AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form शाठ्यमिश्रम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.14.4.

कालस्य च गतिं रौद्रां विपर्यस्तर्तुधर्मिणः । पापीयसीं नृणां वार्तां क्रोधलोभानृतात्मनाम् ।। १-१४-३ ।।
जिह्मप्रायं व्यवहृतं शाठ्यमिश्रं च सौहृदम् । पितृमातृसुहृद्भ्रातृदम्पतीनां च कल्कनम् ।। १-१४-४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
रौद्रां घोराम् । तदेवाह । विपर्यस्ता ऋतुधर्मा यस्मिंस्तस्य । वार्तां जीविकाम् । क्रोधलोभानृतैर्युक्त आत्मा येषाम् ।। ३ ।। जिह्मप्रायं कपटबहुलम् । व्यवहृतं व्यवहारम् । शाठ्यं वञ्चनं तन्मिश्रं सौहृदं सख्यम् । पित्रादीनां स्वप्रतियोगिभिः कल्कनं कलहादि ।। ४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Time had taken a dreadful turn, (as was clear from the fact that) the characteristics of the seasons had totally changed. People had taken to sinful ways of living, their heart possessed with anger, greed and falsehood (3). Their dealings had become crooked; even friendship was marred by deceitfulness; there were quarrels between parents and sons, relations and relations, brothers and brothers, and even between husbands and wives (4).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) शाठ्यमिश्रम् = शाठ्येन मिश्रम् – marred (tainted/mixed) by deceitfulness.
Note: The use of a third case affix following the प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) ‘शाठ्य’ co-occurring with ‘मिश्र’ may be justified by the very fact that the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 prescribes compounding between a पदम् ending in a third case affix and ‘मिश्र’। Or the सूत्रम् 2-3-23 हेतौ may be used to justify the third case affix.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) शाठ्य टा + मिश्र सुँ । By 2-1-31 पूर्वसदृशसमोनार्थकलहनिपुणमिश्रश्लक्ष्णैः – A पदम् ending in a third case affix optionally compounds with (a syntactically related पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) any one of the following and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष: –
i) ‘पूर्व’ (prior)
ii) ‘सदृश’ (like/similar)
iii) ‘सम’ (equal to)
iv) ‘ऊनार्थ’ – ‘ऊन’ (less) or any of its synonyms
v) ‘कलह’ (quarrel)
vi) ‘निपुण’ (skillful)
vii) ‘मिश्र’ (mixed)
viii) ‘श्लक्ष्ण’ (gentle/polished.)

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘शाठ्य टा’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 (which prescribes the compounding) the term तृतीया (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from 2-1-30 तृतीया तत्कृतार्थेन गुणवचनेन) ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘शाठ्य टा’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘शाठ्य टा + मिश्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) शाठ्य + मिश्र । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= शाठ्यमिश्र ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शाठ्यमिश्र’ is neuter here since the latter member ‘मिश्र’ of the compound is used here in the neuter. (The entire compound is qualifying सौहृदम्।)

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(5) शाठ्यमिश्र + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(6) शाठ्यमिश्र + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) शाठ्यमिश्रम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – मिश्रग्रहणे सोपसर्गस्यापि ग्रहणम्‌। ‘६-२-१५४ मिश्रं चानुपसर्गमसंधौ’ इत्यत्रानुपसर्गग्रहणात्‌। Please explain.

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the nasal consonant ‘म्’ (of the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७)) in the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गति’ used in the form गतिम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-3-114 नपुंसके भावे क्तः been used in the verses?

4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्यवहार’ used in the form व्यवहारम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the commentary? Which one is used to form the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वञ्चन’ used in the form वञ्चनम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Give me some salt water.” Paraphrase to “Give me some water mixed with salt.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I suspect that this food is mixed with poison.” Use the verbal root √शङ्क् (शकिँ शङ्कायाम् १. ९१) for ‘to suspect’ and use the अव्ययम् ‘इति’ to covey the meaning of ‘that.’

Easy questions:

1. What is the alternate form for नृणाम् (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृ’, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्)?

2. Where has the verbal root √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९) been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form अग्निसदृशम्  nAs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.51.14.

तच्चाग्निसदृशं दीप्तं रावणस्य शरावरम् । पक्षाभ्यां च महातेजा व्यधुनोत्पतगेश्वरः ।। ३-५१-१४ ।।
काञ्चनोरश्छदान् दिव्यान् पिशाचवदनान् खरान् । तांश्चास्य जवसम्पन्नाञ्जघान समरे बली ।। ३-५१-१५ ।।
अथ त्रिवेणुसम्पन्नं कामगं पावकार्चिषम् । मणिसोपानचित्राङ्गं बभञ्ज च महारथम् ।। ३-५१-१६ ।।
पूर्णचन्द्रप्रतीकाशं छत्रं च व्यजनैः सह । पातयामास वेगेन ग्राहिभी राक्षसैः सह ।। ३-५१-१७ ।।

Translation – The king of birds, who was endowed with great energy, also broke with his wings Rāvaṇa’s coat of mail, blazing like fire (14). The mighty bird further killed in the course of the encounter the celebrated swift-going heavenly mules of Rāvaṇa, endowed with the heads of fiends and protected by breast-plates of gold (15). Jaṭāyu presently smashed the huge chariot as well (of Rāvaṇa) provided with a pole to which the yoke is fixed and flaming like fire, which could go wherever one liked and whose frame looked charming with its steps of gems (16). Jaṭāyu also knocked down with vehemence the canopy (over the seat of Rāvaṇa) shining as the full moon, along with the whisks as also with the ogres holding them (17).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) अग्निसदृशम् = अग्निना सदृशम् – like fire.
Note: The सूत्रम् 2-3-72 तुल्यार्थैरतुलोपमाभ्यां तृतीयान्यतरस्याम्‌ justifies the use of a third case affix following the प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) ‘अग्नि’ which is co-occurring with ‘सदृश’।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) अग्नि टा + सदृश सुँ । By 2-1-31 पूर्वसदृशसमोनार्थकलहनिपुणमिश्रश्लक्ष्णैः – A पदम् ending in a third case affix optionally compounds with (a syntactically related पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) any one of the following and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष: –
i) ‘पूर्व’ (prior)
ii) ‘सदृश’ (like/similar)
iii) ‘सम’ (equal to)
iv) ‘ऊनार्थ’ – ‘ऊन’ (less) or any of its synonyms
v) ‘कलह’ (quarrel)
vi) ‘निपुण’ (skillful)
vii) ‘मिश्र’ (mixed)
viii) ‘श्लक्ष्ण’ (gentle/polished.)

See question 1.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘अग्नि टा’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 (which prescribes the compounding) the term तृतीया (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from 2-1-30 तृतीया तत्कृतार्थेन गुणवचनेन) ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘अग्नि टा’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘अग्नि टा + सदृश सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) अग्नि + सदृश । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= अग्निसदृश ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अग्निसदृश’ is neuter here since the latter member ‘सदृश’ of the compound is used here in the neuter. (The entire compound is qualifying शरावरम्।)

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(5) अग्निसदृश + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(6) अग्निसदृश + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) अग्निसदृशम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 पूर्वसदृशसमोनार्थकलहनिपुणमिश्रश्लक्ष्णैः (used in step 2) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इह समसदृशाभ्यां योगे ‘२-३-७२ तुल्यार्थैरतुलोपमाभ्यां तृतीयान्यतरस्याम्‌’ इति तृतीया। अन्यैर्योगे त्वत एव वचनात्, ‘२-३-२३ हेतौ’ इति वा तृतीया। Please explain.

2. In which sense has the third case affix been used in the form पक्षाभ्याम् used in the verses?
i) कर्तरि
ii) करणे
iii) हेतौ
iv) None of the above

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च been used in the verses?

4. In the verses can you spot a word in which the कृत् affix ‘ड’ has been used?

5. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the form ग्राहिभि: (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ग्राहिन्’, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There has not been and will not be a warrior like Arjuna.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the affix ‘श्नु’ in the verses?

2. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 2-4-52 अस्तेर्भूः apply in the form पातयामास?

Today we will look at the form मुहूर्तसेवया fIs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.84.12.

न ह्यम्मयानि तीर्थानि न देवा मृच्छिलामयाः । ते पुनन्त्युरुकालेन दर्शनादेव साधवः ।। १०-८४-११ ।।
नाग्निर्न सूर्यो न च चन्द्रतारका न भूर्जलं खं श्वसनोऽथ वाङ्मनः । उपासिता भेदकृतो हरन्त्यघं विपश्चितो घ्नन्ति मुहूर्तसेवया ।। १०-८४-१२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
एतत्प्रपञ्चयति – न ह्यम्मयानीति त्रिभिः ।। ११ ।। वाङ्मनसयोरप्युपासनाविषयत्वम्, ‘यो वाचं ब्रह्मेत्युपास्ते मनो ब्रह्मेत्युपास्ते’ इति श्रुतेः । अघं तन्मूलमज्ञानं न हरन्ति । अत्र हेतुः – भेदकर्तारः यद्वा भेदबुद्धिं कुर्वतः पुंसः । विपश्चितो निरस्तभेदाः । ते तु मुहूर्तमात्रसेवयैवाघं घ्नन्तीति ।। १२ ।।

Translation – Sacred waters alone do not possess purificatory virtues, nor do images of clay and stone alone represent the deities. Whereas these purify a man after one has recourse to them and worshiped them for a long time, holy men purify by their very sight (11). The gods presiding over fire, the sun, the moon, the stars, the earth, water, ether, air, speech and mind, when worshiped, cannot completely wash off our sins, inasmuch as they promote our sense of diversity; whereas on account of (our) service (to them) even for a few minutes, the wise wipe off our sins (12).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) मुहूर्तं सेवा = मुहूर्तसेवा – service for a short time.
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-3-5 कालाध्वनोरत्यन्तसंयोगे a second case affix is used following the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मुहूर्त’।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) मुहूर्त अम् + सेवा सुँ । By 2-1-29 अत्यन्तसंयोगे च – When uninterrupted connection is meant, words ending in a second case affix and denoting (a period of) time optionally compound with a (syntactically related) पदम् ending in a सुँप् affix and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of काला: comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-1-28 कालाः in to this सूत्रम् 2-1-29. But the अनुवृत्ति: of क्तेन does not come down (from the सूत्रम् 2-1-25 स्वयं क्तेन) in to this सूत्रम् 2-1-29.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘मुहूर्त अम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-29 (which prescribes the compounding) the term द्वितीया (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः) ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘मुहूर्त अम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘मुहूर्त अम् + सेवा सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) मुहूर्त + सेवा । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= मुहूर्तसेवा ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ मुहूर्तसेवा’ is feminine since the latter member ‘सेवा’ of the compound is feminine.

(5) मुहूर्तसेवा + टा । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् ।

See question 1.

(6) मुहूर्तसेवा + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) मुहूर्तसेवे + आ । By 7-3-105 आङि चापः – ‘आप्’ ending bases get the letter ‘ए’ as the substitute when followed by the affix ‘आङ्’ (‘टा’) or ‘ओस्’। Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending letter ‘आ’ of the base ‘मुहूर्तसेवा’ is replaced by ‘ए’।

(8) मुहूर्तसेवया । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form मुहूर्तसेवया?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-29 अत्यन्तसंयोगे च (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अक्तान्तार्थं वचनम्। Please explain.

3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दर्शन’ used in the form दर्शनात् (पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) in the verses?

4. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘क्विँप्’ been used?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The objects of sense give (only) momentary happiness.” Use the masculine noun ‘विषय’ for ‘object of sense.’ Form a compound for ‘momentary happiness’ = ‘happiness for a moment’ = मुहूर्तं सुखम्।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-112 श्नाभ्यस्तयोरातः been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘घ्’ in the form घ्नन्ति?

Today we will look at the form सुहृद्दिदृक्षवः fNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.3.9.

सत्युवाच
प्रजापतेस्ते श्वशुरस्य साम्प्रतं निर्यापितो यज्ञमहोत्सवः किल । वयं च तत्राभिसराम वाम ते यद्यर्थितामी विबुधा व्रजन्ति हि ।। ४-३-८ ।।
तस्मिन्भगिन्यो मम भर्तृभिः स्वकैर्ध्रुवं गमिष्यन्ति सुहृद्दिदृक्षवः । अहं च तस्मिन्भवताभिकामये सहोपनीतं परिबर्हमर्हितुम् ।। ४-३-९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
निर्यापितः प्रवर्तितः । हे वाम शिव, ते यद्यर्थिता इच्छा तर्हि वयं च तत्राभिसराम गच्छामः । न चाद्यापि यागो निवृत्तः । यतोऽमी विबुधा व्रजन्ति ।। ८ ।। औत्सुक्यं प्रकटयन्त्याह – तस्मिन्निति षड्भिः । पितृभ्यामुपनीतं दत्तं परिबर्हमलंकारादिद्रव्यं भवता सहार्हितुं स्वीकर्तुमभिकामये । अर्हितमिति पाठे तत्कृतं परिबर्हमिच्छामीति ।। ९ ।।

Translation – Satī said: I hear a grand sacrificial festival has been set on foot at the residence of Your father-in-law, the lord of created beings. Let us also move thither, if You so desire, O Vāmadeva; these heavenly beings are (all) going there (8). My sisters will surely attend it with their husbands, desiring to see friends (and relations.) I too long to be there with You and receive the presents that will be bestowed (on me by my parents) (9).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) सुहृदो दिदृक्षुः = सुहृद्दिदृक्षुः – ‘(one who is) desiring to see friends.’ Note: द्वितीया विभक्ति: is used in सुहृद: as per 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया because 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ blocks 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) सुहृद् शस् + दिदृक्षु सुँ । By वार्तिकम् (under 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः) गम्यादीनामुपसंख्यानम्‌। – The terms ‘गमिन्’ etc. should be added to the list of terms ‘श्रित’ etc (mentioned in the सूत्रम् 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः।) Hence a पदम् ending in a second case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to either ‘श्रित’ etc or ‘गमिन्’ etc and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गमिन्’ is formed using the उणादि-सूत्रम् 4-6 गमेरिनि:। As per the सूत्रम् 3-3-3 भविष्यति गम्यादयः, the affix ‘इनिँ’ used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गमिन्’ denotes an action in the future tense. गमिष्यतीति गमी।
Note: गम्यादयश्च प्रयोगतो ज्ञेया: – the list of terms ‘गमिन्’ etc is to be known from the usages (of the scholars) encountered in the language. Hence even though ‘दिदृक्षु’ may not be specifically listed, we have to take it to be included in the the list of terms ‘गमिन्’ etc based on the usage of the compound सुहृद्दिदृक्षवः seen here.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘सुहृद् शस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because the वार्तिकम् – गम्यादीनामुपसंख्यानम्‌ (which prescribes the compounding) is under the सूत्रम् 2-1-24 in which the term द्वितीया ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘सुहृद् शस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘सुहृद् शस् + दिदृक्षु सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) सुहृद् + दिदृक्षु । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= सुहृद्दिदृक्षु ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुहृद्दिदृक्षु’ is feminine here since the latter member ‘दिदृक्षु’ of the compound is used here in the feminine. (The entire compound is qualifying भगिन्य:।)

(5) सुहृद्दिदृक्षु + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) सुहृद्दिदृक्षु + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘जस्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) सुहृद्दिदृक्षो + अस् । 7-3-109 जसि च – When the affix ‘जस्’ follows, there is a गुण: substitute for the (ending letter of) of an अङ्गम् ending in a short vowel.

(8) सुहृद्दिदृक्षवस् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः ।

(9) सुहृद्दिदृक्षवः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः) गम्यादीनामुपसंख्यानम्‌ been used in the verses 20-30 of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the third case affix in the form भर्तृभिः used in the verses?

3. Can you spot the augment ‘पुक्’ in the verses?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-3-158 समानकर्तृकेषु तुमुन् been used in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I went to India to see (my) mother.” Paraphrase to “Desiring to see (my mother), I went to India.” Form a compound for ‘desiring to see (my) mother.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Desiring to obtain nectar, the gods and demons churned the ocean.” Form a compound for ‘desiring to obtain nectar.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the augment इट् in the form गमिष्यन्ति?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘णिङ्’ in the verses?

Today we will look at the form कालातीतम् nNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.74.7.

तद्भवान्वृत्तसम्पन्नः स्थितः पथि निरत्यये । मित्रार्थमभिनीतार्थं यथावत्कर्तुमर्हति ।। ४-२९-१२ ।।
संत्यज्य सर्वकर्माणि मित्रार्थे यो न वर्तते । सम्भ्रमाद् विकृतोत्साहः सोऽनर्थेनावरुध्यते ।। ४-२९-१३ ।।
यो हि कालव्यतीतेषु मित्रकार्येषु वर्तते । स कृत्वा महतोऽप्यर्थान्न मित्रार्थेन युज्यते ।। ४-२९-१४ ।।
तदिदं मित्रकार्यं नः कालातीतमरिंदम । क्रियतां राघवस्यैतद्वैदेह्याः परिमार्गणम् ।। ४-२९-१५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Rich in moral conduct and established in a path (the path of virtue) which is free from danger, you ought duly to accomplish the purpose of your friend, which has been undertaken by you (12). He who does not wholly give up all (other) duties and attend with alacrity to the cause of his friend exhibiting his zeal in a special degree (for that cause) meets with disaster (13). He who actually attends to the concerns of his friend when their time has definitely passed does not work in unison with the purpose of his friend, even though achieving great things (14). The present object of our friend, viz, the search of Sītā (a princess of the Videha territory) will get delayed, O tamer of foes! Therefore, let this work of Śrī Rāma (a scion of Raghu) be accomplished (apace) (15).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) कालमतीतम् = कालातीतम् – ‘gone beyond time’ which means ‘delayed.’ Note: द्वितीया विभक्ति: is used in कालम् as per 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया because 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ blocks 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) काल अम् + अतीत सुँ । By 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः – A पदम् ending in a second case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to either ‘श्रित’ or ‘अतीत’ or ‘पतित’ or ‘गत’ or ‘अत्यस्त’ or ‘प्राप्त’ or ‘आपन्न’ and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: श्रितादीनां गतिविशेषवाचित्वात् ‘गत्यर्थाकर्मक-’ इति कर्तरि क्तः – Since the terms ‘श्रित’ etc convey a kind of motion, as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च the affix ‘क्त’ used in these terms denotes the agent of the action.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘काल अम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-24 (which prescribes the compounding) the term द्वितीया ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘काल अम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘काल अम् + अतीत सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) काल + अतीत । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) कालातीत । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कालातीत’ is neuter here since the latter member ‘अतीत’ of the compound is used here in the neuter. (The entire compound is qualifying मित्रकार्यम्।)

(6) कालातीत + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) कालातीत + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement.
Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) कालातीतम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः (used in step 2) been used in the last five verses of Chapter Fourteen of the गीता?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘इ’ in the form स्थितः?

3. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘क्त्वा’ been replaced by ‘ल्यप्’?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-65 शकधृषज्ञाग्लाघटरभलभक्रमसहार्हास्त्यर्थेषु तुमुन् been used in the verses?

5. Can you spot the augment ‘मुँम्’ in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The arrival of our plane is delayed.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आगमन’ for ‘arrival.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-88 भस्य टेर्लोपः been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘आम्’ in the form क्रियताम्?

Today we will look at the form देहगतः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.2.43.

इदं शरीरं पुरुषस्य मोहजं यथा पृथग्भौतिकमीयते गृहम् । यथौदकैः पार्थिवतैजसैर्जनः कालेन जातो विकृतो विनश्यति ।। ७-२-४२ ।।
यथानलो दारुषु भिन्न ईयते यथानिलो देहगतः पृथक्स्थितः । यथा नभः सर्वगतं न सज्जते तथा पुमान्सर्वगुणाश्रयः परः ।। ७-२-४३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
नन्वहं कृशः स्थूल इत्यादौ वैलक्षण्यं न प्रतीयते तत्राह – इदमिति । इदं शरीरं मोहजमविवेकादात्मत्वेन जातम् । वस्तुतस्तु पृथगेव । यत ईयते दृश्यते भौतिकं च यथा गृहमित्यन्वयः । अत्रैवं प्रयोगः – द्रष्टुरभौतिकाच्च पुरुषाच्छरीरं भिन्नम् । दृश्यत्वाद्भौतिकत्वाच्च । यथात्यन्ताविवेकिन आत्मत्वेनाभिमतमपि गृहं ततः पृथक् तद्वदिति । भौतिकत्वानुमानं विवृण्वन्नात्मनो जन्माद्यभावमुपसंहरति । यथा औदकैः परमाणुभिर्जातो बुद्‌बुदादिर्यथा च पार्थिवैर्जातो घटादिर्यथा च तैजसैर्जातः कुण्डलादिर्विनश्यति तथा तैरेव त्रिविधैः परमाणुभिर्जातो जनो देह एव विकृतः परिणतः सन्विनश्यति । न त्वात्मेत्यर्थः ।। ४२ ।। पृथगवस्थानाभावेऽपि भिन्नत्वे दृष्टान्तद्वयमाह – यथेति । यथाऽनलो दारुष्ववस्थितोऽपि दाहकत्वेन प्रकाशत्वेन भिन्न एव प्रतीयते । यथा च देहगतोऽप्यनिलो मुखनासिकादिषु पृथक् स्थित एव प्रतीयते । देहस्थत्वेऽप्यात्मनस्तद्धर्मयोगाभावे दृष्टान्तमाह – यथा नभो न सज्जते क्वापि सङ्गं न प्राप्नोति तथा पुमानपि सर्वेषां गुणानां देहेन्द्रियादीनामाश्रयस्तेष्वाश्रितो वा परः पृथगेवेत्यर्थः ।। ४३ ।।

Gita Press translation – This body is born (as something identical with the spirit) due to the ignorance of the Jīva, though (as a matter of fact) it is different (from the Jīva) because it is perceived (as such) and is material (too) as a house. Like an object made up of aqueous, earthy or fiery atoms, the body, which is made up of the atoms of water, earth and fire (put together) gets transformed in course of time and (ultimately) perishes (42). (Just) as fire (though) existing in pieces of wood is observed to be distinct (from them as having the capacity to burn and illuminate things), nay, (even) as the air, though existing (everywhere) in the body, appears as existing separately (in the different parts of the body such as the mouth and nostrils), and (just) as ether, though pervading everywhere, does not cling to any substance, so the spirit, (which is) the foundation of all products of matter (such as the body and the senses) is distinct (from them) (43).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) देहं गतः = देहगतः – ‘gone to the body’ hence ‘existing in the body.’ Note: द्वितीया विभक्ति: is used in देहम् as per 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया because 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ blocks 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) देह अम् + गत सुँ । By 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः – A पदम् ending in a second case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to either ‘श्रित’ or ‘अतीत’ or ‘पतित’ or ‘गत’ or ‘अत्यस्त’ or ‘प्राप्त’ or ‘आपन्न’ and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

See question 2.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘देह अम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-24 (which prescribes the compounding) the term द्वितीया ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘देह अम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘देह अम् + गत सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) देह + गत । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= देहगत ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देहगत’ is masculine here since the latter member ‘गत’ of the compound is used here in the masculine. (The entire compound is qualifying अनिल:।)

(5) देहगत + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) देहगत + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) देहगत: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः (used in step 2) been used in the last five verses of Chapter Seven of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – श्रितादीनां गतिविशेषवाचित्वात् ‘गत्यर्थाकर्मक-’ इति कर्तरि क्तः। Please explain.

3. Where else (besides in देहगत:) has the सूत्रम् 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः been used in the verses?

4. From which सूत्रम् down to which सूत्रम् does the अधिकार: of ‘तत्पुरुष:’ extend?

5. Can you spot the affix ‘ड’ in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Our study of grammar is done.” Paraphrase to “Our study of grammar is gone to the end.” Use the neuter noun ‘अध्ययन’ for ‘study’ and form a तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘gone to the end’ = अन्तं गतम्।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the affix श्यन् been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elongation in the form ईयते?

Today we will look at the form अध्यात्मम्  nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.28.65.

एवं स मानसो हंसो हंसेन प्रतिबोधितः । स्वस्थस्तद्व्यभिचारेण नष्टामाप पुनः स्मृतिम् ।। ४-२८-६४ ।।
बर्हिष्मन्नेतदध्यात्मं पारोक्ष्येण प्रदर्शितम् । यत्परोक्षप्रियो देवो भगवान्विश्वभावनः ।। ४-२८-६५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
एवममुना प्रकारेण स मनसो हंसः क्षेत्रज्ञो हंसेन परमात्मना बोधितः सन्स्वस्थ आत्मनि स्थितः संश्चिरं ध्यात्वा तद्व्यभिचारेणेश्वरवियोगेन विषयाभिलाषबुद्ध्या नष्टां स्मृतिमहं ब्रह्मास्मीति ज्ञानं पुनः प्राप्तवान् ।। ६४ ।। कथामात्रमिति बुद्धिं वारयति – बर्हिष्मन्निति । पारोक्ष्येण राजकथामिषेण । तत्र हेतुः – यद्यस्मात् हे बर्हिष्मन्प्राचीनबर्हिः, एतद्राजकथामिषेणात्मकथा प्रदर्शिता । यस्माद्देवः श्रीनारायणः परोक्षप्रियः । साक्षादात्मज्ञानकथनेन तव चेतसि कथा नायातीति भावः ।। ६५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Admonished thus by the fellow-swan, the swan of the Mānasa lake was (once more) established in his own self and regained his self-consciousness, which had been lost due to his having parted company with his friend (64). O Prācīnabarhi, I have imparted this spiritual truth to you in an indirect manner; for the glorious Lord, the Maker of the universe, loves to remain incognito (65).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) आत्मनि = अध्यात्मम् = ‘pertaining to the Self’ hence ‘spiritual.’

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) आत्मन् ङि + अधि । By 2-1-6 अव्ययं विभक्तिसमीपसमृद्धिव्यृद्ध्यर्थाभावात्ययासम्प्रतिशब्दप्रादुर्भावपश्चाद्यथानुपूर्व्ययौगपद्यसादृश्यसम्पत्तिसाकल्यान्तवचनेषु – A अव्ययम्‌ (indeclinable) used in any one of the following meanings invariably compounds with a (syntactically related) term ending in a सुँप् affix to yield a अव्ययीभाव: compound –
(i) विभक्ति: – a case affix
(ii) समीपम्‌ – close by
(iii) समृद्धि: (ऋद्धेराधिक्यम्‌) – prosperity
(iv) व्यृद्धि: (विगता ऋद्धि:) – adversity
(v) अर्थाभाव: – absence of something
(vi) अत्यय: (ध्वंस:) – disappearance (passing away)
(vii) असम्प्रति – presently inappropriate
(viii) शब्दप्रादुर्भाव: – manifestation of a sound
(ix) पश्चाद् – following
(x) यथा (योग्यतावीप्सापदार्थानतिवृत्तिसादृश्यानि यथार्था:) – appropriateness, repetition, non-transgression of something, similarity
(xi) आनुपूर्व्यम्‌ – in orderly succession
(xii) यौगपद्यम्‌ – simultaneity
(xiii) सादृश्यम्‌ – similarity/resemblance. Note: यथार्थत्वेनैव सिद्धे पुन: सादृश्यग्रहणं गुणभूतेऽपि सादृश्ये यथा स्यादित्येवमर्थम्‌ – सादृश्यम्‌ is mentioned here again (even though it is already given as one of the meanings of यथा in (x) above) in order to allow compounding even when सादृश्यम्‌ is used in a secondary (adjectival) sense
(xiv) सम्पत्ति: (अनुरूप आत्मभाव:) – befitting state
(xv) साकल्यम्‌ – totality/completeness
(xvi) अन्त: – termination/end

(3) अधि + आत्मन् ङि । By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् which prescribes a compound gets the designation ‘उपसर्जन’। Here the term ‘अव्ययम्’ in the सूत्रम् 2-1-6 ends in the nominative case. Therefore the अव्ययम् ‘अधि’ gets the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ by 1-2-43. Hence ‘अधि’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘अधि + आत्मन् ङि’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) अधि + आत्मन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) अध्यात्मन् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

(6) अध्यात्मन् + टच् । By 5-4-108 अनश्च – Following a अव्ययीभाव: compound ending in ‘अन्’ the तद्धित: affix टच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.
Note: The term अन: is qualifying अव्ययीभावात्। Hence as per 1-1-72 येन विधिस्तदन्तस्य, we get the meaning अन्नन्तादव्ययीभावात्‌।

(7) अध्यात्मन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘अध्यात्मन्’ has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-144 to apply in the next step.

(8) अध्यात्म् + अ = अध्यात्म । By 6-4-144 नस्तद्धिते – The ‘टि’ portion (ref. 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि) of a अङ्गम् (base) is elided provided the अङ्गम् –
i) has the designation ‘भ’ (ref. 1-4-18 यचि भम्)
ii) ends in the letter ‘न्’ and
iii) is followed by a तद्धित: affix
Note: The ‘अन्’ part of the अङ्गम् ‘अध्यात्मन्’ has the designation ‘टि’ by the सूत्रम् 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि – That part of a group of sounds which begins with the last vowel of the group (and goes to the end of the group) gets the designation ‘टि’।

(9) अध्यात्म + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) अध्यात्म + अम् । By 2-4-83 नाव्ययीभावादतोऽम्त्वपञ्चम्याः – This सूत्रम् has two parts – (a) नाव्ययीभावादत: – following a अव्ययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’ a सुँप् affix does not take the लुक् elision (which would have been done by 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः) and (b) अम्त्वपञ्चम्याः – following a अव्ययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’ a सुँप् affix – other than a fifth case affix – is substituted by अम्।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) अध्यात्मम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. In the first verse of which Chapter of the गीता has the compound अध्यात्मम् been used?

2. From which सूत्रम् does the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘टच्’ come in to the सूत्रम् 5-4-108 अनश्च (used in step 6)?

3. In which two words in the verses has the affix ‘णिच्’ been elided?

4. Which वार्तिकम् may we use to justify the third case affix occurring in the form पारोक्ष्येण used in the verses?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Spiritual (pertaining to the Self) knowledge is the supreme knowledge.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य been used in the verses?

2. Where has the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् (pronoun) ‘अदस्’ been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form समक्षम् nAs from रघुवंशम् verse 15-72.

तात शुद्धा समक्षं नः स्नुषा ते जातवेदसि ।
दौरात्म्याद्रक्षसस्तां तु नात्रत्याः श्रद्दधुः प्रजाः॥ १५-७२ ॥

टीका –
हे तात, ते स्नुषा सीता नः अस्माकमक्ष्णोः समीपं समक्षम् । ‘5-4-107 अव्ययीभावे शरत्प्रभृतिभ्यः’ इति समासान्तष्टच् । जातवेदसि वह्नौ शुद्धा । नास्माकमविश्वास इत्यर्थः । किं तु रक्षसः रावणस्य दौरात्म्यादत्रत्याः प्रजास्तां न श्रद्दधुः न विशश्वसुः ।।

Translation – “Sire, your daughter-in-law (Sītā) has been purified in fire in our very presence, but due to the wickedness of the Rākṣasa (Rāvaṇa), the subjects, here, did not put faith in that (purity) (72).”

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) अक्ष्णो: समीपम् or अक्ष्णोर्योग्यम् = समक्षम् = Visibly (literally – ‘close to the eyes’ or ‘fit/appropriate for the eyes’) which means ‘in the presence of.’

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) अक्षि ओस् + सम् । By 2-1-6 अव्ययं विभक्तिसमीपसमृद्धिव्यृद्ध्यर्थाभावात्ययासम्प्रतिशब्दप्रादुर्भावपश्चाद्यथानुपूर्व्ययौगपद्यसादृश्यसम्पत्तिसाकल्यान्तवचनेषु – A अव्ययम्‌ (indeclinable) used in any one of the following meanings invariably compounds with a (syntactically related) term ending in a सुँप् affix to yield a अव्ययीभाव: compound –
(i) विभक्ति: – a case affix
(ii) समीपम्‌ – close by
(iii) समृद्धि: (ऋद्धेराधिक्यम्‌) – prosperity
(iv) व्यृद्धि: (विगता ऋद्धि:) – adversity
(v) अर्थाभाव: – absence of something
(vi) अत्यय: (ध्वंस:) – disappearance (passing away)
(vii) असम्प्रति – presently inappropriate
(viii) शब्दप्रादुर्भाव: – manifestation of a sound
(ix) पश्चाद् – following
(x) यथा (योग्यतावीप्सापदार्थानतिवृत्तिसादृश्यानि यथार्था:) – appropriateness, repetition, non-transgression of something, similarity
(xi) आनुपूर्व्यम्‌ – in orderly succession
(xii) यौगपद्यम्‌ – simultaneity
(xiii) सादृश्यम्‌ – similarity/resemblance. Note: यथार्थत्वेनैव सिद्धे पुन: सादृश्यग्रहणं गुणभूतेऽपि सादृश्ये यथा स्यादित्येवमर्थम्‌ – सादृश्यम्‌ is mentioned here again (even though it is already given as one of the meanings of यथा in (x) above) in order to allow compounding even when सादृश्यम्‌ is used in a secondary (adjectival) sense
(xiv) सम्पत्ति: (अनुरूप आत्मभाव:) – befitting state
(xv) साकल्यम्‌ – totality/completeness
(xvi) अन्त: – termination/end
Note: The term ‘वचन’ used at the end of the compound विभक्ति……वचनेषु connects with each one of the prior terms ‘विभक्ति’ etc in the compound.

(3) सम् + अक्षि ओस् । By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् which prescribes a compound gets the designation ‘उपसर्जन’। Here the term ‘अव्ययम्’ in the सूत्रम् 2-1-6 ends in the nominative case. Therefore the अव्ययम् ‘सम्’ gets the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ by 1-2-43. Hence ‘सम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘ सम् + अक्षि ओस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) सम् + अक्षि  । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) समक्षि + टच् । By the गण-सूत्रम् (in the शरत्प्रभृतिगण: of the गणपाठ:) ‘प्रतिपरसमनुभ्योऽक्ष्ण:’ – In a अव्ययीभाव: compound the तद्धित: affix टच् is prescribed following the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अक्षि’ – provided ‘अक्षि’ is preceded by either ‘प्रति’, ‘पर’, ‘सम्’ or ‘अनु’ – and this affix टच् becomes the ending member of the compound. Note: The शरत्प्रभृतिगण: is referred to in the सूत्रम् 5-4-107 अव्ययीभावे शरत्प्रभृतिभ्यः।

(6) समक्षि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The fact that the अङ्गम् ‘समक्षि’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step. The अङ्गम् ‘समक्षि’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम् – Excluding the affixes that are सर्वनामस्थानम्, when any of the other affixes from ‘सुँ’ down to ‘कप्’ that begin with the letter ‘य्’ or अच् (vowel) follow, the base gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: From ‘सुँ’ down to ‘कप्’ means any affix prescribed from 4-1-2 down to the end of the 5th Chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी।

(7) समक्ष् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= समक्ष ।

(8) समक्ष + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(9) समक्ष + अम् । By 2-4-83 नाव्ययीभावादतोऽम्त्वपञ्चम्याः – This सूत्रम् has two parts – (a) नाव्ययीभावादत: – following a अव्ययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’ a सुँप् affix does not take the लुक् elision (which would have been done by 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः) and (b) अम्त्वपञ्चम्याः – following a अव्ययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’ a सुँप् affix – other than a fifth case affix – is substituted by अम्।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(10) समक्षम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the compound ‘समक्ष’ been used (as part of a larger compound) in the गीता?

2. In which word in the verse has the affix ‘ड’ been used?

3. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the form दौरात्म्यात्?

4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विश्वास’ (used as part of the compound अविश्वास: in the commentary)?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In the presence of (close to the eyes of) Śrī Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa cut off Śūrpaṇakhā’s nose and ears.” Use the verbal root √छिद् (छिदिँर् द्वैधीकरणे ७. ३) for ‘to cut off.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You insulted me in the presence of (close to the eyes of) everyone.” Use the verbal root √क्षिप् (क्षिपँ प्रेरणे ६. ५) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘अधि’ for ‘to insult.’

Easy questions:

1. In which word in the verse has the सूत्रम् 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च been used?

2. Can you spot the substitution ‘अनँङ्’ in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form परोक्षम् nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.29.59.

इति वेदविदां वादः श्रूयते तत्र तत्र ह । कर्म यत्क्रियते प्रोक्तं परोक्षं न प्रकाशते ।। ४-२९-५९ ।।
नारद उवाच
येनैवारभते कर्म तेनैवामुत्र तत्पुमान् । भुङ्क्ते ह्यव्यवधानेन लिङ्गेन मनसा स्वयम् ।। ४-२९-६० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
इति वादः श्रूयते ‘प्राप्य पुण्यकृताँल्लोकान्’ इति। ‘शरीरजैः कर्मदोषैर्याति स्थावरतां नरः’ इति । त्वया चोक्तं ‘शाश्वतीरनुभूयार्तिम्’ इति । एतच्च कर्तृभोक्तृदेहभेदेन कृतनाशाकृताभ्यागमप्रसङ्गान्न संगच्छत इति भावः । संशयान्तरमाह । प्रोक्तं वेदोक्तं कर्म यत्क्रियते जनैस्तच्चानन्तरक्षण एव परोक्षमदृश्यं सन्न प्रकाशते । अतः कर्मणो नष्टत्वात्तद्भोगोऽपि दुर्घट इति भावः ।। ५९ ।। प्रथमस्योत्तरम् – येनैवेति । अव्यवधानेन कर्तृभोक्तृदेहविच्छेदं विना । स्थूलदेहनाशेऽपि मनःप्रधानस्य लिङ्गदेहस्यानाशान्नोक्तदोषप्रसङ्ग इत्यर्थः ।। ६० ।।

Translation – This doctrine of the knowers of Veda is heard of everywhere. (But how can this be?) (Moreover) whatever action, recommended in the Vedas, is (actually) performed goes out of sight and is no longer visible. (How can a thing which has altogether disappeared yield good or evil consequences?) (59) Nārada replied: The Jīva itself experiences (the good and evil) consequences of its actions hereafter through the same subtle body, (mainly consisting of) the mind, by which he performs (those) actions and which continues uninterrupted (even in the lives to come) (60).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) अक्ष्ण: परम् = परोक्षम् = beyond the range of sight (perception.)

See question 1.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) अक्षि ङसिँ + पर सुँ । Note: समासान्तविधानसामर्थ्यादव्ययीभाव: – (Even though ‘पर’ is not a अव्ययम् and there is no rule that prescribes the formation of the अव्ययीभाव: compound ‘परोक्ष’,) the fact that a समासान्त-प्रत्यय: (the affix (‘टच्’) at the end of this अव्ययीभाव: compound) is being prescribed tells us that a अव्ययीभाव: compound is allowed here.

(3) परो सुँ + अक्षि ङसिँ । Note: We know that the final form of the compound is ‘परोक्ष’ because पाणिनि: himself has used this form in the सूत्रम् 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिट्। In order to get this desired form ‘परोक्ष’, the term ‘पर सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound and the ending letter (‘अ’) of ‘पर’ is replaced by ‘ओ’।

‘परो सुँ + अक्षि ङसिँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) परो + अक्षि  । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) परोक्षि । By 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति।

(6) परोक्षि + टच् । By the गण-सूत्रम् (in the शरत्प्रभृतिगण: of the गणपाठ:) ‘प्रतिपरसमनुभ्योऽक्ष्ण:’ – In a अव्ययीभाव: compound the तद्धित: affix टच् is prescribed following the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अक्षि’ – provided ‘अक्षि’ is preceded by either ‘प्रति’, ‘पर’, ‘सम्’ or ‘अनु’ – and this affix टच् becomes the ending member of the compound. Note: The शरत्प्रभृतिगण: is referred to in the सूत्रम् 5-4-107 अव्ययीभावे शरत्प्रभृतिभ्यः।

(7) परोक्षि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The fact that the अङ्गम् ‘परोक्षि’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step. The अङ्गम् ‘परोक्षि’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम् – Excluding the affixes that are सर्वनामस्थानम्, when any of the other affixes from ‘सुँ’ down to ‘कप्’ that begin with the letter ‘य्’ or अच् (vowel) follow, the base gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: From ‘सुँ’ down to ‘कप्’ means any affix prescribed from 4-1-2 down to the end of the 5th Chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी।

(8) परोक्ष् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= परोक्ष ।

(9) परोक्ष + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) परोक्ष + अम् । By 2-4-83 नाव्ययीभावादतोऽम्त्वपञ्चम्याः – This सूत्रम् has two parts – (a) नाव्ययीभावादत: – following a अव्ययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’ a सुँप् affix does not take the लुक् elision (which would have been done by 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः) and (b) अम्त्वपञ्चम्याः – following a अव्ययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’ a सुँप् affix – other than a fifth case affix – is substituted by अम्।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) परोक्षम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the compound परोक्षम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – वृत्तिविषये ‘अक्षि’शब्द इन्द्रियमात्रपर:। Please explain.

2. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘क्विँप्’ been used?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-3-126 ईषद्‌दु:सुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल् been used in the commentary?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the second case affix used in the word कर्तृभोक्तृदेहविच्छेदम् in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sages meditate upon that which is beyond perception.” Use the verbal root √ध्यै (ध्यै चिन्तायाम् १. १०५६) for ‘to meditate upon.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The cause of the universe is beyond perception.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-25 अकृत्सार्वधातुकयोर्दीर्घः been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a आत्मनेपदम् affix in the form संगच्छते used in the commentary?