जुहवाम 1Ap-लोँट्
Today we will look at the form जुहवाम 1Ap-लोँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb12-6-21.
वयं मरुत्वन्तमिहार्थनाशनं ह्वयामहे त्वच्छ्रवसा हतत्विषम् ।
अयातयामोपहवैरनन्तरं प्रसह्य राजन्जुहवाम तेऽहितम् ।। ४-१९-२८ ।।
Gita Press translation “We will invoke to this very place through powerful spells Indra, who has thwarted your purpose and has been eclipsed by your glory, and will without delay forcibly throw your enemy, O king, (as an oblation) into the fire.”
जुहवाम is derived from the धातुः √हु (हु दानादनयोः । आदाने चेत्येके । प्रीणनेऽपीति भाष्यम्, जुहोत्यादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #३. १)
The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, उत्तम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
In the धातु-पाठः, the √हु-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √हु-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √हु-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is उत्तम-पुरुष-बहुवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “मस्”।
(1) हु + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च, the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.
(2) हु + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) हु + मस् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “मस्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “मस्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।
(4) हु + म । 3-4-85 लोटो लङ्वत् – लोँट् is treated like लँङ्। This allows the application of 3-4-99 नित्यं ङितः – A उत्तम-पुरुषः affix ending in a सकारः, always gets elided if it is of a लकारः which is ङित्। By 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending सकारः takes लोपः ।
(5) हु + आट् म । 3-4-92 आडुत्तमस्य पिच्च, a उत्तम-पुरुष-प्रत्ययः of लोँट् gets आट् as an augment. And this उत्तम-पुरुष-प्रत्ययः is considered to have पकारः as इत्। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the आट्-आगम: joins at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।
(6) हु + आ म । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(7) हु + शप् + आम । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् – the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.
(8) हु + आम । By 2-4-75 जुहोत्यादिभ्यः श्लुः – the “शप”-प्रत्यय: following the verbal roots “हु” etc. gets “श्लु” (elision).
(9) हु + हु + आम । By 6-1-10 श्लौ – A verbal root when followed by “श्लु” gets reduplicated.
(10) झु + हु + आम । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः – in reduplication (अभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
(क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्, ह्) are replaced by (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्, झ्) respectively.
(11) झुहो + आम । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः ।
(12) झुहव् + आम । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः ।
(13) जुहवाम । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च – in reduplication (अभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
Questions:
1. Where has 3-4-99 नित्यं ङितः been used in the first ten verses of Chapter Two of the गीता?
2. Where has 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे been used in the verse?
3. What would have been the (undesirable) final form in this example if पाणिनि: had not said पिच्च in the सूत्रम् 3-4-92 आडुत्तमस्य पिच्च?
4. Approximately how many verbal roots are listed in the जुहोत्यादि-गण:?
i. 25
ii. 100
iii. 200
vi. 500
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us read this simple sentence.” Use the adjective “सरल” for “simple” and √पठ् (पठँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ३८१) for “to read.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Where is the हु-धातु: used in the गीता?” Use (in the passive) √युज् (युजिँर् योगे ७. ७) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र” for “to use.” Use the अव्ययम् “कुत्र” for “where.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has 8-2-8 न ङिसम्बुद्ध्योः been used in the verse?
2. Which other (besides 2-4-75 जुहोत्यादिभ्यः श्लुः) सूत्रम् (that we have studied) prescribes an elision of the शप्-प्रत्यय:?
जुह्वति 3Ap-लँट्
Today we will look at the form जुह्वति 3Ap-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb7-15-9.
एके कर्ममयान्यज्ञान्ज्ञानिनो यज्ञवित्तमाः ।
आत्मसंयमनेऽनीहा जुह्वति ज्ञानदीपिते ।। ७-१५-९ ।।
Gita Press translation “(That is why) some wise men, (who are) foremost among the knowers of the truth about sacrifices and free from desire offer sacrifices consisting of rituals into the fire of self-control kindled by Knowledge (of the Self). (That is to say, they completely withdraw themselves from external rituals.)”
जुह्वति is derived from the धातुः √हु (हु दानादनयोः । आदाने चेत्येके । प्रीणनेऽपीति भाष्यम्, जुहोत्यादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #३. १)
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
In the धातु-पाठः, the √हु-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √हु-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √हु-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-बहुवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “झि”।
(1) हु + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट् – the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.
(2) हु + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) हु + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। “झि” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।
(4) हु + शप् + झि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् – the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.
(5) हु + झि । By 2-4-75 जुहोत्यादिभ्यः श्लुः – the “शप”-प्रत्यय: following the verbal roots “हु” etc. gets “श्लु” (elision).
(6) हु + हु + झि । By 6-1-10 श्लौ – A verbal root when followed by “श्लु” gets reduplicated.
(7) झु + हु + झि । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः – in reduplication (अभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
(क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्, ह्) are replaced by (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्, झ्) respectively.
See question 2.
(8) झु हु + अत् इ । By 7-1-4 अदभ्यस्तात् – the झकारः of a प्रत्ययः that follows a reduplicated root is substituted by ‘अत्’। ‘झुहु’ gets अभ्यस्तसञ्ज्ञा by 6-1-5 उभे अभ्यस्तम् – the double words that result due to the doubling done using the rules of the sixth chapter (from 6-1-1 एकाचो द्वे प्रथमस्य to 6-1-12 दाश्वान् साह्वान् मीढ्वांश्च), together get the अभ्यस्तम् designation.
See easy question 2.
(9) झुह् व् + अत् इ । By 6-4-87 हुश्नुवोः सार्वधातुके – the वकारः is the replacement for उकारः of the √हु-धातुः or for the उकारः at the end of an अङ्गम् that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel) and ends in the श्नु-प्रत्यय:, provided
i) a conjunct consonant does not precede the उकारः।
ii) a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः beginning with a vowel follows the उकारः।
See question 3.
(10) जुह्वति । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च् – in reduplication (अभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
Questions:
1. Where has जुह्वति been used in the गीता?
2. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define अभ्यासः?
3. In the absence of 6-4-87 हुश्नुवोः सार्वधातुके, which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 9?
4. Can you recall another (besides 6-1-5 उभे अभ्यस्तम् and 7-1-4 अदभ्यस्तात्) सूत्रम् (which we have studied) wherein पाणिनि: uses the term “अभ्यस्त”?
5. In which सूत्रम् used in the steps in this example has the सूत्रम् 7-3-119 अच्च घेः been used?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let there be peace and harmony in the world.” Use the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “ऐक्य” for “harmony.”
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot a शी-आदेश: in the verse?
2. In the absence of 7-1-4 अदभ्यस्तात्, which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 8?
ब्रवीषि 2As-लँट्
Today we will look at the form ब्रवीषि 2As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1-17-22.
राजोवाच
धर्मं ब्रवीषि धर्मज्ञ धर्मोऽसि वृषरूपधृक् ।
यदधर्मकृतः स्थानं सूचकस्यापि तद्भवेत् ।। १-१७-२२ ।।
Gita Press translation – The king said : “You speak what is right, O knower of Dharma (righteousness). Evidently you are Dharma (the god of virtue) in the guise of a bull. (You refuse to tell the name of your persecutor) only because (you know that) the lot which falls to a wrong-doer is also shared by the denouncer.”
ब्रवीषि is derived from the धातुः √ब्रू (अदादि-गणः, ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि, धातु-पाठः #२. ३९).
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम् ।
In the धातु-पाठः, the √ब्रू-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the ञकार:। It gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and hence takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोप:। Since ञकार: is an इत्, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √ब्रू-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √ब्रू-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “√ब्रू” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √ब्रू-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।
Since the विवक्षा is मध्यम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “सिप्”।
(1) ब्रू + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.
(2) ब्रू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) ब्रू + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “सिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(4) ब्रू + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) ब्रू + शप् + सि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(6) ब्रू + सि । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः, the शप्-प्रत्ययः takes the लुक् elision when following a verbal root belonging to अदादि-गणः।
(7) ब्रू + ईट् सि । By 7-3-93 ब्रुव ईट्, when preceded by the verbal root √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९), a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः which is हलादि: (beginning with a consonant) and is a पित्, gets ईट् as the augment. By 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the ईट्-आगमः is placed at the beginning of the सि-प्रत्ययः।
(8) ब्रू + ई सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(9) ब्रो + ई सि By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकाऽर्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.
(10) ब्रवीसि । अव्-आदेशः by 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः, when an अच् letter follows, then in place of the एच् letters there is a respective substitution (ref. 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः) of अय् , अव् , आय् and आव् ।
(11) ब्रवीषि । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययो:, the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष् when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्)। This substitution only takes place if the स् is an आदेश: (substitute) or part of a प्रत्यय: (affix.)
Questions:
1. Where has ब्रवीषि been used in the गीता?
2. Is there an alternate final form possible in this example?
3. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which the अनुवृत्ति: of “ईट्” comes in from 7-3-93 ब्रुव ईट्?
4. The काशिका makes the following comments on the सूत्रम् 7-3-93 ब्रुव ईट् –
हलि इत्येव, ब्रवाणि। पिति इत्येव, ब्रूतः। Please explain.
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Who said that I don’t like grammar?” Paraphrase this to “Who said that grammar is not pleasing unto me?” Use (रुचँ दीप्तावभिप्रीतौ च १. ८४७) for “to please.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with the प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्” for “unto me.”
Advanced question:
1. The तत्त्वबोधिनी makes the following comment on the सूत्रम् 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययो: –
प्रत्ययशब्दः प्रत्ययावयवे लाक्षणिकः, “हलि सर्वेषाम्” इति निर्देशात्। Please explain.
Easy questions:
1. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) which is an अपवाद: for 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः?
2. Where has 6-1-113 अतो रोरप्लुतादप्लुते been used in the verse?
ब्रूहि 2As-लोँट्
Today we will look at the form ब्रूहि 2As-लोँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6-120-2.
अमोघं दर्शनं राम तवास्माकं नरर्षभ ।
प्रीतियुक्ताः स्म तेन त्वं ब्रूहि यन्मनसेप्सितम् ।। ६-१२०-२ ।।
Gita Press translation “Your sight of us, O Rāma, a jewel among human beings, must not go in vain. We are pleased (with you). Therefore, speak out you, what is sought after by your mind.”
ब्रूहि is derived from the धातुः √ब्रू (अदादि-गणः, ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि, धातु-पाठः #२. ३९).
The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम् ।
In the धातु-पाठः, the √ब्रू-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the ञकार:। It gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and hence takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोप:। Since ञकार: is an इत्, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √ब्रू-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √ब्रू-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “√ब्रू” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √ब्रू-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।
Since the विवक्षा is मध्यम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “सिप्”।
(1) ब्रू + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च, the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.
(2) ब्रू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) ब्रू + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “सिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(4) ब्रू + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) ब्रू + हि । By 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च , “सि” of लोँट् is substituted by “हि” and it is an अपित्। हि also gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ । See question 4.
(6) ब्रू + शप् + हि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(7) ब्रूहि । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः, the शप्-प्रत्ययः takes the लुक् elision when following a verbal root belonging to अदादि-गणः। See question 5.
Questions:
1. Where is ब्रूहि used in the गीता?
2. What would have been the final form in this example if a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: had been used?
3. Can you recall two सूत्रे (which we have studied) wherein पाणिनि: mentions the धातु: √ब्रू? Why didn’t either of them apply in this example? (Which condition was not satisfied?)
4. Why didn’t the ending इकार: of “हि” take the उकारादेश: by 3-4-86 एरुः?
5. Why didn’t the ending ऊकार: of the अङ्गम् “ब्रू” take the गुणादेश: by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“What you said is true.” Use यत्/तत्।
Easy questions:
1. Please do पदच्छेद: of यन्मनसेप्सितम् and mention the relevant rules.
2. Where has 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः been used?
ब्रूयाम् 1As-विधिलिँङ्
Today we will look at the form ब्रूयाम् 1As-विधिलिँङ्र् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2-52-38.
यदहं नोपचारेण ब्रूयां स्नेहादविक्लवम् |
भक्तिमानिति तत् तावद् वाक्यं त्वं क्षन्तुमर्हसि || २-५२-३८ ||
Gita Press translation “If I speak to you in an unfaltering tone due to affection and do not speak with reverence (which is due to you as my master), you ought in fact to forgive my mode of speech, considering me as full of devotion (to you) .”
ब्रूयाम् is derived from the धातुः √ब्रू (अदादि-गणः, ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि, धातु-पाठः #२. ३९).
The विवक्षा is विधिलिँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, उत्तम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम् ।
In the धातु-पाठः, the √ब्रू-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the ञकार:। It gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and hence takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोप:। Since ञकार: is an इत्, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √ब्रू-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √ब्रू-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “√ब्रू” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √ब्रू-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।
Since the विवक्षा is उत्तम-पुरुषः,एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “मिप्”।
(1) ब्रू + लिँङ् । By 3-3-161 विधिनिमन्त्रणामन्त्रणाधीष्टसंप्रश्नप्रार्थनेषु लिङ्, the affix लिङ् is prescribed after a धातुः when used in the sense of command, direction, invitation, request, inquiry and entreaty.
(2) ब्रू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) ब्रू + मिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “मिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “मिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(4) ब्रू + अम् । By 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः, the तिङ्-प्रत्ययाः तस्, थस्, थ and मिप् of a लकारः which is a ङित्, are replaced by ताम्, तम्, त and अम् respectively. अम् also gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ।
(5) ब्रू + यासुट् अम् । by 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च , the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: of लिँङ् get यासुट् as an augment, and this augment is उदात्तः and a ङित्। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the यासुट्-आगमः before the प्रत्यय:। The उकार: in यासुट् is for pronunciation only (उच्चारणार्थः)। The टकार: is an इत् by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(6) ब्रू + शप् + यास् अम् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(7) ब्रू + यास् अम् । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः, the शप्-प्रत्ययः takes the लुक् elision when following a verbal root belonging to अदादि-गणः।
(8) ब्रू + या अम् । By 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्त्यस्य, the सकारः of a सार्वधातुक-लिङ् affix is elided, provided it is not the final letter of the affix.
(9) ब्रूयाम् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः, when an अक् letter is followed by a सवर्ण-अच् letter then in place of these two there is a single substitute of a long (अच्) letter.
Questions:
1. Where is √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि, धातु-पाठः #२. ३९) used in a तिङन्तं पदम् for the first time in the गीता?
2. The अव्ययम् “इति” normally ends a quotation. Based on the context we have to find out where the quotation begins. From where does the quotation begin in this verse?
3. What would have been the final form in this example if a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: had been used?
4. Can you spot the शप्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?
5. Why didn’t the ending नकार: of भक्तिमान् take लोप: by 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य?
6. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“You ought to forgive my offence.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “अपराध” for “offence.”
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get न + उपचारेण = नोपचारेण?
2. Can you spot two places where 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः has been used?
आत्थ 2As-लँट्
Today we will look at the form आत्थ 2As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4-20-30.
मन्ये गिरं ते जगतां विमोहिनीं वरं वृणीष्वेति भजन्तमात्थ यत् ।
वाचा नु तन्त्या यदि ते जनोऽसितः कथं पुनः कर्म करोति मोहितः ।। ४-२०-३०।।
Gita Press translation – The words “Ask (of Me) a boon (of your choice)” that You (just) addressed to me, engaged in worshipping You (in a disinterested spirit), I reckon as intended to delude the creatures (of the world). If the people were not bound by the cords of Your speech (the Veda), wherefore should they take to action (with interested motives) under a spell of delusion?
आत्थ is derived from the धातुः √ब्रू (अदादि-गणः, ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि, धातु-पाठः #२. ३९).
The विवक्षा is वर्तमान-काले, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम् ।
In the धातु-पाठः, the √ब्रू-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the ञकार:। It gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and hence takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोप:। Since ञकार: is an इत्, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √ब्रू-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √ब्रू-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “√ब्रू” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √ब्रू-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।
Since the विवक्षा is मध्यम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “सिप्”।
(1) ब्रू + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.
(2) ब्रू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) ब्रू + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “सिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(4) आह् + थल् । by 3-4-84 ब्रुवः पञ्चानामादित आहो ब्रुवः , the first five affixes (तिप्, तस्, झि, सिप्, थस्) of लँट् following the verbal root √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९) optionally get the first five णलादि-प्रत्ययाः (णल्, अतुस्, उस्, थल्, अथुस्) as replacements. As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम् , the substitutions are done respectively. Simultaneously, “ब्रू” takes the substitution “आह्”।
(5) आह् + थ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(6) आह् + शप् + थ । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(7) आह् + थ । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः, the शप्-प्रत्ययः takes the लुक् elision when following a verbal root belonging to अदादि-गणः।
(8) आथ् + थ । By 8-2-35 आहस्थः, the हकारः of the verbal form “आह्” gets थकारः as the replacement when followed by a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः।
(9) आत्थ । By 8-4-55 खरि च, a झल् letter is replaced by a चर् letter when a खर् letter follows.
Questions:
1. Where has आत्थ been used in the गीता?
2. The अव्ययम् “इति” normally ends a quotation. Based on the context we have to find out where the quotation begins. From where does the quotation begin in this verse?
3. What would be the other (optional) final form in this example?
4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-2-35 आहस्थः, the काशिका clarifies – आदेशान्तरकरणं “८-२-४० झषस्तथोर्धोऽधः” इत्यस्य निवृत्त्यर्थम्। Please explain. (Why didn’t पाणिनि: just use the अनुवृत्ति: of “ध:” which was easily available from the prior सूत्रम् 8-2-34 नहो धः? Couldn’t we use 8-4-55 खरि च to replace the धकार: with a तकार: and get the same final form आत्थ? Then what was the need to prescribe a different थकारादेश:?)
5. Further commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-2-35 आहस्थः, the काशिका says झलि इत्येव, आह। Please explain.
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Speak with confidence.” Use अविशङ्कम् as an adverb for “with confidence” (literally, “without doubt/hesitation.”)
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the तिप्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?
2. Which अव्ययम् has been translated to “if”?
बिभेति 3As-लँट्
Today we will look at the form बिभेति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3-33-17.
नानुतिष्ठति कार्याणि भयेषु न बिभेति च |
क्षिप्रं राज्याच्च्युतो दीनस्तृणैस्तुल्यो भवेदिह || ३-३३-१७ ||
Gita Press translation “A king who does not perform his duties and is not apprehensive (even) in the face of dangers is soon deprived of his kingdom and reduced to a wretched condition, and becomes of no more worth than straw in this world.”
बिभेति is derived from the धातुः √भी (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, ञिभी भये, धातु-पाठः #३. २)
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
The “ञि” at the beginning of “ञिभी” gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
The √भी-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √भी-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √भी-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।
(1) भी + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.
(2) भी + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) भी + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।
(4) भी + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) भी + शप् + ति । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.
(6) भी + ति । By 2-4-75 जुहोत्यादिभ्यः श्लुः, the “शप्”-प्रत्यय: following the verbal roots “हु” etc. gets “श्लु” (elision).
(7) भी + भी + ति । By 6-1-10 श्लौ, a verbal root when followed by “श्लु” gets reduplicated.
(8) भि + भी + ति । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.
(9) भिभेति । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकाऽर्धधातुकयोः , an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.
(10) बिभेति । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
Questions:
1. Where has 6-1-10 श्लौ been used in Chapter 4 of the गीता?
2. Among the nine items in the conjugation table of √भी (ञिभी भये, धातु-पाठः #३. २) with लँट्, in which form does 6-4-82 एरनेकाचोऽसंयोगपूर्वस्य apply?
3. Which धातु: and लकार: has been in the form (अनु)तिष्ठति?
4. Can you spot a “इय्”-आदेश: in the verse?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I am not afraid even of death.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “मरण” for “death”. Use पञ्चमी विभक्ति: with “मरण”।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I am only afraid of infamy.” Use the feminine (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “अकीर्ति” for “infamy”. (ref. गीता 2-34.) Use पञ्चमी विभक्ति: with “अकीर्ति”।
Easy questions:
1. Where has 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः been used in the verse?
2. Can you spot a “शि”-आदेश: in the verse?
जुहोति 3As-लँट्
Today we will look at the form जुहोति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb3-29-22.
यो मां सर्वेषु भूतेषु सन्तमात्मानमीश्वरम् ।
हित्वार्चां भजते मौढ्याद्भस्मन्येव जुहोति सः ।। ३-२९-२२ ।।
Gita Press translation “Ignoring Me, the Supreme Ruler, the Self present in all living beings, he who stupidly resorts to idol-worship alone throws oblations into the ashes.”
जुहोति is derived from the धातुः √हु (हु दानादनयोः । आदाने चेत्येके । प्रीणनेऽपीति भाष्यम्, जुहोत्यादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #३. १)
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
In the धातु-पाठः, the √हु-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √हु-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √हु-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।
(1) हु + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.
(2) हु + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) हु + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।
(4) हु + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) हु + शप् + ति । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.
(6) हु + ति । By 2-4-75 जुहोत्यादिभ्यः श्लुः, the शप्-प्रत्यय: following the verbal roots “हु” etc. gets “श्लु” (elision).
(7) हु + हु + ति । By 6-1-10 श्लौ, a verbal root when followed by “श्लु” gets reduplicated.
(8) झु + हु + ति । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
(क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्, ह्) are replaced by (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्, झ्) respectively.
(9) झु हो ति । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकाऽर्धधातुकयोः , an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.
(10) जुहोति । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
Questions:
1. Where has √हु (हु दानादनयोः । आदाने चेत्येके । प्रीणनेऽपीति भाष्यम्, धातु-पाठः #३. १) been used with लँट् in the last ten verses of Chapter 9 of the गीता?
2. In which other (besides 6-1-10 श्लौ and 2-4-75 जुहोत्यादिभ्यः श्लुः) सूत्रम् (that we have studied) does पाणिनि: mention the term “श्लु”?
3. पाणिनि: prescribes द्वित्वम् (duplication) in two sections in the अष्टाध्यायी – one is from 6-1-1 to 6-1-12 and the other is from 8-1-1 to 8-1-15. The term “अभ्यास:” (defined by 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) applied to which section?
i. Only to the section from 6-1-1 to 6-1-12
ii. Only to the section from 8-1-1 to 8-1-15
iii. To both sections – from 6-1-1 to 6-1-12 and from 8-1-1 to 8-1-15
iv. Neither to the section from 6-1-1 to 6-1-12 nor to the section from 8-1-1 to 8-1-15.
4. Where has 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे been used in the verse?
5. With regard to the form भस्मनि (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “भस्मन्”, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) will there be an optional form by 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I remember only a part of the answer.” Use the masculine (compound) प्रादिपदिकम् “एकदेश” for “part” and the धातु: √स्मृ (स्मृ चिन्तायाम् १. १०८२) for “to remember.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः been used in the verse?
2. Which सूत्रम् was used to do the “आत्”-आदेश: in place of the ङसिँ-प्रत्यय: in the form मौढ्यात् (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “मौढ्य”, पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्)?
लेढि 3As-लँट्
Today we will look at the form लेढि 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb3-25-38.
न कर्हिचिन्मत्पराः शान्तरूपे नङ्क्ष्यन्ति नो मेऽनिमिषो लेढि हेतिः ।
येषामहं प्रिय आत्मा सुतश्च सखा गुरुः सुहृदो दैवमिष्टम् ।। ३-२५-३८ ।।
Gita Press translation “They who depend on Me, nay, to whom I am the only object of love, nay, the very self, the son, the friend, the preceptor, the kith and kin and the chosen deity, are never deprived of these enjoyments in Vaikuntha (which consists of pure Sattva); nor does My weapon in the shape of Time ever devour them.”
लेढि is derived from the धातुः √लिह् (लिहँ आस्वादने, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ६)
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
In the धातु-पाठः, the √लिह्-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the हकार:। This इत् letter has a स्वरित-स्वर:। Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √लिह्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √लिह्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “√लिह्” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √लिह्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।
Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।
(1) लिह् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.
(2) लिह् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) लिह् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।
(4) लिह् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) लिह् + शप् + ति । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(6) लिह् + ति । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः, the शप्-प्रत्ययः takes the लुक् elision when following a verbal root belonging to अदादि-गणः।
(7) लेह् + ति । By 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः। or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।
(8) लेढ् + ति । By 8-2-31 हो ढः, a हकारः gets ढकारः as replacement when followed by a झल् letter or at the end of a पदम्। In this case the हकार: was followed by a तकार: (which is a झल् letter.)
(9) लेढ् + धि । By 8-2-40 झषस्तथोर्धोऽधः, a तकारः or थकारः gets धकारः as the replacement, when preceded by a letter of the झष्-प्रत्याहारः with the exception of the धकारः belonging to the धातुः √धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११)।
(10) लेढ् + ढि । By 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः, when the letter स् or a letter of the त-वर्ग: (त्, थ्, द्, ध्, न्) comes in contact with either the letter ष् or a letter of the ट-वर्ग: (ट्, ठ्, ड्, ढ्, ण्) then it is replaced respectively by ष्, ट-वर्ग: (ट्, ठ्, ड्, ढ्, ण्)।
(11) ले + ढि । By 8-3-13 ढो ढे लोपः, a ढकारः is elided if followed by a ढकारः। See question 1.
(12) लेढि ।
Questions:
1. As per 8-2-1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम्, the ढकारादेश: done by 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः in step 10 should be असिद्ध: (as if it has not taken place) in the eyes of 8-3-13 ढो ढे लोपः। Then on what basis was 8-3-13 ढो ढे लोपः applied after 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः?
2. Can you recall another (besides 8-3-13 ढो ढे लोपः) सूत्रम् (which we have studied) by which there is लोप: of a particular letter if followed by the same letter?
3. In the nine items in the conjugation table of √लिह् (लिहँ आस्वादने, धातु-पाठः #२. ६) with लँट् in परस्मैपदम् in which form does 8-2-41 षढोः कः सि apply?
4. In the verse, can you spot a इकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् which does not have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“How many weapons do the enemies have?” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “कति” for “how many” and a प्रातिपदिकम् from the verse for “weapon.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There should be no error in this sentence.” Use √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) for “to be” and the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “दोष” for “error.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has 7-1-52 आमि सर्वनाम्नः सुट् been used?
2. Can you spot a नकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a नकार:) in the verse?
पर्युपासत 3Ap-लँङ्
Today we will look at the form पर्युपासत 3Ap-लँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10-58-6.
तथैव सात्यकिः पार्थैः पूजितश्चाभिवन्दितः ।
निषसादासनेऽन्ये च पूजिताः पर्युपासत ।। १०-५८-६ ।।
Gita Press translation “Honored and greeted in the same way by the sons of Pṛthā, Sātyaki made himself comfortable in his (own) seat. Treated with respect, others too sat in a circle near by.”
आसत is derived from the धातुः √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने, धातु-पाठः २. ११)
The विवक्षा is लँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
In the धातु-पाठः, the धातुः √आस् has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the सकार:। This इत् letter has a अनुदात्त-स्वर:। Thus by 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम्, √आस्-धातुः will get आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। As per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “त” to “महिङ्” get the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So आस्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-बहुवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “झ”।
(1) आस् + लँङ् । By 3-2-111 अनद्यतने लङ् , the affix लँङ् follows a धातुः when used in the sense of past not of today.
(2) आस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) आस् + झ । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झ” as the substitute for the लकारः। “झ” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।
(4) आस् + शप् + झ । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(5) आस् + झ । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः, the शप्-प्रत्ययः takes the लुक् elision when following a verbal root belonging to अदादि-गणः।
(6) आस् + अत । By 7-1-5 आत्मनेपदेष्वनतः, the झकारः of a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययः gets “अत्” as the replacement when following an अङ्गम् that does not end in अकारः।
(7) आट् + आस् + अत । By 6-4-72 आडजादीनाम्, when followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् which begins with an अच् gets आट् as an augment.
(8) आ + आसत । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(9) आसत । By 6-1-90 आटश्च, वृद्धिः letter is a single replacement when आट् is followed by a vowel.
“परि” and “उप” are the उपसर्गौ (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
परि + उप + आसत = पर्युपासत। 6-1-77 इको यणचि, 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
Questions:
1. In the first verse of which chapter of the गीता has √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने, धातु-पाठः २. ११) been used with the प्रत्यय: “झ”?
2. Which term from the सर्वादि-गण: (ref. 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि) has been used in the verse?
3. Which combination of indeclinables has been translated to “in the same way”?
4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-1-5 आत्मनेपदेष्वनतः, the काशिका says – अनतः इति किम्? च्यवन्ते। Please explain.
5. Which two अधिकार-सूत्रे exert their influence on the सूत्रम् 6-1-90 आटश्च?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sit here.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् been used?
2. Can you spot a ङि-प्रत्यय: in the verse?
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