two brothers for their part sought together Viśwāmitra and the other Ṛṣis (2). Greeting Viśwāmitra (the foremost of the sages), who shone as a blazing fire, the two sweet-tongued brothers made the following highly noble submission :- (3) “Here are we, your servants, present before you, O tiger among hermits! Tell us, O jewel among sages, what injunction of yours should we carry out.” (4)
(1) रामश्च लक्ष्मणश्च = रामलक्ष्मणौ – Śrī Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa
(2) राम सुँ + लक्ष्मण सुँ । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।
(3) राम सुँ + लक्ष्मण सुँ । As per 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम् – In a द्वन्द्व: compound the term having the least number of syllables (vowels) is placed in the prior position. Since ‘राम’ has two syllables while ‘लक्ष्मण’ has three, ‘राम सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in this द्वन्द्व: compound.
Note: ‘राम सुँ + लक्ष्मण सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) राम + लक्ष्मण । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
= रामलक्ष्मण ।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रामलक्ष्मण’ is masculine since the final member ‘लक्ष्मण’ of the compound is masculine. This द्वन्द्वः compound (which expresses इतरेतरयोगः) is dual in number because it has two members. It declines like राम-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-द्विवचनम् ।
(5) रामलक्ष्मण + औ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(6) रामलक्ष्मणौ । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि । Note: 6-1-104 नादिचि stops 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः।
Questions:
1. Can you spot a द्वन्द्व: compound in verse 27 of Chapter Five of the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – समुच्चयान्वाचयेतरेतरयोगसमाहाराश्चार्थाः । तत्र ‘ईश्वरं गुरुं च भजस्व’ इति परस्परनिरपेक्षस्यानेकस्यैकस्मिन्नन्वयः समुच्चयः । ‘भिक्षामट गां चानय’ इत्यन्यतरस्यानुषङ्गिकत्वेनान्वयोऽन्वाचयः । अनयोरसामर्थ्यात्समासो न । Please explain.
3. Which सूत्रम् justifies the formation of the compound ‘मुनिशार्दूल’ used in the verses?
4. What type of compound is कृतार्थौ (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृतार्थ’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-द्विवचनम्) as used in the verses?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. कर्मधारय:
iii. बहुव्रीहि:
iv. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
5. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘णिनिँ’ been used?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“(Śrī) Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa protected the sacrificial rite of the sage Viśwāmitra.” Use the masculine noun ‘यज्ञ’ for ‘sacrificial rite.’
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ष्’ in the form ऊषतु:?
2. Can you spot the augment ‘आट्’ in the verses?
1. Can you spot a द्वन्द्व: compound in verse 27 of Chapter Five of the गीता?
Answer: The compound प्राणापानौ (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’प्राणापान’, द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्) used in verse 27 of Chapter Five of the गीता is a द्वन्द्व: compound –
स्पर्शान्कृत्वा बहिर्बाह्यांश्चक्षुश्चैवान्तरे भ्रुवोः ।
प्राणापानौ समौ कृत्वा नासाभ्यन्तरचारिणौ ॥ 5-27 ॥
प्राणश्चापानश्च = प्राणापानौ – Prāṇa and Apāna (breaths)
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’प्राणापान’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’रामलक्ष्मण’ as shown in the post, except that after step 4, we apply 6-1-101 to get –
प्राण + अपान = प्राणापान । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्राणापान’ is masculine since the final member ’अपान’ of the compound is masculine. This द्वन्द्वः compound (which expresses इतरेतरयोगः) is dual in number because it has two members. It declines like राम-शब्द:।
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – समुच्चयान्वाचयेतरेतरयोगसमाहाराश्चार्थाः । तत्र ‘ईश्वरं गुरुं च भजस्व’ इति परस्परनिरपेक्षस्यानेकस्यैकस्मिन्नन्वयः समुच्चयः । ‘भिक्षामट गां चानय’ इत्यन्यतरस्यानुषङ्गिकत्वेनान्वयोऽन्वाचयः । अनयोरसामर्थ्यात्समासो न । Please explain.
Answer: समुच्चयान्वाचयेतरेतरयोगसमाहाराश्चार्थाः । ‘च’ may indicate any one of the following four meanings – समुच्चय:, अन्वाचय:, इतरेतरयोग: or समाहार:। तत्र ‘ईश्वरं गुरुं च भजस्व’ इति परस्परनिरपेक्षस्यानेकस्यैकस्मिन्नन्वयः समुच्चयः । Among these four meanings, समुच्चय: is when two or more terms (having the designation पदम्) not having mutual dependency are connected with a single factor as in the example – ईश्वरं गुरुं च भजस्व = Worship the Lord and (worship) the teacher. The verb भजस्व needs be repeated twice in this sentence in order to understand the meaning correctly – ईश्वरं भजस्व, गुरुं भजस्व। Here the term ‘the Lord’ first connects with the action of worshiping and then the term ‘the teacher’ connects separately with the same action. Hence these two terms do not have mutual dependency – they do not need each other to make the sentence meaningful.
‘भिक्षामट गां चानय’ इत्यन्यतरस्यानुषङ्गिकत्वेनान्वयोऽन्वाचयः । The meaning अन्वाचय: is when two or more terms (having the designation पदम्) of unequal importance are connected with separate factors as in the example – भिक्षामट गां चानय = Roam for alms and bring a cow. Here roaming for alms is primary while bringing the cow is secondary/incidental. The person will certainly roam for alms. He will bring a cow only if he happens to see one.
अनयोरसामर्थ्यात्समासो न । In the above two meanings of ‘च’ no compounding is possible because the terms lack a proper syntactic relationship.
3. Which सूत्रम् justifies the formation of the compound ‘मुनिशार्दूल’ used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-1-56 उपमितं व्याघ्रादिभिः सामान्याप्रयोगे justifies the formation of the compound ‘मुनिशार्दूल’|
The विग्रहः of the compound is –
मुनिः शार्दूल इव = मुनिशार्दूलः – the sage (prominent/foremost) as a tiger.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मुनिशार्दूल’ is similar to that of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पुरुषव्याघ्र’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/06/15/पुरुषव्याघ्र-mvs
4. What type of compound is कृतार्थौ (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृतार्थ’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-द्विवचनम्) as used in the verses?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. कर्मधारय:
iii. बहुव्रीहि:
iv. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
Answer: The compound कृतार्थौ (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृतार्थ’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-द्विवचनम्) is a बहुव्रीहि: compound.
कृतोऽर्थो याभ्यां तौ = कृतार्थौ – those (two) by whom their purpose has been accomplished
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृतार्थ’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृतकृत्य’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/11/19/कृतकृत्यम्-mas
Except that after step 4, we apply 6-1-101 to get –
कृत + अर्थ = कृतार्थ । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example रामलक्ष्मणौ are being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृतार्थ’। It declines like राम-शब्द:।
5. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘णिनिँ’ been used?
Answer: The affix ‘णिनिँ’ has been used in the form मधुरभाषिणौ (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मधुरभाषिन्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-द्विवचनम्)।
Please refer to the following post for the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मधुरभाषिन्’ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/11/06/मधुरभाषिणी-fns
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“(Śrī) Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa protected the sacrificial rite of the sage Viśwāmitra.” Use the masculine noun ‘यज्ञ’ for ‘sacrificial rite.’
Answer: श्रीरामलक्ष्मणौ मुनेः विश्वामित्रस्य यज्ञम् ररक्षतुः = श्रीरामलक्ष्मणौ मुनेर्विश्वामित्रस्य यज्ञं ररक्षतुः।
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ष्’ in the form ऊषतु:?
Answer: The substitution ‘ष्’ in the form ऊषतु: is prescribed by the सूत्रम् 8-3-60 शासिवसिघसीनां च – The letter ‘स्’ belonging to the verbal root √शास् (शासुँ अनुशिष्टौ २. ७०) or √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०) or √घस् (घसॢँ अदने १. ८१२ as well as the substitute ‘घसॢँ’ which comes in place of अदँ भक्षणे २. १) is substituted by the letter ‘ष्’ when preceded by either a letter of the ‘इण्’-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग:।
The form ऊषतुः is derived from the verbal root √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०). Please see the answer to question 5 in the following comment for the derivation of the form ऊषतुः – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/04/17/अभूवन्-3ap-लुँङ्/#comment-3646
2. Can you spot the augment ‘आट्’ in the verses?
Answer: The augment ‘आट्’ occurs in the verses in the form शर्वर्याम् (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’शर्वरी’, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्।)
शर्वरी + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्…। ’शर्वरी’ has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-3 यू स्त्र्याख्यौ नदी। This allows 7-3-116 and 7-3-112 to apply below.
= शर्वरी + आम् । By 7-3-116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः। Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of ’आम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
= शर्वरी + आट् आम् । By 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः – The ‘ङित्’ affixes (affixes having the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्) that follow a अङ्गम् ending in a term having the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा, get the ‘आट्’ augment. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the ‘आट्’ augment attaches to the beginning of the affix ‘आम्’ । Note: 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः applies here because as per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the affix ’आम्’ (which came in place of ’ङि’) is considered to be a ङित् (having the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्।) 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः overrules 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट् because it is a later rule in the अष्टाध्यायी।
= शर्वरी + आ आम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= शर्वरी + आम् । By 6-1-90 आटश्च।
= शर्वर्याम् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।