Today we will look at the form अग्रजन्मा mNs from रघुवंशम् 5.26.
तथेति तस्यावितथं प्रतीतः प्रत्यग्रहीत्संगरमग्रजन्मा ।
गामात्तसारां रघुरप्यवेक्ष्य निष्क्रष्टुमर्थं चकमे कुबेरात् ॥ 5-26॥
मल्लिनाथ-टीका
अग्रजन्मा ब्राह्मणः प्रतीतः प्रीतः सन् तस्य रघोः अवितथम् अमोघं संगरं प्रतिज्ञाम् । ‘अथ प्रतिज्ञाजिसंविदापत्सु संगरः’ इत्यमरः । ‘तां गिरम्’ इति केचित्पठन्ति । तथेति प्रत्यग्रहीत् । रघुः अपि गां भूमिम् आत्तसारां गृहीतधनां अवेक्ष्य कुबेरात् अर्थं निष्क्रष्टुम् आहर्तुं चकमे इयेष ।।
Translation – With the words ‘Be it so’ the Brāhmaṇa, being delighted, accepted his unfailing promise. Raghu, on his part, seeing that the earth was drained of all its wealth, wished to wrench (thought of procuring by force) money from Kubera (26).
(1) अग्रे जन्म यस्य स: = अग्रजन्मा – He (Brāhmaṇa) who is born first.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) अग्र ङि + जन्मन् सुँ । The पदम् ‘अग्र ङि’ which ends in the seventh case is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.
But which सूत्रम् justifies the formation of a बहुव्रीहि: compound using a पदम् ending in a seventh case affix? We cannot use 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे because that सूत्रम् only prescribes compounding of terms (having the designation पदम् and) ending in the nominative case. Hence अत एव ज्ञापकाद्व्यधिकरणपदो बहुव्रीहिः – The सूत्रम् 2-2-35 itself serves as an indication (ज्ञापकम्) that a बहुव्रीहिः compound may be formed using terms that do not have समानाधिकरणम् (same locus) and hence do not all end in the nominative case. Otherwise – if व्यधिकरणपदो बहुव्रीहिः were not allowed – there would be no point in mentioning ‘सप्तमी’ in the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ।
Note: ‘अग्र ङि + जन्मन् सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(3) अग्रजन्मन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example ब्राह्मण: is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अग्रजन्मन्’। It declines like आत्मन्-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(4) अग्रजन्मन् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। Note: As per 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य, the affix ‘सुँ ‘ has the designation सर्वनामस्थानम् here. This allows 6-4-8 to apply in the next step.
(5) अग्रजन्मान् + सुँ । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in the letter ‘न्’ gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।
(6) अग्रजन्मान् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(7) अग्रजन्मान् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Now ‘अग्रजन्मान्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.
(8) अग्रजन्मा । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य, the ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम् ।
Questions:
1. Which other compound (besides अग्रजन्मा) used in the verses is a बहुव्रीहि: compound?
2. Can you spot a व्यधिकरणपदो बहुव्रीहिः compound in verse 26-31 of Chapter Nine of the गीता?
3. In which word in the verses has the particle नञ् been used?
4. What is an alternate form for निष्क्रष्टुम्?
5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the form कुबेरात् used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All of Kubera’s wealth has been obtained only by the grace of Lord Śiva (the God who has the moon on his forehead.)” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘He (the God) who has the moon on his forehead’ = भाले चन्द्रो यस्य स: (देव:)। Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनुग्रह’ for ‘grace.’
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the augment ईट् in the verses?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-78 अभ्यासस्यासवर्णे been used in the commentary?
1. Which other compound (besides अग्रजन्मा) used in the verses is a बहुव्रीहि: compound?
Answer: The compound आत्तसाराम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आत्तसारा’, स्रीलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) is a बहुव्रीहि: compound.
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is –
आत्तः सारो यस्याः सा = आत्तसारा – one whose essence (wealth) was taken away.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आत्तसार’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्भुज’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/10/22/चतुर्भुजः-mns
In the present example, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आत्तसार’ is qualifying the feminine noun ‘गो’, therefore we have to add the appropriate feminine affix (स्त्रीप्रत्यय:)।
आत्तसार + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्।
= आत्तसार + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= आत्तसारा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
‘आत्तसारा’ declines like सीता-शब्दः। द्वितीया-एकवचनम् is आत्तसाराम् – qualifying the feminine noun गाम्।
2. Can you spot a व्यधिकरणपदो बहुव्रीहिः compound in verse 26-31 of Chapter Nine of the गीता?
Answer: The compound धर्मात्मा in the following verse of the गीता is a व्यधिकरणपदो बहुव्रीहिः –
क्षिप्रं भवति धर्मात्मा शश्वच्छान्तिं निगच्छति |
कौन्तेय प्रतिजानीहि न मे भक्तः प्रणश्यति || 9-31||
धर्मे आत्मा (चित्तम्) यस्य सः = धर्मात्मा – one whose mind is (engrossed) in Dharma.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धर्मात्मन्’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अग्रजन्मन्’ as shown in the post. Except that after step 3, we need to apply 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः to get
धर्म + आत्मन् = धर्मात्मन् as the final compound प्रातिपदिकम्। It is used in the masculine here, since it is qualifying the masculine noun भक्त: (जनः)। प्रथमा-एकवचनम् is धर्मात्मा।
3. In which word in the verses has the particle नञ् been used?
Answer: The particle नञ् has been used in the form अवितथम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अवितथ’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is –
न वितथः = अवितथः – not false. It is an adjective qualifying the masculine noun संगरः (promise)
Here, the negation particle नञ् conveys the sense of विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अवितथ’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपर्याप्त’ shown in answer to question 1 in the following comment – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/08/10/अब्राह्मणः-mns/#comment-35496
4. What is an alternate form for निष्क्रष्टुम्?
Answer: The alternate form for निष्क्रष्टुम् is निष्कर्ष्टुम् – derived from the verbal root √कृष् (कृषँ विलेखने १. ११४५, कृषँ विलेखने ६. ६) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘निर्/निस्’।
कृष् + तुमुँन् । By 3-3-158 समानकर्तृकेषु तुमुन् – The affix तुमुँन् may be used following a verbal root when in conjunction with another verbal root which denotes the sense of ‘wish/desire’, provided both actions have the same agent.
Note: 3-3-158 applies here because the verbal root √कृष् is in conjunction with the form चकमे – which denotes the sense of ‘wish/desire’. The common agent of both the actions is रघुः।
= कृष् + तुम् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: Here 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् prevents the affix तुम् from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
Now as per the सूत्रम् 6-1-59 अनुदात्तस्य चर्दुपधस्यान्यतरस्याम् – When followed by an affix which is अकित् (does not have the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) and which begins with a झल् letter, a verbal root which is अनुदात्तोपदेशः and has a penultimate letter ‘ऋ’ optionally takes the augment ‘अम्’।
When the optional augment अम् is used we get the form क्रष्टुम् as follows –
कृ अम् ष् + तुम् । By 6-1-59 अनुदात्तस्य चर्दुपधस्यान्यतरस्याम्। As per the सूत्रम् 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात् परः the augment अम् joins after the last vowel ‘ऋ’ of ‘कृष्’।
= कृ अ ष् + तुम् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= क्र ष् + तुम् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।
= क्रष्टुम् । By 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः।
When the optional augment अम् is not used we get the form कर्ष्टुम् as follows –
कृष् + तुम् ।
= कर्ष् + तुम् । By 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च, 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
= कर्ष्टुम् । By 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः।
‘क्रष्टुम्’/’कर्ष्टुम्’ is compounded with the उपसर्गः ‘निर्/निस्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
निर्/निस् + क्रष्टुम्/कर्ष्टुम्
= निर्/निरुँ + क्रष्टुम्/कर्ष्टुम् । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः।
= निर् + क्रष्टुम्/कर्ष्टुम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= नि: + क्रष्टुम्/कर्ष्टुम् । 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
= निष्क्रष्टुम्/निष्कर्ष्टुम् । By 8-3-41 इदुदुपधस्य चाप्रत्ययस्य।
‘निष्क्रष्टुम्/निष्कर्ष्टुम्’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः।
निष्क्रष्टुम्/निष्कर्ष्टुम् + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
= निष्क्रष्टुम्/निष्कर्ष्टुम् । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।
5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the form कुबेरात् used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the form कुबेरात् (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कुबेर’, पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्)।
As per the सूत्रम् 1-4-24 ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् – When detachment (moving away) is to be denoted, that कारकम् (participant in the action) which serves as a limiting (starting) point (uninfluenced by the detachment) gets the designation अपादानम् (that from which detachment takes place.)
In the present example, ‘कुबेर’ (the god of wealth) gets the designation अपादानम् because he is the limiting (starting) point from which detachment of wealth is to be denoted. And therefore, the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कुबेर’ takes a fifth case affix by the सूत्रम् 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी – A fifth case affix (‘ङसिँ’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is used to denote the अपादानम् (that from which detachment/ablation takes place) provided it has not been expressed otherwise.
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All of Kubera’s wealth has been obtained only by the grace of Lord Śiva (the God who has the moon on his forehead.)” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘He (the God) who has the moon on his forehead’ = भाले चन्द्रो यस्य स: (देव:)। Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनुग्रह’ for ‘grace.’
Answer: कुबेरस्य सर्वम् धनम् भगवतः भालचन्द्रस्य अनुग्रहात् एव प्राप्तम् = कुबेरस्य सर्वं धनं भगवतो भालचन्द्रस्यानुग्रहादेव प्राप्तम्।
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the augment ईट् in the verses?
Answer: The augment ईट् occurs in the form प्रत्यग्रहीत् – derived from the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१).
The derivation of the form अग्रहीत् is as shown in the following post –
https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/05/04/अग्रहीत्-3as-लुँङ्
‘प्रति’ is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
प्रति + अग्रहीत् = प्रत्यग्रहीत् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-78 अभ्यासस्यासवर्णे been used in the commentary?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-78 अभ्यासस्यासवर्णे has been used in the form इयेष – derived from the verbal root √इष् (इषँ (इषुँ) इच्छायाम् ६. ७८).
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the form इयेष – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/06/11/अजनि-3as-लुङ्/#comment-3823