AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form पुरुषव्याघ्र mVs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.14.13.

शस्ताः कुर्वन्ति मां सव्यं दक्षिणं पशवोऽपरे । वाहांश्च पुरुषव्याघ्र लक्षये रुदतो मम ।। १-१४-१३ ।।
मृत्युदूतः कपोतोऽयमुलूकः कम्पयन्मनः । प्रत्युलूकश्च कुह्वानैरनिद्रौ शून्यमिच्छतः ।। १-१४-१४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
शस्ता गवादयो मां सव्यं वामं कुर्वन्ति । अपरे गर्दभाद्याः प्रदक्षिणं कुर्वन्ति । वाहानश्वान् ।। १३ ।। अयं कपोतो मृत्युदूतो मृत्युसूचकः । उलूको घूकः । प्रत्युलूकस्तत्प्रतिपक्षो घूकः काको वा । कुह्वानैः कुत्सितशब्दैर्विश्वं शून्यं कर्तुमिच्छतः ।। १४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Good animals (such as the cow) pass by to my left, while other (inauspicious) animals (as the donkey etc.) turn to my right. Nay, I see my horses weeping, O tiger among men (13). This dove, the harbinger of death, as well as the owl and its enemy, the crow, keeping awake all the night, make my heart shudder with their horrible cries and would have the world converted into a desert (14). 

(1) पुरुषो व्याघ्र इव = पुरुषव्याघ्र: – A man (mighty) as a tiger.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) पुरुष सुँ + व्याघ्र सुँ । By 2-1-56 उपमितं व्याघ्रादिभिः सामान्याप्रयोगे – A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes that which is to be compared optionally compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to ‘व्याघ्र’ etc – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item and the common attribute is not mentioned – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: उपमेयमुपमितम् – The word उपमितम् used in this सूत्रम् stands for उपमेयम् – that which is to be compared.

(3) As per 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् the term ‘पुरुष सुँ’ – which denotes that which is to be compared – gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-56 (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपमितम् ends in the nominative case. And hence the term ‘पुरुष सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘पुरुष सुँ + व्याघ्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) पुरुष + व्याघ्र । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= पुरुषव्याघ्र ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ पुरुषव्याघ्र’ is masculine since the latter member ‘व्याघ्र’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is सम्बुद्धिः। By 2-3-49 एकवचनं सम्बुद्धि: – The nominative singular affix (‘सुँ’) when used in a vocative form gets the designation सम्बुद्धि:।

(5) (हे) पुरुषव्याघ्र + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। By 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च – A first case affix (‘सुँ’, ‘औ’, ‘जस्’) is used to denote ‘address’ (in addition to the meaning of the nominal stem) also. Note: सम् (सम्मुखीकृत्य) बोधनम् (ज्ञापनम्) = सम्बोधनम्। सम्बोधनम् means drawing someone’s attention (to inform him/her of something.)

(6) (हे) पुरुषव्याघ्र + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) (हे) पुरुषव्याघ्र । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in ‘एङ्’ (letter ‘ए’ or ‘ओ’) or a short vowel, a consonant is dropped if it belongs to a सम्बुद्धि: affix.

Questions:

1. Where has the form पुरुषव्याघ्र been used in the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-56 उपमितं व्याघ्रादिभिः सामान्याप्रयोगे (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – विशेष्यस्य पूर्वनिपातार्थं सूत्रम्‌। Please explain.

3. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम् the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – सामान्याप्रयोगे किम्‌? पुरुषो व्याघ्र इव शूर:। Please explain.

4. Can you spot a षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष: compound in the verses? Can you spot a कर्मधारय: compound in the commentary?

5. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सूचक’ (used in the compound मृत्युसूचकः in the commentary?)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Śrī Kṛṣṇa said to Arjuna – “You are a man who is (brave) like a tiger. Get up and fight. You shall conquer the enemies in battle.” Use the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘उद्’ for ‘to get up.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-79 न भकुर्छुराम् been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘छ्’ in the form इच्छतः used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form मृणालगौरम् mAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 6.16.30.

मृणालगौरं शितिवाससं स्फुरत्किरीटकेयूरकटित्रकङ्कणम् । प्रसन्नवक्त्रारुणलोचनं वृतं ददर्श सिद्धेश्वरमण्डलैः प्रभुम् ।। ६-१६-३० ।।
तद्दर्शनध्वस्तसमस्तकिल्बिषः स्वच्छामलान्तःकरणोऽभ्ययान्मुनिः । प्रवृद्धभक्त्या प्रणयाश्रुलोचनः प्रहृष्टरोमानमदादिपुरुषम् ।। ६-१६-३१ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
मृणालवद्गौरम् । शितिवाससं नीलाम्बरम् । स्फुरन्ति किरीटादीनि यस्य । कटित्रं कटिसूत्रम् । प्रसन्नानि वक्त्राणि यस्य । अरुणानि लोचनानि यस्य तं च तं च ।। ३० ।। दृष्ट्वा च तमादिपूरुषमभ्ययाच्छरणं गतः । अनमन्ननाम । कथंभूतः । तस्य दर्शनेन ध्वस्तं समस्तं किल्बिषं यस्य । स्वच्छममलं चान्तःकरणं यस्य । प्रणयेनाश्रुयुक्ते लोचने यस्य । प्रहृष्टानि रोमाणि यस्य सः ।। ३१ ।।

Gita Press Translation – He saw the Lord in a form white as a lotus fiber, clad in blue and adorned with a brilliant diadem, armlets, griddle and wristlets, marked with a cheerful countenance and reddish eyes and surrounded by rings of Siddheśwaras (the chief among those who have attained perfection) (30). All his sins having been wiped out by the (very) sight of the Lord, and his mind clear and rid of all impurities, Citraketu silently approached the most ancient Person with intensified devotion; and with tears of love in his eyes and hair standing on end, he bowed to Him (31).

(1) मृणाल इव गौर: = मृणालगौरः – white as a lotus fiber.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) मृणाल सुँ + गौर सुँ । As per 2-1-55 उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः – सुबन्तानि (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदानि which denote a standard of comparison optionally compound with सुबन्तानि (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदानि which have denoted the common attribute – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: उपमीयते येन तदुपमानम् – That to which something is compared is called उपमानम् – the standard of comparison.
Note: ये शब्दा: पूर्वं साधारणधर्ममुक्त्वाधुना तद्वति द्रव्ये वर्तन्ते ते सामान्यवचना इत्युच्यन्ते – Those words which having previously described a common attribute, presently denote the thing/substance which possesses that common attribute are known as सामान्यवचना:।

(3) As per 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् the term ‘मृणाल सुँ’ – which denotes a standard of comparison – gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-55 (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपमानानि ends in the nominative case. And hence the term ‘मृणाल सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘मृणाल सुँ + गौर सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) मृणाल + गौर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= मृणालगौर ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मृणालगौर’ is masculine since the latter member ‘गौर’ of the compound is used here in the masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्। The compound is qualifying प्रभुम् (the Lord.)

(5) मृणालगौर + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।
Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(6) मृणालगौरम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ल्युट् used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘लोचन’ (which is part of the compounds प्रसन्नवक्त्रारुणलोचनम् and प्रणयाश्रुलोचनः used in the verses)?

2. What is the विग्रह-वाक्यम् of the compound ‘सिद्धेश्वरमण्डल’ (used in the form सिद्धेश्वरमण्डलैः (तृतीया-बहुवचनम्) in the verses)? Hint: First construct the षष्ठी-समास: ‘सिद्धेश्वर’ and use that to construct the final षष्ठी-समास: ‘सिद्धेश्वरमण्डल’।

3. From which verbal root is the participle ‘सन्न’ (used in the compound प्रसन्नवक्त्रारुणलोचनम् in the verses) formed?

4. In which word in the commentary has the सूत्रम् 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति been used?

5. In which sense has a third case affix been used in the form प्रणयेन in the commentary?
i) कर्तरि
ii) करणे
iii) हेतौ
iv) None of the above.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When Śrī Rāma returned from the forest, the citizens of Ayodhyā rejoiced seeing (having seen) again his countenance (which was as) beautiful as the moon.” Use the verbal root √वृत् (वृतुँ वर्तने १. ८६२) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘नि’ for ‘to return.’ Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पौर’ for ‘citizen.’ Use the verbal root √हृष् (हृषँ तुष्टौ ४.१४२) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ for ‘to rejoice.’ Construct a कर्मधारय: compound for ‘beautiful as the moon’ = सोम इव सुन्दरम्।

Easy questions:

1. In which word in the verses has the substitution ‘णल्’ (in place of the affix ‘तिप्’) been used?

2. In the verses can you spot two places where the सूत्रम् 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः has been used?

Today we will look at the form मेघश्यामः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.7.17.

मथ्यमानात्तथा सिन्धोर्देवासुरवरूथपैः । यदा सुधा न जायेत निर्ममन्थाजितः स्वयम् ।। ८-७-१६ ।।
मेघश्यामः कनकपरिधिः कर्णविद्योतविद्‍युन् मूर्ध्नि भ्राजद्विलुलितकचः स्रग्धरो रक्तनेत्रः । जैत्रैर्दोर्भिर्जगदभयदैर्दन्दशूकं गृहीत्वा मथ्नन्मथ्ना प्रतिगिरिरिवाशोभताथो धृताद्रिः ।। ८-७-१७ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
धृतोऽद्रिर्येन स धृताद्रिर्भगवान्परमपुरुषोऽनन्तरमशोभतेत्यन्वयः । कथंभूतः । कनकपरिधिः पीतवासाः । कर्णयोर्विद्योतमाना विद्‍युत्कुण्डललक्षणा यस्य । तथा मूर्ध्नि भ्राजन्तो विलुलिताः कचा यस्य स तथा । जैत्रैर्जिष्णुभिः । दन्दशूकं सर्पम् । प्रतिगिरिः प्रतिद्वन्द्वी पर्वतः ।। १७ ।।

Translation – When nectar (however) did not appear from the ocean (of milk), being churned in the aforesaid manner by the commanders of the heavenly and Asura forces, Lord Ajita Himself took up the churning (16). Holding the serpent (Vāsuki) with His (four) triumphant arms vouchsafing protection to the world, and agitating the ocean with the churn-dasher (in the form of Mount Mandara), the Lord – who was dark-brown like a cloud, had a cloth of golden hue wrapped about His loins, was adorned with a garland (of sylvan flowers) and a pair of ear-rings that flashed like lightning, wore glossy and wavy locks on His head and was possessed of reddish eyes, and who (in the form of the divine Tortoise) bore Mount Mandara (on His back), now shone like a rival mountain (17).

(1) मेघ इव श्‍याम: = मेघश्‍यामः – Dark like a cloud.

See question 1.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) मेघ सुँ + श्याम सुँ । As per 2-1-55 उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः – सुबन्तानि (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदानि which denote a standard of comparison optionally compound with सुबन्तानि (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदानि which have denoted the common attribute – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: उपमीयते येन तदुपमानम् – That to which something is compared is called उपमानम् – the standard of comparison.
Note: ये शब्दा: पूर्वं साधारणधर्ममुक्त्वाधुना तद्वति द्रव्ये वर्तन्ते ते सामान्यवचना इत्युच्यन्ते – Those words which having previously described a common attribute, presently denote the thing/substance which possesses that common attribute are known as सामान्यवचना:।

See question 2.

(3) As per 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् the term ‘मेघ सुँ’ – which denotes a standard of comparison – gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-55 (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपमानानि ends in the nominative case. And hence the term ‘मेघ सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘मेघ सुँ + श्याम सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) मेघ + श्याम । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= मेघश्याम ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मेघश्याम’ is masculine since the latter member ‘श्याम’ of the compound is used here in the masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। The compound is qualifying अजितः (Lord Ajita.)

(5) मेघश्याम + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) मेघश्याम + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) मेघश्याम: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the विग्रह-वाक्यम् – मेघ इव श्‍याम: – of this compound, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – इह पूर्वपदं तत्सदृशे लाक्षणिकमिति सूचयितुं लौकिकविग्रहे इवशब्द: प्रयुज्यते। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-55 उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थं सूत्रम्। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् justifies the used of a fifth case affix in the form सिन्धो: (and मथ्यमानात्) used in the verse?

4. In the verses can you spot a word in which सम्प्रसारणम् has taken place?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-139 ग्लाजिस्थश्च ग्स्नु: been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Kumbhakarṇa who was tall as a mountain was killed by Śrī Rāma with a single arrow.” Construct a कर्मधारय: compound for ‘tall as a mountain’ = गिरिरिव तुङ्ग:।

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the augment सीयुट् in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form त्रिसन्ध्यम् nAs from शिशुपालवधम् verse 1-46.

स संचरिष्णुर्भुवनान्तरेषु यां यदृच्छयाशिश्रियदाश्रयः श्रियः । अकारि तस्यै मुकुटोपलस्खलत्करैस्त्रिसन्ध्यं त्रिदशैर्दिशे नमः ।। १-४६ ।।

टीका –
स इति । अन्येषु भुवनेषु भुवनान्तरेषु । ‘सुप्सुपा’ इति समासः । संचरिष्णुः संचरणशीलः । ‘3-2-136 अलंकृञ्’ इत्यादिना चरेरिष्णुच् । श्रियो लक्ष्म्या आश्रयः स हिरण्यकशिपुः । यदृच्छया स्वैरवृत्त्या । ‘यदृच्छा स्वैरवृत्तिः’ इत्यमरः । यां दिशमशिश्रियदगमत् । श्रयतेर्लुङ् ‘3-1-48 णिश्रि-‘ इत्यादिना चङि द्विर्भाव इयङादेशः । मुकुटोपलेषु मौलिरत्नेषु स्खलन्तः करा येषां तैः । शिरसि बद्धाञ्जलिभिरित्यर्थः । ‘उपल प्रस्तरे रत्ने’ इति विश्वः । तिस्रो दशा बाल्यकौमारयौवनानि, जन्मसत्तावृद्धयो वा येषां तैस्त्रिदशैर्देवैः । यद्वा त्रिर्दश परिमाणमेषामिति ‘5-4-73 बहुव्रीहौ संख्येये डजबहुगणात्‌’ इति समासान्तः । तिस्रः सन्ध्याः समाहृतास्त्रिसन्ध्यम् । ‘2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपद-‘ इत्यादिना समाहारे द्विगुः । ‘2-4-1 द्विगुरेकवचनम्‌’ वा टाबन्त इति पक्षे नपुंसकत्वम् । अत्यन्तसंयोगे द्वितीया । तस्यै दिशे करैर्हस्तैः । ‘2-3-16 नमःस्वस्ति-‘ इत्यादिना चतुर्थी । नमः नमस्कारोऽकारि कृतम् । कृञः कर्मणि लुङ् । ‘3-1-66 चिण् भावकर्मणोः’ इति चिण् । सन्ध्यावन्दनेऽपि दिङ्नियमं परित्यज्य तदागमनभयात्तस्यै दिशे नमस्कारः कृत इति भावः ।

Translation – Hiraṇyakaśipu, who was the seat of Goddess Śrī (Lakṣmī – prosperity), habitually roamed the other worlds and whichever direction he traveled to by his will – to that direction salutation was offered by all the gods, with their hands tottering on their crown-gems, at the three junctions of the day (dawn, noon and dusk) (46).

(1) तिसृणां सन्ध्यानां समाहारः = त्रिसन्ध्यम् – the three junctions of the day (dawn, noon and dusk).

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) त्रि आम् + सन्ध्या आम् । By 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च – In the following three situations a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष: –
i) in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed
ii) when a उत्तरपदम् (a final member) of a compound follows
iii) when the compound denotes a समाहार: (aggregate.)

(3) As per 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् the term ‘त्रि आम्’ – which denotes a numeral – gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌) ends in the nominative case. And hence the term ‘त्रि आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘त्रि आम् + सन्ध्या आम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) त्रि + सन्ध्या । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: This compound is used in the neuter gender as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌ – A द्विगुः/द्वन्द्व: compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the neuter gender.

See advanced question.

(5) त्रिसन्ध्य । By 1-2-47 ह्रस्वो नपुंसके प्रातिपदिकस्य – In the neuter gender, the ending vowel (if any) of a प्रातिपदिकम् is shortened.

This compound is used only in the singular as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-1 द्विगुरेकवचनम्‌ – A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the singular.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया।

(6) त्रिसन्ध्य + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

See question 1.

(7) त्रिसन्ध्य + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) त्रिसन्ध्यम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a second case affix used in this form त्रिसन्ध्यम् in the verse?

2. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the form संचरिष्णुः (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-16 नमःस्वस्तिस्वाहास्वधालंवषड्योगाच्च been used in the verse?

4. In the commentary can you spot a word in which the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ has been done (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’)?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who mutters the Gāyatrī at the three junctions of the day (dawn, noon and dusk) is freed from (by) all sins.” Use (a passive form of) the verbal root √मुच् (मुचॢँ मोक्षणे (मोचने) ६. १६६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ for ‘to be freed.’

Advanced question:

1. Under the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌ (used in step 4) there is a वार्तिकम् – आबन्तो वा which states that – A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) and whose final member ends in the feminine affix ‘आप्’ is used in the feminine gender optionally.
This वार्तिकम् does apply in the present example since the final member ‘सन्ध्या’ of the द्विगुः compound ‘त्रिसन्ध्या’ ends in the feminine affix ‘आप्’। Derive the final (optional) feminine form of this compound. Hint: The तत्त्वबोधिनी comments on the derivation as follows – उपसर्जनह्रस्वत्वे सत्यदन्तत्वात् ‘द्विगो:’ इति स्त्रीत्वपक्षे ङीप्।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-48 णिश्रिद्रुस्रुभ्यः कर्तरि चङ् been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the लुक् elision of the affix ‘त’ in the form अकारि?

Today we will look at the form त्रिभुवनगुरोः mGs from रघुवंशम् 16.88.

इत्थं नागस्त्रिभुवनगुरोरौरसं मैथिलेयं लब्ध्वा बन्धुं तमपि च कुशः पञ्चमं तक्षकस्य ।
एकः शङ्कां पितृवधरिपोरत्यजद्वैनतेयाच्छान्तव्यालामवनिमपरः पौरकान्तः शशास ॥ 16-88॥

टीका –
इत्थं नागः कुमुदः । त्रिभुवनगुरोः त्रयाणां भुवनानां समाहारस्त्रिभुवनम् । ‘2-1-51 तद्धितार्थ-‘ इत्यादिना तत्पुरुषः । अदन्तद्विगुत्वेऽपि पात्राद्यदन्ततत्वान्नपुंसकत्वम्। ‘पात्राद्यदन्तैरेकार्थो द्विगुर्लक्ष्यानुसारतः’ इत्यमरः । तस्य गुरू रामः । तस्य औरसं धर्मपत्नीजं पुत्रम् । ‘औरसो धर्मपत्नीजः’ इति याज्ञवल्क्यः । मैथिलेयं कुशं बन्धुं लब्ध्वा । कुशोऽपि च तक्षकस्य पञ्चमं पुत्रं तं कुमुदं बन्धुं लब्ध्वा एकः तयोरन्यतरः कुमुदः [पितृवधरिपोः] पितृवधेन रिपोः वैनतेयात् गरुडात् । गुरुणा वैष्णवांशेन कुशेन त्याजितक्रौर्यादिति भावः । शङ्कां भयम् अत्यजत् । अपरः कुशः शान्तव्यालां कुमुदाज्ञया वीतसर्पभयाम् अवनिम् अत एव पौरकान्तः पौरप्रियः सन् शशास ।। ८८ ।।

Translation – Thus the serpent (Kumuda), having obtained Kuśa – a legitimate son of Rāma (the master of (the collection of) the three worlds) and Sītā (the princess of Mithilā) – as a relative, abandoned fear from the enemy Garuḍa (son of Vinatā) who had slain his father. And in turn Kuśa, loved by his subjects, having obtained Kumuda – the fifth son of Takṣaka – as a relative , ruled the earth freed from the fear of serpents (88).

(1) त्रयाणां भुवनानां समाहारः = त्रिभुवनम् – collection of the three worlds.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) त्रि आम् + भुवन आम् । By 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च – In the following three situations a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष: –
i) in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed
ii) when a उत्तरपदम् (a final member) of a compound follows
iii) when the compound denotes a समाहार: (aggregate.)

(3) As per 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् the term ‘त्रि आम्’ – which denotes a numeral – gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌) ends in the nominative case. And hence the term ‘त्रि आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘त्रि आम् + भुवन आम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) त्रि + भुवन । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= त्रिभुवन ।

(5) This compound is used only in the neuter gender as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌ – A द्विगुः/द्वन्द्व: compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the neuter gender.
Note: This compound would have been used only in the feminine gender as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌) अकारान्तोत्तरपदो द्विगु: स्त्रियामिष्ट: – A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) and whose final member ends in the letter ‘अ’ is used (only) in the feminine gender.
But this is overruled by the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌) पात्राद्यन्तस्य न – A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) and whose final member belongs to the पात्रादि-गण: (list of words ‘पात्र’ etc) is not used in the feminine gender. (It is used exclusively in the neuter gender as per 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌।)
Note: The पात्रादि-गण: is a आकृतिगण: – which is a class or group of words in which some words are actually mentioned and room is left to include others which are found undergoing the same operations. The word ‘भुवन’ is considered to be in the पात्रादि-गण:।

This compound is used only in the singular as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-1 द्विगुरेकवचनम्‌ – A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the singular.

(6) Now we form the षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः compound त्रिभुवनगुरुः = त्रिभुवनस्य गुरुः – master of the three worlds. Here it qualifies रामः।
Note: The sixth case affix in त्रिभुवनस्य is as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-50 षष्ठी शेषे।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(7) त्रिभुवन ङस् + गुरु सुँ । By 2-2-8 षष्ठी – A पदम् ending in a sixth case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् ending in a सुँप् affix and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

(8) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘त्रिभुवन ङस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 (which prescribes the compounding) the term षष्ठी ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘त्रिभुवन ङस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘त्रिभुवन ङस् + गुरु सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(9) त्रिभुवन + गुरु । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= त्रिभुवनगुरु ।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘त्रिभुवनगुरु’ is masculine since the latter member ‘गुरु’ of the compound is masculine.

The विवक्षा is षष्ठी-एकवचनम्।

(10) त्रिभुवनगुरु + ङस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

Note: ‘त्रिभुवनगुरु’ gets the घि-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि – When a short ‘इ’ ending or short ‘उ’ ending term – except for ‘सखि’ – does not have the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा then it gets the घि-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) त्रिभुवनगुरु + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of the affix ‘ङस्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(12) त्रिभुवनगुरो + अस् । By 7-3-111 घेर्ङिति – When a ङित् (having the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्) सुँप् affix follows, then a अङ्गम् having the घि-सञ्ज्ञा takes the गुण: substitution. Note: As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, the गुण: substitution takes place only for the ending letter (in this case the letter ‘उ’) of the अङ्गम्।

(13) त्रिभुवनगुरोस् । By 6-1-110 ङसिँङसोश्च – In place of a preceding एङ् (‘ए’, ‘ओ’) letter and the following short ‘अ’ of the affix ‘ङसिँ’ or ‘ङस्’, there is a single substitute of the former (एङ् letter.)

(14) त्रिभुवनगुरोः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌ (used in step 5) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – परवल्लिङ्‌गापवाद:। Please explain.

2. What is the विग्रह-वाक्यम् of the compound ‘पितृवधरिपु’ used (in the form पितृवधरिपोः (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्)) in the verses? Hint: First form the षष्ठी-समास: ‘पितृवध’ and then use that to form the तृतीया-समास: ‘पितृवधरिपु’।

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले been used in the verses?

4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शङ्का’ (used in the form शङ्काम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?

5. Can you spot the affix ‘ड’ in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Rāvaṇa said to Sītā – “In (the collection of) three worlds there is none equal to me.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-14 रो रि been used in the commentary?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘त्रय’ in the form त्रयाणाम् (used in the commentary)?

Today we will look at the form पञ्चवट्याम् fLs from रघुवंशम् 12.31.

पञ्चवट्यां ततो रामः शासनात्कुम्भजन्मनः । अनपोढस्थितिस्तस्थौ विन्ध्याद्रिः प्रकृताविव॥ 12-31॥
रावणावरजा तत्र राघवं मदनातुरा । अभिपेदे निदाघार्ता व्यालीव मलयद्रुमम्॥ 12-32॥

टीका –
ततः रामः कुम्भजन्मनः अगस्त्यस्य शासनात् । पञ्चानां वटानां समाहारः पञ्चवटी । ‘2-1-51 तद्धितार्थ-‘ इति तत्पुरुषः । ‘2-1-52 संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुः’ इति द्विगुसंज्ञायाम् ‘4-1-21 द्विगोः’ इति ङीप् । ‘2-4-1 द्विगुरेकवचनम्‌’ इत्येकवचनम् । तस्यां पञ्चवट्याम् । विन्ध्याद्रिः प्रकृतौ वृद्धेः पूर्वावस्थायाम् इव । अनपोढस्थितिः अनतिक्रान्तमर्यादः तस्थौ ।। ३१ ।। तत्र पञ्चवट्यां मदनातुरा रावणावरजा शूर्पणखा । ‘8-4-3 पूर्वपदात्‌ संज्ञायामगः’ इति णत्वम् । राघवम् । निदाघार्ता घर्मतप्ता व्याकुला व्याली भुजंगा मलयद्रुमं चन्दनद्रुमम् इव । अभिपेदे प्राप ।। ३२ ।।

Translation – Then at Agastya’s bidding, Rāma lived in Pañcavaṭī, observing the bounds of right, like Vindhyā remaining in his normal state (31). Rāvaṇa’s sister, faint with love, came to Rāma there, as a female-snake, oppressed with heat, seeks the Sandal-tree (32).

(1) पञ्चानां वटानां समाहारः = पञ्चवटी – a collection of five fig trees.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) पञ्चन् आम् + वट आम् । By 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च – In the following three situations a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष: –
i) in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed
ii) when a उत्तरपदम् (a final member) of a compound follows
iii) when the compound denotes a समाहार: (aggregate.)

See questions 1 and 2.

Note: This compound gets the designation द्विगुः as per the सूत्रम् 2-1-52 संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुः – When the prior member of a compound constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च denotes a numeral, the compound gets the designation द्विगुः। And as per the सूत्रम् 2-1-23 द्विगुश्च a द्विगु: compound also has the designation तत्पुरुष:।

(3) As per 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् the term ‘पञ्चन् आम्’ – which denotes a numeral – gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌) ends in the nominative case. And hence the term ‘पञ्चन् आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘पञ्चन् आम् + वट आम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) पञ्चन् + वट । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। Note: ‘ पञ्चन्’ has the designation पदम् here by the सूत्रम् 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.

(5) पञ्चवट । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) This compound would have been used only in the neuter gender as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌ – A द्विगुः/द्वन्द्व: compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the neuter gender.
But instead this compound is used only in the feminine gender as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌) अकारान्तोत्तरपदो द्विगु: स्त्रियामिष्ट: – A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) and whose final member ends in the letter ‘अ’ is used (only) in the feminine gender.

(7) पञ्चवट + ङीप् । By 4-1-21 द्विगोः – Following a द्विगुः compound that ends in the letter ‘अ’ the affix ‘ङीप्’ is added in the feminine gender.
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of अत: (which comes down from the सूत्रम् 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ in to this सूत्रम्) qualifies द्विगोः and hence as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-72 येन विधिस्तदन्तस्य we get the meaning अदन्ताद् द्विगो: – following a द्विगुः compound that ends in the letter ‘अ’।

See question 3.

(8) पञ्चवट + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The अङ्गम् ‘पञ्चवट’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(9) पञ्चवट् + ई । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= पञ्चवटी ।

This compound is used only in the singular as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-1 द्विगुरेकवचनम्‌ – A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the singular.

The विवक्षा is सप्तमी।

(10) पञ्चवटी + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(11) पञ्चवटी + आम् । By 7-3-116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः – The affix ‘ङि’, following a base ending in ‘नदी’ (ref. 1-4-3 यू स्त्र्याख्यौ नदी) or ‘आप्’ or following the term ‘नी’, gets ‘आम्’ as the substitute. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of ‘आम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(12) पञ्चवट्याम् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – दिक्षु समाहारो नास्त्यनभिधानात्‌। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – असञ्ज्ञार्थं वचनम्। Please explain.

3. The affix ङीप् prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-1-21 द्विगोः (used in step 7) is an exception (अपवाद:) to which affix?

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the form शासनात् used in the verses?

5. Why doesn’t the नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ prevent the formation of the compound ‘पूर्वावस्था’ (used in the form पूर्वावस्थायाम् (सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) in the commentary) which is not a proper name?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Yesterday we studied a set of five aphorisms.” Construct a तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘set of five aphorisms’ = पञ्चानां सूत्राणां समाहार:।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास: (first portion of the reduplication) in the form अभिपेदे used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form पूर्वर्षयः mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.3.19.

अद्राक्षमहमेतत्ते हृत्सारं महदद्भुतम् । दंशभक्षितदेहस्य प्राणा ह्यस्थिषु शेरते ।। ७-३-१८ ।।
नैतत्पूर्वर्षयश्चक्रुर्न करिष्यन्ति चापरे । निरम्बुर्धारयेत्प्राणान्को वै दिव्यसमाः शतम् ।। ७-३-१९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
हृत्सारं धैर्यम् । दंशैर्मक्षिकादिविशेषैर्भक्षितो देहो यस्य ।। १८ ।। निरम्बुर्निषिद्धमम्बु येन सः । त्यक्तोदक इत्यर्थः ।। १९ ।।

Gita Press translation – I have witnessed this extraordinary and marvelous stamina of yours, that your body having been eaten away by gnats, your life actually hangs on your bones (alone) (18). Neither did the former sages practice such asceticism nor will the coming ones do it. Indeed, who can support life without water for a hundred celestial years (or 36,000 human years)? (19)

(1) पूर्वश्चासावृषिः = पूर्वर्षिः – Former sage.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) पूर्व सुँ + ऋषि सुँ । By 2-1-58 पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीराश्च – A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which is (composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) ‘पूर्व’/’अपर’/’प्रथम’/’चरम’/’जघन्य’/’समान’/’मध्य’/’मध्यम’/’वीर’ optionally compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थमिदम्‌। The compounds prescribed by this सूत्रम् 2-1-58 could also be constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌। The सूत्रम् 2-1-58 is composed for the purpose of placing the terms पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीरा: in the prior position in the compound.

Note: As per 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ – In a तत्पुरुष: compound, a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.
This नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) does not prohibit the formation of the compound ‘पूर्वर्षि’ because here the term ‘पूर्व’ means earlier in time and not the direction east. Hence the restriction imposed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 does not apply here.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘पूर्व सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-58 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीराः ends in the nominative case. Hence the adjective ‘पूर्व सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘पूर्व सुँ + ऋषि सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) पूर्व + ऋषि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) पूर्वर्षि । By 6-1-87 आद्‍गुणः – In place of a preceding अवर्ण: letter (‘अ’ or ‘आ’) and a following अच् letter, there is a single substitute of a गुण: letter (‘अ’, ‘ए’, ‘ओ’)। As per 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (‘अ’, ‘इ’, ‘उ’) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a ‘रँ’ (‘र्’, ‘ल्’) letter.

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पूर्वर्षि’ is masculine since the latter member ‘ऋषि’ of the compound is masculine.

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।

(6) पूर्वर्षि + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) पूर्वर्षि + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘जस्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) पूर्वर्षे + अस् । 7-3-109 जसि च – When the affix ‘जस्’ follows, there is a गुण: substitute for the (ending letter of) of an अङ्गम् ending in a short vowel.

(9) पूर्वर्षयस् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः ।

(10) पूर्वर्षयः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In the last five verses of Chapter Six of the गीता can you spot a कर्मधारय: compound which is not prohibited by the नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ because the prior member of the compound is ‘पूर्व’ meaning earlier in time and not the direction east?

2. Which other compound (besides पूर्वर्षयः) used in the verses is a कर्मधारय: compound?

3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देह’ (used as part of the compound दंशभक्षितदेहस्य in the verses)? Hint: The विग्रह-वाक्यम् is ‘दिह्यते’ इति देह:।

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-5 कालाध्वनोरत्यन्तसंयोगे been used in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Among the former residents of this village many were grammarians.” Use the कृत् affix ‘णिनिँ’ (ref.3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये) to construct a उपपद-समास: for ‘resident’ = निवसति तच्छील:। Use this compound to construct a कर्मधारय: compound for ‘former resident.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I’ll go to India in the following month.” Construct a कर्मधारय: compound for ‘following month’ = उत्तरश्चासौ मास:।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-70 ऋद्धनोः स्ये been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the वृद्धि: substitution in the form अद्राक्षम्?

Today we will look at the form सप्तर्षिभिः mIp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.24.34.

त्वं तावदोषधीः सर्वा बीजान्युच्चावचानि च । सप्तर्षिभिः परिवृतः सर्वसत्त्वोपबृंहितः ।। ८-२४-३४ ।।
आरुह्य बृहतीं नावं विचरिष्यस्यविक्लवः । एकार्णवे निरालोके ऋषीणामेव वर्चसा ।। ८-२४-३५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
ओषधीः आदायेति शेषः ।। ३४ ।। ऋषीणामेवालोकेन विचरिष्यसि ।। ३५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Take (with you) in the meanwhile all the herbs and annual plants as well as seeds of all types (both great and small) and, surrounded by the seven seers, and accompanied by all (varieties of) animals, you shall board that commodious vessel and sail about undaunted in that undivided expanse of water devoid of light, guided by the effulgence of the Ṛṣis alone (34-35).

(1) सप्तर्षयः – The seven sages ‘मरीचि’, ‘अत्रि’, ‘अङ्गिरस्’, ‘पुलस्त्य’, ‘पुलह’, ‘क्रतु’, and ‘वसिष्ठ’ by name.
Note: We cannot form a लौकिक-विग्रह: for this compound because सप्तर्षयः is a proper name and a proper name cannot be expressed via a sentence.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) सप्तन् जस् + ऋषि जस् । By 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ – In a तत्पुरुष: compound, a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.
Note: सञ्ज्ञायामेवेति नियमार्थं सूत्रम्‌ – This is a नियम-सूत्रम् – a restriction rule. Compounding is already available by the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌। All this सूत्रम् does is that (if the prior member of the compound denotes either a direction of the compass or a numeral) it allows 2-1-57 to apply only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘सप्तन् जस्’ – which denotes a numeral –  gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘सप्तन् जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘सप्तन् जस् + ऋषि जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) सप्तन् + ऋषि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। Note: ‘सप्तन्’ has the designation पदम् here by the सूत्रम् 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.

(5) सप्त + ऋषि । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) सप्तर्षि । By 6-1-87 आद्गुणः – In place of a preceding अवर्ण: letter (‘अ’ or ‘आ’) and a following अच् letter, there is a single substitute of a गुण: letter (‘अ’, ‘ए’, ‘ओ’)। As per 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (‘अ’, ‘इ’, ‘उ’) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a ‘रँ’ (‘र्’, ‘ल्’) letter.

Note: 8-2-2 नलोपः सुप्स्वरसंज्ञातुग्विधिषु कृति limits the authority of 8-2-1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम् and says that the elision of the letter ‘न्’ (done by 8-2-7) is not visible only to those rules that are in the four categories mentioned below – others do see the elision of the letter ‘न्’।
The four categories are:
1. सुँब्विधौ – rules relating to सुँप् affixes
2. स्वरविधौ – rules relating to accents (in the वेद:)
3. सञ्ज्ञाविधौ – rules that give names or designations
4. कृति तुँग्विधौ – rules that prescribe a तुँक् augment in connection with a कृत्-प्रत्यय:।
The operation (substitution of a गुण: letter) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 6-1-87 does not fall under any of the above categories. Hence the elision of the letter ‘न्’ (done by 8-2-7) is visible to 6-1-87 allowing it to apply.

See question 1.

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सप्तर्षि’ is masculine since the latter member ‘ऋषि’ of the compound is masculine.

The विवक्षा is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्।

(7) सप्तर्षि + भिस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of the affix ‘भिस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) सप्तर्षिभिः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. What would be the optional form of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् if we were to apply the सूत्रम् 6-1-128 ऋत्यकः in step 6?

2. Consider verse 46 of Chapter Eleven of the गीता –
किरीटिनं गदिनं चक्रहस्तमिच्छामि त्वां द्रष्टुमहं तथैव |
तेनैव रूपेण चतुर्भुजेन सहस्रबाहो भव विश्वमूर्ते || 11-46||
Why doesn’t the नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ stop the formation of the compound ‘चतुर्भुज’ which does not denote a proper name? Hint: Is the compound ‘चतुर्भुज’ used in this verse a तत्पुरुष: compound?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) in the form आरुह्य used in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Tell me the names of the seven sages.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Among these five students who is the most intelligent?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धीमत्तम’ for ‘most intelligent.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः been used in the verses?

2. From which प्रातिपदिकम् is the form नावम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) used in the verses derived?

Today we will look at the form दक्षिणपञ्चालान् mAp from महाभारतम् 1.185.1.

वैशम्पायन उवाच
एवमुक्ताः प्रयातास्ते पाण्डवा जनमेजय । राज्ञा दक्षिणपञ्चालान्द्रुपदेनाभिरक्षितान् ।। १-१८५-१ ।।
ततस्ते सुमहात्मानं शुद्धात्मानमकल्मषम् । ददृशुः पाण्डवा वीरा मुनिं द्वैपायनं तदा ।। १-१८५-२ ।।
तस्मै यथावत्सत्कारं कृत्वा तेन च सत्कृताः । कथान्ते चाभ्यनुज्ञाताः प्रययुर्द्रुपदक्षयम् ।। १-१८५-३ ।।
पश्यन्तो रमणीयानि वनानि च सरांसि च । तत्र तत्र वसन्तश्च शनैर्जग्मुर्महारथाः ।। १-१८५-४ ।।

Translation – O Janamejaya, having been thus addressed, the Pāṇḍavas set out towards the Southern Pañcāla territories, which were ruled over by the king Drupada (1). Then those heroic Pāṇḍavas saw the very high-souled, pure-minded and sinless sage Dwaipāyana (2). Duly honoring the sage and in turn being honored by him, when their conversation came to a close, they proceeded with his approval to the residence of Drupada (3). Observing lovely forests and lakes, those great car warriors went slowly, staying at various places along the way (4).

(1) दक्षिणपञ्चाला: – The Southern Pañcāla territories
Note: We cannot form a लौकिक-विग्रह: for this compound because दक्षिणपञ्चाला: is a proper name and a proper name cannot be expressed via a sentence.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) दक्षिण जस् + पञ्चाल जस् । By 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ – In a तत्पुरुष: compound, a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.
Note: सञ्ज्ञायामेवेति नियमार्थं सूत्रम्‌ – This is a नियम-सूत्रम् – a restriction rule. Compounding is already available by the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌। All this सूत्रम् does is that (if the prior member of the compound denotes either a direction of the compass or a numeral) it allows 2-1-57 to apply only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.

See questions 1 and 2.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘दक्षिण जस्’ – which denotes a direction of the compass –  gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘दक्षिण जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘दक्षिण जस् + पञ्चाल जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) दक्षिणपञ्चाल । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दक्षिणपञ्चाल’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पञ्चाल’ of the compound is masculine.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्।

(5) दक्षिणपञ्चाल + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(6) दक्षिणपञ्चाल + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘शस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(7) दक्षिणपञ्चालास् । By 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः – When a अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(8) दक्षिणपञ्चालान् । By 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि – In the masculine gender, when the letter ‘स्’ of the affix ‘शस्’ follows a vowel which has been elongated by 6-1-102 then it is replaced by the letter ‘न्’।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ (used in step 2) the काशिका says – सञ्ज्ञायामिति किम्? उत्तरा वृक्षा:। पञ्च ब्राह्मणा:। Please explain.

2. Why doesn’t the नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ prevent the construction of compounds like पूर्वसूत्रम्, उत्तरमास: etc which do not denote any proper name?

3. Can you spot the कृत् affix ‘खश्’ in the verses?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ‘अनीयर्’ in the form रमणीयानि (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रमणीय’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The residents of the Northern Pañcāla territories were wealthier than the residents of the Southern Pañcāla territories.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आढ्यतर’ for ‘wealthier.’ Use the कृत् affix ‘णिनिँ’ (ref.3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये) to compose a उपपद-समास: for ‘resident’ = निवसति तच्छील:।

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the दीर्घादेश: (elongation) in the form सरांसि (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सरस्’, द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form सर्वयोगिनाम् mGp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.25.2.

न ह्यस्य वर्ष्मणः पुंसां वरिम्णः सर्वयोगिनाम् । विश्रुतौ श्रुतदेवस्य भूरि तृप्यन्ति मेऽसवः ।। ३-२५-२ ।।
यद्यद्विधत्ते भगवान्स्वच्छन्दात्मात्ममायया । तानि मे श्रद्दधानस्य कीर्तन्यान्यनुकीर्तय ।। ३-२५-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
पुंसां मध्ये वर्ष्मणो वृद्धस्योत्तमस्येत्यर्थः । सर्वयोगिनां मध्ये वरिम्णः, वरस्य भावो वरिमा, भवितृप्रधानोऽयं निर्देशः । वरिष्ठस्येत्यर्थः । यद्वा वरीयस्त्वादित्यर्थः । विश्रुतौ कीर्तौ । असव इन्द्रियाणि भूर्यलं न तृप्यन्ति । श्रुतेन श्रवणेन दीव्यति द्योतत इति तथा तस्य । यद्वा भूरि बहुशः श्रुतो देवो येन तस्यापि मेऽसव इति संबन्धः ।। २ ।। स्वानां पुंसां छन्देनेच्छया आत्मा देहो यस्य सः । यद्यत्कर्म विधत्ते तानि कर्माणि कीर्तनार्हाण्यनुकीर्तय ।। ३ ।।

Translation – Although I have often heard the stories of the Lord, my senses are not sated with hearing the glory of Lord Kapila, the best of all men and the foremost of all Yogīs (2). Having assumed by His own Māyā a personality conforming to the will of His devotees, whatever the Lord does is all worth signing. Therefore, kindly narrate all those doings to me, full of reverence as I am (3).

(1) सर्वे च ते योगिनः = सर्वयोगिन: – all Yogīs.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) सर्व जस् + योगिन् जस् । By 2-1-49 पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन – A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which either i) denotes an action which naturally precedes in time or ii) is (composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) ‘एक’/‘सर्व’/’जरत्’/’पुराण’/’नव’/’केवल’ optionally compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘सर्व जस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘सर्व जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘सर्व जस् + योगिन् जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) सर्व + योगिन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= सर्वयोगिन् ।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सर्वयोगिन्’ is masculine since the latter member ‘योगिन्’ of the compound is used in the masculine here.

The विवक्षा is षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्।

(5) सर्वयोगिन् + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘आम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

See question 2.

= सर्वयोगिनाम् ।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन been used in verses 5-10 of Chapter Fourteen of the गीता?

2. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a sixth case affix in the form सर्वयोगिनाम् here?

3. Can you spot the substitution ‘शानच्’ (in place of the affix ‘लँट्’)  in the verses?

4. What type of compound is आत्ममायया (feminine compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आत्ममाया’, तृतीया-एकवचनम्) used in the verses?
i) तृतीया-तत्पुरुष:
ii) कर्मधारय:
iii) षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
iv) अव्ययीभाव:

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-3-97 ऊतियूतिजूतिसातिहेतिकीर्तयश्च been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All the warriors of our army are brave.” Form a compound for ‘all the warriors’ = सर्वे च ते योधा:।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-38 दधस्तथोश्च been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix श्यन् in the verses?