Today we will look at the form कुपुरुषः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.8.53.
यक्षा ऊचुः
वयमनुचरमुख्याः कर्मभिस्ते मनोज्ञैस्त इह दितिसुतेन प्रापिता वाहकत्वम् । स तु जनपरितापं तत्कृतं जानता ते नरहर उपनीतः पञ्चतां पञ्चविंश ।। ७-८-५२ ।।
किम्पुरुषा ऊचुः
वयं किम्पुरुषास्त्वं तु महापुरुष ईश्वरः । अयं कुपुरुषो नष्टो धिक्कृतः साधुभिर्यदा ।। ७-८-५३ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
मनोज्ञैः कर्मभिस्तवानुचरेषु मुख्यास्ते वयं दितिसुतेन शिबिकावाहकत्वं प्रापिताः । पञ्चतां मृत्युम् । हे पञ्चविंश चतुर्विंशतितत्त्वनियामक ।। ५२ ।। किंपुरुषास्तु त्वां स्तोतुं के वयं वराका इत्याहुः – वयमिति । वयं किंपुरुषास्तुच्छप्राणिनस्त्वं तु महानद्भुतप्रभावः पुरुषः । नन्वयं महान्दैत्यो हत इति न वर्ण्यत इत्याशङ्क्य कियदेतदित्याहुः – अयमिति । यदा साधुभिर्भगवद्भक्तैस्तिरस्कृतस्तदैव नष्टः ।। ५३ ।।
Gita Press translation – The Yakṣas said: We, who are well-known as the chief among Your servants by virtue of (our) agreeable actions, had hitherto been reduced to the position of mere palanquin-bearers by Hiraṇyakaśipu (Diti’s son). He, however, has (now) been put to death by You, O Narasiṁha, the Controller of the twenty-four categories, knowing as You did the agony caused to the people by him (52). The Kimpuruṣas said: We are Kimpuruṣas (insignificant creatures), while You are the almighty Supreme Person. This wretched fellow was no more (even) when he was reproached by pious souls (53).
(1) कुत्सितः पुरुषः = कुपुरुषः – a wretched fellow
(2) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
कु + पुरुष सुँ । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।
(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘कु’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘कु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘कु + पुरुष सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) कु + पुरुष । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
= कुपुरुष ।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कुपुरुष’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पुरुष’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।
(5) कुपुरुष + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(6) कुपुरुष + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(7) कुपुरुष: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः (used in step 2) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘कु’शब्दोऽत्राव्ययं गृह्यते न तु पृथिवीवाचको गत्यादिसाहचर्यात्। Please explain.
2. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form कर्मभि: (and मनोज्ञै:) used in the verses?
3. What is the लौकिक-विग्रह: of the compound ‘किम्पुरुष’ (used in the form किम्पुरुषा: (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) in the verses)?
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः been used in the verses?
5. In which word in the verses has the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of ‘लँट्’) taken place?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Not getting a son is better than getting a despicable son.” Paraphrase to “Non-obtaining of a son is better than obtaining of a despicable son.” Use the कृत् affix ‘क्तिन्’ with the verbal root √आप् (आपॢँ व्याप्तौ ५. १६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ to form a feminine प्रातिपदिकम् for ‘obtaining.’ Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘non-obtaining.’ Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वर’ (feminine ‘वरा’) for ‘better.’
Easy questions:
1. From which verbal root is the form ऊचुः derived?
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the affix णिच् in the form वर्ण्यते used in the commentary?
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः (used in step 2) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘कु’शब्दोऽत्राव्ययं गृह्यते न तु पृथिवीवाचको गत्यादिसाहचर्यात्। Please explain.
Answer: The term ‘कु’ used in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः refers to the indeclinable ‘कु’ and not the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कु’ meaning ‘earth.’ We infer this from the fact that in this सूत्रम् ‘कु’ has been listed alongside ‘गति’ terms and also the terms ‘प्र’ etc which are all indeclinables.
2. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form कर्मभि: (and मनोज्ञै:) used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-3-23 हेतौ justifies the use of a third case affix in the form कर्मभिः (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कर्मन्’, तृतीया-बहुवचनम्) – as well as the corresponding adjective मनोज्ञैः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मनोज्ञ’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे तृतीया-बहुवचनम्) – since मनोज्ञैः कर्मभिः (by agreeable actions) denote the हेतु: (cause/reason) for (becoming) अनुचरमुख्याः (chief among servants.)
As per 2-3-23 हेतौ – A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भिस्’) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) which denotes a cause/reason (for a thing or quality or action.)
3. What is the लौकिक-विग्रह: of the compound ‘किम्पुरुष’ (used in the form किम्पुरुषा: (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) in the verses)?
Answer: The लौकिक-विग्रह: of the compound ‘किम्पुरुष’ is
कुत्सितः पुरुषः = किम्पुरुषः।
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
किम् सुँ + पुरुष सुँ । By 2-1-64 किं क्षेपे।
Note: This सूत्रम् prescribes a नित्य-समास: because in order to convey the meaning of क्षेपे (censure) the लौकिक-विग्रह: has to be constructed using words other than those present in the compound.
By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘किम् सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-64 (which prescribes the compounding) the term किम् ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘किम् सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्।
Note: ‘किम् सुँ + पुरुष सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= किम् + पुरुष । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= किं + पुरुष । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
= किंपुरुष / किम्पुरुष । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘किंपुरुष/ किम्पुरुष’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पुरुष’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like ‘राम’-शब्द:। प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् is किंपुरुषा:/किम्पुरुषा:।
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः has been used in the form महापुरुषः (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’महापुरुष’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।
महांश्चासौ पुरुषः = महापुरुषः – Supreme Person.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’महापुरुष’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’महादेव’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/07/27/महादेव-mvs
5. In which word in the verses has the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of ‘लँट्’) taken place?
Answer: The substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of ‘लँट्’) has taken place in the form जानता (प्रातिपदिकम् ’जानत्’, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम्) – derived from the verbal root √ज्ञा (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३).
ज्ञा + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
= ज्ञा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= ज्ञा + शतृँ । By 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे – The affix ‘लँट्’ is replaced by ‘शतृँ’/’शानच्’ as long as the derived word is in agreement with (has the same reference as) a word which ends in a nominal ending other than the nominative.
Note: Since the verbal root √ज्ञा is devoid of any indications for bringing in a आत्मनेपदम् affix, it takes a परस्मैपदम् affix as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्। As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, ‘शतृँ’ has the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा while as per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, ‘शानच्’ has the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore the verbal root √ज्ञा takes the affix ‘शतृँ’ (and not ‘शानच्’) here.
= ज्ञा + अत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= ज्ञा + श्ना + अत् । By 3-1-81 क्र्यादिभ्यः श्ना।
= ज्ञा + ना + अत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= जा + ना + अत् । By 7-3-79 ज्ञाजनोर्जा, 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित् सर्वस्य।
= जा + न् + अत् = जानत् । By 6-4-112 श्नाभ्यस्तयोरातः। The सार्वधातुकम् affix ‘अत्’ is not a पित् – it does not have the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्। Therefore by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित् it behaves ङिद्वत् (as if it has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्)। This allows 6-4-112 to apply here.
‘जानत्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Not getting a son is better than getting a despicable son.” Paraphrase to “Non-obtaining of a son is better than obtaining of a despicable son.” Use the कृत् affix ‘क्तिन्’ with the verbal root √आप् (आपॢँ व्याप्तौ ५. १६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ to form a feminine प्रातिपदिकम् for ‘obtaining.’ Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘non-obtaining.’ Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वर’ (feminine ‘वरा’) for ‘better.’
Answer: कुपुत्रप्राप्तेः अपुत्रप्राप्तिः वरा = कुपुत्रप्राप्तेरपुत्रप्राप्तिर्वरा।
Easy questions:
1. From which verbal root is the form ऊचुः derived?
Answer: The form ऊचुः is derived from the verbal root √वच् (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८) or √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९).
Please see answer to question 3 in the following comment for derivation of the form ऊचुः – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/07/24/जुगुप्सया-fis/#comment-4076
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the affix णिच् in the form वर्ण्यते used in the commentary?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-51 णेरनिटि prescribes the elision of the affix णिच् in the form वर्ण्यते – derived from √वर्ण (वर्ण वर्णक्रियाविस्तारगुणवचनेषु १०. ४८४).
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the form वर्ण्यते – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/04/23/अश्रौष्म-1ap-लुँङ्/#comment-366