Today we will look at the form प्रधने nLs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 6.11.5.
किं व उच्चरितैर्मातुर्धावद्भिः पृष्ठतो हतैः । न हि भीतवधः श्लाघ्यो न स्वर्ग्यः शूरमानिनाम् ।। ६-११-४ ।।
यदि वः प्रधने श्रद्धा सारं वा क्षुल्लका हृदि । अग्रे तिष्ठत मात्रं मे न चेद् ग्राम्यसुखे स्पृहा ।। ६-११-५ ।।
एवं सुरगणान्क्रुद्धो भीषयन्वपुषा रिपून् । व्यनदत् सुमहाप्राणो येन लोका विचेतसः ।। ६-११-६ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तदेवाह द्वाभ्याम् । मातुरुच्चरितैः पुरीषप्रायैः । प्रथमान्तपाठे देवानां संबोधनम् । पृष्ठतो हतैर्दैत्यैः किम् । न किंचित् । न यशो नापि धर्मः । तदेवाह – नहीति ।। ४ ।। प्रधने संग्रामे । सारं धैर्यं हृदि चेत्तर्हि हे क्षुल्लकाः क्षुद्राः, मात्रं क्षणमात्रमग्रे तिष्ठत । न चेदिह लोकभोगे स्पृहास्ति ।। ५ ।। सुरगणान् । सुमहान्प्राणो बलं यस्य । येन विचेतसो बभूवुः ।। ६ ।।
Gita Press translation – “What will be gained by you through these fugitives – who are no better than the excreta of their mother – being struck from behind? Indeed the slaughter of the terror-stricken is neither praiseworthy nor conducive to heavenly enjoyment for those who account themselves as brave (4). If you are keen about fighting or if there is courage in your heart, O vile creatures, and (again) if there is no craving (in your heart) for sensuous enjoyments, stand but for a moment before me” (5). Thus threatening the host of gods, his enemies, by his (words as well as by his gigantic form) figure, and full of rage, Vṛtra, who was possessed of vast strength, roared in such a way that people fainted (to hear the sound) (6).
Verses 4 and 5 have previously appeared in the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/05/21/श्रद्धा-fns/
प्रधने is सप्तमी-एकवचनम् of the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रधन’।
(1) प्रधन + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per the सूत्रम् 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम् – That कारकम् (participant in the action) which denotes the location/support – via the agent/object – of an action subsisting in the agent/object is called अधिकरणम् (location.)
In the present example, ‘प्रधन’ is the कारकम् (participant in the action) which denotes the location/support – via the agent श्रद्धा – of the (implied) action अस्ति subsisting in the agent. Hence ‘प्रधन’ gets the designation अधिकरणम् (location.)
Note: औपश्लेषिको वैषयिकोऽभिव्यापकश्चेत्याधारस्त्रिधा – आधारः is of three kinds (i) औपश्लेषिक: involving contact or proximity (ii) वैषयिक: involving a subject matter (iii) अभिव्यापक: involving pervasion. By 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च – A seventh case affix (‘ङि’, ‘ओस्’, ‘सुप्’) is used to denote अधिकरणम् (location), provided it has not been expressed otherwise. The use of ‘च’ in the सूत्रम् tells us that a seventh case affix is also used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) having the sense of either ‘far’ or ‘near.’
(2) प्रधन + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) प्रधने । By 6-1-87 आद्गुणः।
Questions:
1. Where has the combination of 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम् and 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च been used in verses 13-17 of Chapter 4 of the गीता?
2. In the verses can you spot another word (besides ‘प्रधन’) that has the designation आधार: (by the सूत्रम् 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम्) and the आधार: is वैषयिक:?
3. Which वार्तिकम् may we use in justifying the third case affix used in उच्चरितै:, धावद्भिः and हतैः?
4. Can you spot the affix ‘ण्यत्’ in the verses?
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति been used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I am well-versed in (the subject of) grammar.” Use the adjective ‘कुशल’ for ‘well-versed.’
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत् been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot the augment अट् in the verses?
1. Where has the combination of 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम् and 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च been used in verses 13-17 of Chapter 4 of the गीता?
Answer: The combination of 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम् and 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च been used in Chapter 4 of the गीता in the form कर्मफले (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कर्मफल’, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) in the following verse –
न मां कर्माणि लिम्पन्ति न मे कर्मफले स्पृहा |
इति मां योऽभिजानाति कर्मभिर्न स बध्यते || 4-14||
‘कर्मफल’ is the कारकम् (participant in the action) which denotes the location/support – via the agent स्पृहा – of the (implied) action (न) अस्ति subsisting in the agent. Hence ‘कर्मफल’ gets the designation अधिकरणम् (location.) Here the आधारः is वैषयिक: – involving a subject matter.
And as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च, the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कर्मफल’ takes a seventh case affix to give the form कर्मफले।
2. In the verses can you spot another word (besides ‘प्रधन’) that has the designation आधार: (by the सूत्रम् 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम्) and the आधार: is वैषयिक:?
Answer: ‘ग्राम्यसुख’ has the designation आधार: (by the सूत्रम् 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम्) in the form ग्राम्यसुखे (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ग्राम्यसुख’, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्)।
‘ग्राम्यसुख’ is the कारकम् (participant in the action) which denotes the location/support – via the agent स्पृहा – of the (implied) action (न) अस्ति subsisting in the agent. Hence ‘ग्राम्यसुख’ gets the designation अधिकरणम् (location) by the सूत्रम् 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम्। Here the आधारः is वैषयिक: – involving a subject matter.
And as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च, the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ग्राम्यसुख’ takes a seventh case affix to give the form ग्राम्यसुखे।
3. Which वार्तिकम् may we use in justifying the third case affix used in उच्चरितै:, धावद्भिः and हतैः?
Answer: The third case affix used in उच्चरितै:, धावद्भिः and हतैः is justified by the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-23 हेतौ in the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी) गम्यमानापि क्रिया कारकविभक्तौ प्रयोजिका – Even an implied (not explicitly mentioned) action can dictate a case affix following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) which denotes a participant in the (implied) action.
‘किम् उच्चरितैः धावद्भिः हतैः?’ which means ‘What (will be gained) through these fugitives – who are no better than the excreta – and are being struck?’
The commentary explains that here किम् stands for न किंचित् (यशो वा धर्म: साध्य:) – There is no glory or virtue to be gained. Hence ‘न किंचित् (यशः वा धर्म: साध्य:) उच्चरितैः धावद्भिः हतैः’ means ‘Nothing (no glory or virtue to be gained) through these fugitives – who are no better than the excreta – and are being struck.’
‘उच्चरित’/‘धावत्’/‘हत’ is the instrument with regard to the (implied) action of gaining. (Hence it takes a third case affix by 2-3-18 कर्तृकरणयोस्तृतीया।)
4. Can you spot the affix ‘ण्यत्’ in the verses?
Answer: The affix ‘ण्यत्’ occurs in the form श्लाघ्यः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘श्लाघ्य’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) – derived from the verbal root √श्लाघ् (श्लाघृँ कत्थने १. १२२).
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘श्लाघ्य’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/12/11/क्षामाम्-fas/#comment-10196
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति has been used in the verses in the form हतैः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हत’, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-बहुवचनम्) – derived from the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २).
Please see answer to question 3 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हत’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/12/07/शुष्कैः-nip/#comment-10041
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I am well-versed in (the subject of) grammar.” Use the adjective ‘कुशल’ for ‘well-versed.’
Answer: व्याकरणे कुशलः अस्मि = व्याकरणे कुशलोऽस्मि।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत् been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत् has been used in the verses in the form मातु: (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मातृ’, षष्ठी-एकवचनम्।)
Please see answer to easy question 1 in the following comment for derivation of the form मातु: – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/12/20/ऊषिवान्-mns/#comment-10505
2. Can you spot the augment अट् in the verses?
Answer: The augment अट् occurs in the verses in the form व्यनदत् – derived from the verbal root √नद् (णदँ अव्यक्ते शब्दे १. ५६).
Please see answer to easy question 1 in the following comment for derivation of the form व्यनदत् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/01/04/सहिष्णुम्-mas/#comment-13553