Today we will look at the form पञ्चवट्याम् fLs from रघुवंशम् 12.31.
पञ्चवट्यां ततो रामः शासनात्कुम्भजन्मनः । अनपोढस्थितिस्तस्थौ विन्ध्याद्रिः प्रकृताविव॥ 12-31॥
रावणावरजा तत्र राघवं मदनातुरा । अभिपेदे निदाघार्ता व्यालीव मलयद्रुमम्॥ 12-32॥
टीका –
ततः रामः कुम्भजन्मनः अगस्त्यस्य शासनात् । पञ्चानां वटानां समाहारः पञ्चवटी । ‘2-1-51 तद्धितार्थ-‘ इति तत्पुरुषः । ‘2-1-52 संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुः’ इति द्विगुसंज्ञायाम् ‘4-1-21 द्विगोः’ इति ङीप् । ‘2-4-1 द्विगुरेकवचनम्’ इत्येकवचनम् । तस्यां पञ्चवट्याम् । विन्ध्याद्रिः प्रकृतौ वृद्धेः पूर्वावस्थायाम् इव । अनपोढस्थितिः अनतिक्रान्तमर्यादः तस्थौ ।। ३१ ।। तत्र पञ्चवट्यां मदनातुरा रावणावरजा शूर्पणखा । ‘8-4-3 पूर्वपदात् संज्ञायामगः’ इति णत्वम् । राघवम् । निदाघार्ता घर्मतप्ता व्याकुला व्याली भुजंगा मलयद्रुमं चन्दनद्रुमम् इव । अभिपेदे प्राप ।। ३२ ।।
Translation – Then at Agastya’s bidding, Rāma lived in Pañcavaṭī, observing the bounds of right, like Vindhyā remaining in his normal state (31). Rāvaṇa’s sister, faint with love, came to Rāma there, as a female-snake, oppressed with heat, seeks the Sandal-tree (32).
(1) पञ्चानां वटानां समाहारः = पञ्चवटी – a collection of five fig trees.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) पञ्चन् आम् + वट आम् । By 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च – In the following three situations a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष: –
i) in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed
ii) when a उत्तरपदम् (a final member) of a compound follows
iii) when the compound denotes a समाहार: (aggregate.)
See questions 1 and 2.
Note: This compound gets the designation द्विगुः as per the सूत्रम् 2-1-52 संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुः – When the prior member of a compound constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च denotes a numeral, the compound gets the designation द्विगुः। And as per the सूत्रम् 2-1-23 द्विगुश्च a द्विगु: compound also has the designation तत्पुरुष:।
(3) As per 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् the term ‘पञ्चन् आम्’ – which denotes a numeral – gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्) ends in the nominative case. And hence the term ‘पञ्चन् आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘पञ्चन् आम् + वट आम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) पञ्चन् + वट । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। Note: ‘ पञ्चन्’ has the designation पदम् here by the सूत्रम् 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.
(5) पञ्चवट । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।
(6) This compound would have been used only in the neuter gender as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम् – A द्विगुः/द्वन्द्व: compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the neuter gender.
But instead this compound is used only in the feminine gender as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्) अकारान्तोत्तरपदो द्विगु: स्त्रियामिष्ट: – A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) and whose final member ends in the letter ‘अ’ is used (only) in the feminine gender.
(7) पञ्चवट + ङीप् । By 4-1-21 द्विगोः – Following a द्विगुः compound that ends in the letter ‘अ’ the affix ‘ङीप्’ is added in the feminine gender.
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of अत: (which comes down from the सूत्रम् 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप् in to this सूत्रम्) qualifies द्विगोः and hence as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-72 येन विधिस्तदन्तस्य we get the meaning अदन्ताद् द्विगो: – following a द्विगुः compound that ends in the letter ‘अ’।
See question 3.
(8) पञ्चवट + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The अङ्गम् ‘पञ्चवट’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.
(9) पञ्चवट् + ई । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।
= पञ्चवटी ।
This compound is used only in the singular as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-1 द्विगुरेकवचनम् – A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the singular.
The विवक्षा is सप्तमी।
(10) पञ्चवटी + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(11) पञ्चवटी + आम् । By 7-3-116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः – The affix ‘ङि’, following a base ending in ‘नदी’ (ref. 1-4-3 यू स्त्र्याख्यौ नदी) or ‘आप्’ or following the term ‘नी’, gets ‘आम्’ as the substitute. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of ‘आम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(12) पञ्चवट्याम् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।
Questions:
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – दिक्षु समाहारो नास्त्यनभिधानात्। Please explain.
2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – असञ्ज्ञार्थं वचनम्। Please explain.
3. The affix ङीप् prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-1-21 द्विगोः (used in step 7) is an exception (अपवाद:) to which affix?
4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the form शासनात् used in the verses?
5. Why doesn’t the नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम् prevent the formation of the compound ‘पूर्वावस्था’ (used in the form पूर्वावस्थायाम् (सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) in the commentary) which is not a proper name?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Yesterday we studied a set of five aphorisms.” Construct a तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘set of five aphorisms’ = पञ्चानां सूत्राणां समाहार:।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः been used in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास: (first portion of the reduplication) in the form अभिपेदे used in the verses?
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – दिक्षु समाहारो नास्त्यनभिधानात्। Please explain.
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च applies in the following three situations –
i) तद्धितार्थे विषये – in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed
ii) उत्तरपदे – when a उत्तरपदम् (a final member) of a compound follows
iii) समाहारे – when the compound denotes a समाहार: (aggregate.)
But दिक्षु समाहारो नास्ति – Among words which denote directions of the compass, the third category (समाहारे) does not find application. Why? अनभिधानात् – because there is no such usage seen in the language.
Therefore, in the case of words which denote directions of the compass only the first two categories – तद्धितार्थे विषये and उत्तरपदे – are possible.
2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – असञ्ज्ञार्थं वचनम्। Please explain.
Answer: This सूत्रम् is composed to cover those situations where the resulting compound does not denote a सञ्ज्ञा (a proper name) and hence would not otherwise be permitted as per the नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्।
3. The affix ङीप् prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-1-21 द्विगोः (used in step 7) is an exception (अपवाद:) to which affix?
Answer: टापोऽपवाद: – The affix ‘ङीप्’ prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-1-21 द्विगोःis a अपवाद: (exception) to the affix ‘टाप्’ which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्।
4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the form शासनात् used in the verses?
Answer: The use of a fifth case affix in the form शासनात् (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शासन’, पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) is justified by the सूत्रम् 2-3-25 विभाषा गुणेऽस्त्रियाम् – A fifth case affix (‘ङसिँ’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is optionally used following a non-feminine प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) which denotes a quality being a cause/reason.
Note: The सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says विभाषेति योगविभागादगुणे स्त्रियां च क्वचित् – The term ‘विभाषा’ is split into a separate सूत्रम् (from the सूत्रम् 2-3-25 विभाषा गुणेऽस्त्रियाम्) allowing us to apply a fifth case affix in some instances even if the प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) does not denote a quality or is used in the feminine. This justifies the application of a fifth case affix following ‘शासन’ even though it is not a गुणवाचकशब्दः (a word denoting a quality).
Here ‘शासन’ is the cause/reason for the action (अनपोढस्थितिः) तस्थौ – lived (observing the bounds of right).
5. Why doesn’t the नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम् prevent the formation of the compound ‘पूर्वावस्था’ (used in the form पूर्वावस्थायाम् (सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) in the commentary) which is not a proper name?
Answer: As per 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम् – In a तत्पुरुष: compound, a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.
This नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) does not prohibit the formation of the compound ‘पूर्वावस्था’ because here the term ‘पूर्वा’ means earlier in time and not the direction east. Hence the restriction imposed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 does not apply here.
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Yesterday we studied a set of five aphorisms.” Construct a तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘set of five aphorisms’ = पञ्चानां सूत्राणां समाहार:।
Answer: श्वः वयम् पञ्चसूत्रीम् अधीतवन्तः = श्वो वयं पञ्चसूत्रीमधीतवन्तः ।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः has been used in the form तस्थौ – derived from the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७).
Please see answer to question 2 in the following comment for derivation of the form तस्थौ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/11/01/उरगः-mns/#comment-5757
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास: (first portion of the reduplication) in the form अभिपेदे used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि prescribes the लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास: (first portion of the reduplication) in the form अभिपेदे – derived from the verbal root √पद् (पदँ गतौ ४. ६५).
The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
पद् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्।
= पद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= पद् + त । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम्।
= पद् + एश् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्। Note: As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य the substitution ‘एश्’ replaces the entire term ‘त’।
= पद् + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= पद् पद् + ए । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य।
= प पद् + ए । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः।
= पेदे । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the letter ‘अ’ of a अङ्गम् takes the letter ‘ए’ as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the letter ‘अ’ is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्)
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.
Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have the letter ‘प्’ as a इत् – is considered to be a कित् (as having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence ‘एश्’ is a कित् affix here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.
‘अभि’ is the उपसर्ग: (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
अभि + पेदे = अभिपेदे ।