Today we will look at the form मुमोच 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.4.12

शिवाय लोकस्य भवाय भूतये य उत्तमश्लोकपरायणा जनाः ।
जीवन्ति नात्मार्थमसौ पराश्रयं मुमोच निर्विद्य कुतः कलेवरम् ।। १-४-१२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
विरक्तस्य किं धनादिभिरिति चेत्तत्राह – शिवायेति । लोकस्य शिवाय सुखाय भवाय समृद्ध्यै भूतये ऐश्वर्याय च ते जीवन्ति न त्वात्मार्थम् । एवं सत्यसौ राजा निर्विद्य विरज्यापि परेषामाश्रयं कलेवरं कुतो हेतोर्मुमोच । न हि परोपजीवनं स्वयं त्यक्तुमुचितमित्यर्थः ।।

Gita Press translation “Men who are solely devoted to the Lord of excellent fame live, not for their own sake, but only for (promoting) the welfare, affluence and prosperity of the world. Why, then, did he cast off his body, which was the support of other beings, in a spirit of aversion?”

मुमोच is derived from the धातुः √मुच् (तुदादि-गणः, मुचॢँ मोक्षणे (मोचने), धातु-पाठः # ६. १६६)

The ending ऌकार: (which is an इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of “मुचॢँ” has स्वरित-स्वर:। Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √मुच्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √मुच्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √मुच् will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √मुच्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) मुच् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) मुच् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) मुच् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) मुच् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) मुच् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) मुच् मुच् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) मु मुच् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) मुमोच । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः
or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।

Questions:

1. Where has the धातु: √मुच् (तुदादि-गणः, मुचॢँ मोक्षणे (मोचने), धातु-पाठः # ६. १६६) been used for the last time in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the गीता?

2. In which सूत्रम् (which we have studied) does पाणिनि: mention the धातु: √मुच् (तुदादि-गणः, मुचॢँ मोक्षणे (मोचने), धातु-पाठः # ६. १६६)?

3. Can you spot a “झि”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. Can you spot a सुँ-लोप: (लोप: of the सुँ-प्रत्यय:) in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Unable to bear the separation from Sri Rama, Dasaratha gave up (his) body.” Use the adjective “अशक्त” for “unable”, use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “वियोग” for “separation” and use the अव्ययम् “सोढुम्” for “to bear.” Use तृतीया विभक्ति: with Sri Rama.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“For the execution of Ravana, Sri Rama released a sharp arrow, given by the sage Agastya.” Use (चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with) the masculine noun “वध” for “execution”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “शित” for “sharp” and “दत्त” for “given.”

Easy questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does the उकार: in “मुच्” get the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा (required for applying 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च in the last step)?

2. What would be an alternate form for भूतये (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “भूति”, चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form चचार 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.23.32

स चचार महीमेतां संयतात्मेन्द्रियानिलः ।
भिक्षार्थं नगरग्रामानसङ्गोऽलक्षितोऽविशत् ।। ११-२३-३२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
असङ्ग आसक्तिशून्यः । अलक्षितः श्रैष्ठ्यमद्योतयन् ।।

Gita Press translation “With his mind, senses and breath fully controlled he traversed this globe and entered towns and villages (only) for (begging) alms (and that too) incognito and unattached.”

चचार is derived from the धातुः √चर् (भ्वादि-गणः, चरँ गत्यर्थ:, धातु-पाठः #१. ६४०)
In the धातु-पाठः, the चर्-धातुः has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the रेफ:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the चर्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the चर्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So चर्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) चर् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) चर् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) चर् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents the सूत्रम् 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् (which requires a सार्वधातुकम् affix to follow) from applying.

(4) चर् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) चर् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) चर् चर् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) च चर् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) चचार । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

Questions:

1. Where has √चर् (भ्वादि-गणः, चरँ गत्यर्थ:, धातु-पाठः #१. ६४०) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first ten verses of Chapter Three of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “श”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“A Sannyasi should traverse this globe, incognito and unattached.” Use प्रातिपदिकम् “सन्न्यासिन्”।

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Accompanied by Sita and Lakshmana, Sri Rama traversed the Dandaka forest.” Use the neuter (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “दण्डकारण्य” for “Dandaka forest.”

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Sankaracarya traversed India, enlightening the people.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “भारतदेश” for “India” and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रबोधयत्” (ending in the “शतृँ”-प्रत्यय:) for “enlightening.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Hamuman entered Lanka incognito.” Use an adjective from the verse for “incognito (unrecognized)” and use (a लिँट् form) of √विश् (विशँ प्रवेशने ६. १६०) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र” for “to enter.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you recall another (besides 3-4-115 लिट् च used in this example) सूत्रम् (which we have studied) that prescribes the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा?

2. Can you spot a अकारादेश: (letter “अ” used as a substitute) in the verse?

Today we will look at the form बबन्ध 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.4.21

निःक्षत्रियामकृत गां च त्रिःसप्तकृत्वो रामस्तु हैहयकुलाप्ययभार्गवाग्निः ।
सोऽब्धिं बबन्ध दशवक्त्रमहन्सलङ्कं सीतापतिर्जयति लोकमलघ्नकीर्तिः ।। ११-४-२१ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका – हैहयानां कुलस्याप्ययाय भार्गवरूपोऽग्निः । स रामो दाशरथिः सन्सलङ्कं लङ्कायां स्थितम् । स च जयति । वर्तमानकालीनोऽवतार इत्यर्थः ।।

Gita Press translation “Descending as Paraśurāma, the fire born of the Bhārgava race for the destruction of the Haihayas, He swept the Kṣatriyas off the surface of the earth thrice seven times. And (in His descent) as Śrī Rāma (the spouse of Sītā) He bridged the ocean and killed the ten-headed demon (Rāvaṇa) and destroyed (his capital) Lañkā. He is (always) victorious everywhere and His fame destroys the sins of the people.”

बबन्ध is derived from the धातुः √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४)

The अकारः at the end of “बन्धँ” gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This इत् letter has उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus √बन्ध् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √बन्ध् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) बन्ध् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) बन्ध् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) बन्ध् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) बन्ध् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) बन्ध् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) बन्ध् बन्ध् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) ब बन्ध् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) बबन्ध ।

Questions:

1. Where has √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the last five verses of Chapter Four of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a word in the verse wherein the शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?

3. Where has 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः been used in the verse?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the आकारादेश: in the form गाम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “गो”, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lord Vamana bound Bali with the noose of Varuna.” Use the masculine noun “पाश” for “noose.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Directed by Sri Rama, Nala built the bridge.” Use the masculine noun “सेतु” for “bridge” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आदिष्ट” for “directed.” Use √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४) for “to build.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “याट्”-आगम: in the commentary?

2. Where has 6-4-3 नामि been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form शुश्राव 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4.10.22

इति ब्रुवंश्चित्ररथः स्वसारथिं यत्तः परेषां प्रतियोगशङ्कितः ।
शुश्राव शब्दं जलधेरिवेरितं नभस्वतो दिक्षु रजोऽन्वदृश्यत ।। ४-१०-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
इति ब्रुवन्नित्यत्रापि न मायिनामित्यादेरनुषङ्गः । चित्ररथो ध्रुवः । यत्तो यत्नवान् । प्रतियोगः पुनरुद्योगस्तस्माच्छङ्कितः । नभस्वतो वायोर्हेतोः ।

Gita Press translation “Addressing his charioteer as above, Dhruva (who rode in a wonderful chariot) remained on his guard, apprehending renewed opposition from the enemy, when he heard a (loud) noise like the roaring of an ocean, and further beheld in every direction the dust raised by a blast.”

शुश्राव is derived from the धातुः √श्रु (भ्वादि-गणः, श्रु श्रवणे, धातु-पाठः #१. १०९२)

In the धातु-पाठः, the √श्रु-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √श्रु takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √श्रु can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) श्रु + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) श्रु + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) श्रु + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। See question 2.

(4) श्रु + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) श्रु + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) श्रु श्रु + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) शु श्रु + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) शुश्रौ + अ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति – A vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter.

(9) शुश्राव । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. Where has √श्रु (भ्वादि-गणः, श्रु श्रवणे, धातु-पाठः #१. १०९२) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first five verses of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. Why didn’t 3-1-74 श्रुवः शृ च apply after step 3? (Which condition was not satisfied?)

3. In the verse, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in the “क्विन्”-प्रत्यय:?

4. Can you spot a “अट्”-आगम: in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Arjuna listened to Sri Krishna’s advice.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “उपदेश” for “advice.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Hanuman went to Lanka to search for Sita.” Use the अव्ययम् “अन्वेष्टुम्” for “to search for” and use (a लिँट् form of) √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) for “to go.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “सुँट्”-आगम: in the verse?

2. Where has 8-4-63 शश्छोऽटि been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form ममन्थुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.13.12

अराजकभयं नॄणां मन्यमाना महर्षयः ।
देहं ममन्थुः स्म निमेः कुमारः समजायत ।। ९-१३-१२ ।।

[Note: Starting from this post, we will also include the commentary of श्रीधर-स्वामी which will help us in understanding the verses.]

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तदेव मृतादपि निमेर्देहाद्वंशप्रवृत्तिं दर्शयति – अराजकभयमिति।

Gita Press translation “Perceiving the risk of anarchy for the people; the great sages (who officiated as priests at the sacrificial performance of Nimi) churned the body of the king, whence a son was born (to him).”

ममन्थुः is derived from the धातुः √मन्थ् (क्र्यादि-गणः, मन्थँ विलोडने, धातु-पाठः #९. ४७)

The अकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This इत् letter has उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus √मन्थ् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √मन्थ् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) मन्थ् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) मन्थ् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) मन्थ् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) मन्थ् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively. As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire “झि”-प्रत्यय: is replaced. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of the “उस्”-प्रत्यय: from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) मन्थ् मन्थ् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) म मन्थ् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(7) ममन्थुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. Where has 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः (used in step 6 of the example) been used in the last five verses of Chapter Fifteen of the गीता?

2. Where has 7-3-79 ज्ञाजनोर्जा been used in the verse?

3. What would be an alternative form for नॄणाम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “नृ”, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्)?

4. Can you spot a “णिच्”-प्रत्यय: in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The gods along with the demons produced nectar by churning the ocean.” Use the अव्ययम् “सह” for “along with”, use the प्रातिपदिकम् “असुर” in the masculine for “demon”, use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “सुधा” for “nectar” and use (a लिँट् form of) √मन्थ् (क्र्यादि-गणः, मन्थँ विलोडने, धातु-पाठः #९. ४७) for “to produce by churning.” Use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with both “nectar” and “ocean.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Show me that which has not been seen by anyone.” Use the adjective form “दृष्ट” for “seen.” Use the appropriate forms (in the neuter) of the pronouns “यद्” and “तद्”। Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “me.” Use a (causative form) of a verbal root used in the commentary for “to show.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a यकार-लोप: (elision of the letter “य्”) in the verse?

2. Where has 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form जगाम 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.19.7

निशम्य तद्वधं भ्राता हिरण्यकशिपुः पुरा ।
हन्तुं भ्रातृहणं क्रुद्धो जगाम निलयं हरेः ।। ८-१९-७ ।।

Gita Press translation “Hearing of his death, his (elder) brother, Hiraṇyakaśipu (Prahrāda’s father), full of rage, went of yore to the abode of Hari in order to kill the slayer of his brother.”

जगाम is derived from the धातुः √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७)।

In the धातु-पाठः, the धातुः √गम् has one इत् letter – the ऌकार: following the मकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the धातुः √गम् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the गम्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So गम्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) गम् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) गम् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) गम् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) गम् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) गम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) गम् गम् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) ग गम् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) ज गम् + अ । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(9) जगाम । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

Questions:

1. In the last five verses of Chapter Fourteen of the गीता, where has 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः (used in the last step of this example) been used?

2. The अनुवृत्ति: of “अनद्यतने” comes in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिट् (used in step one of the example) from a सूत्रम् which we have studied. Which one is it?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the णत्वम् in भ्रातृहणम्?

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The sage Viswamitra came to Ayodhya to see Dasaratha.” Use the अव्ययम् “द्रष्टुम्” for “to see” and (a लिँट् form) of √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) with the उपसर्ग: “आङ्” (ending ङकार: is an इत्) for “to come.”

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Hearing (having heard) Kaikeyi’s words, Dasaratha became angry.” Use the अव्ययम् “श्रुत्वा” for “having heard” and (a लिँट् form) of √क्रुध् (क्रुधँ क्रोधे (कोपे) ४. ८६) for “to become angry.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“On account of Sri Krishna’s advice, Arjuna’s delusion vanished.” Use तृतीया विभक्ति: (to express the meaning of “on account of”) with the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “उपदेश” for “advice.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “मोह” for “delusion” and use (a लिँट् form) of √नश् (णशँ अदर्शने ४. ९१) for “to vanish.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “अनँङ्”-आदेश: in the verse?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-114 हशि च been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form पपात 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.11.43

गृहीत्वापरपादाभ्यां सहलाङ्गूलमच्युतः ।
भ्रामयित्वा कपित्थाग्रे प्राहिणोद्गतजीवितम् ।
स कपित्थैर्महाकायः पात्यमानैः पपात ह ।। १०-११-४३ ।।

Gita Press translation “Seizing him by his hind legs, tail and all, and revolving him, the immortal Lord (Śrī Kṛṣṇa) threw him lifeless against the top of a Kapittha tree. Along with the Kapittha fruits that were being made to drop (by the dead weight of his body), the demon too (who had while dying involuntarily given up his disguise and appeared in his own demoniac form) fell down.”

पपात is derived from the धातुः √पत् (भ्वादि-गणः, पतॢँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः #१.९७९)

In the धातु-पाठः, the पत्-धातुः has one इत् letter – the ऌकार: following the तकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the पत्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the पत्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So पत्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) पत् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) पत् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पत् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। See question 3.

(4) पत् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) पत् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) पत् पत् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) प पत् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) पपात । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

Questions:

1. Where has √पत् (भ्वादि-गणः, पतॢँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः #१.९७९) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Sixteen of the गीता?

2. What would have been the final form in this example if लँङ् has been used (instead of लिँट्)?

3. In step 3, the तिप्-प्रत्यय: gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-115 लिट् च। Now the question is – why cannot the तिप्-प्रत्यय: also get the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्? (That is – why don’t the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा and सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा co-exist here?) Note: 3-4-113 and 3-4-115 do not belong to the अधिकार: of 1-4-1 आ कडारादेका संज्ञा।
The answer to this question is given in the तत्त्वबोधिनी commentary as follows:
“लङः शाकटायनस्यैव” इति सूत्रादेवकारोऽनुवर्तते। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the णत्वम् in प्राहिणोत्? (We have seen this सूत्रम् in a prior post.)

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Struck by Indra’s thunderbolt, Sri Hamuman fell on the ground.” Use the masculine/neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “वज्र” for “thunderbolt” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “ताडित” for “struck.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Along with Sita and Lakshmana, Sri Rama went to the forest.” Use (a लिँट् form of) √गम् (गमॢँ – गतौ १. ११३७) for “to go.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-3-102 सुपि च been used in the verse?

2. Can you spot a “भिस्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

Today we will look at the form जग्राह 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.16.5

कस्य हेतोर्निजग्राह कलिं दिग्विजये नृपः ।
नृदेवचिह्नधृक् शूद्र: कोऽसौ गां यः पदाहनत् ।
तत्कथ्यतां महाभाग यदि कृष्णकथाश्रयम् ।। १-१६-५ ।।

Gita Press translation “Why did the king (merely) subdue the spirit of the Kali age in the course of his conquest (instead of killing him outright and thus ridding humanity of his evil influence, once for all)? For though disguised as a prince, he was after all a vile Śūdra, who took into his head to strike a cow and a bull with his foot. Therefore, O blessed one, tell me all that, if it is connected with the story of Śrī Kṛṣṇa.”

जग्राह is derived from the धातुः √ग्रह् (क्र्यादि-गणः, ग्रहँ उपादाने, धातु-पाठः # ९.७१)

The अकारः at the end of “ग्रहँ” gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This इत् letter has स्वरित-स्वरः and hence this धातु: is उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) ग्रह् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) ग्रह् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) ग्रह् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: This prevents 3-1-81 क्र्यादिभ्यः श्ना (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) ग्रह् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) ग्रह् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) ग्रह् ग्रह् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) ग ग्रह् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) ज ग्रह् + अ । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(9) जग्राह । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

Questions:

1. Where has √ग्रह् (क्र्यादि-गणः, ग्रहँ उपादाने, धातु-पाठः # ९.७१) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Nine of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the word अहनत् used in the verse, the commentator says अहनत् = अहन्। शपो लुगभावश्छान्दस:। What does this mean?

3. Commenting on the word पदा, the commentator says पदा = पादेन। Which सूत्रम् is used to get the alternate form पदा for पादेन? (We have not discussed this सूत्रम् in the class, but we’ve seen it in a prior post. It is in the first quarter of Chapter Six of the अष्टाध्यायी।)

4. Where has 6-4-51 णेरनिटि been used in the verse?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the आकारादेश: in the form गाम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “गो”, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Why did Sri Rama subdue the ocean?”

Easy questions:

1. Instead of नृदेवचिह्नधृक् शूद्र:, some editions have the text as नृदेवचिह्नधृक् छूद्र:। Which सूत्रम् allows for these two optional forms?

2. Where has 7-2-107 अदस औ सुलोपश्च been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form जगाद 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.85.20

सूतीगृहे ननु जगाद भवानजो नौ सञ्जज्ञ इत्यनुयुगं निजधर्मगुप्त्यै ।
नानातनूर्गगनवद्विदधज्जहासि को वेद भूम्न उरुगाय विभूतिमायाम् ।। १०-८५-२० ।।

Gita Press translation “O Lord, in the lying-in-chamber You said that, though unborn, You had, as a matter of fact, been manifesting Yourself through us in different pairs each time for defending Your own laws. Like the sky, You assume diverse forms and cast them off, even though You are one and infinite. Who can know the secret of Your wonderful potency – Yogamāyā? All people extensively sing Your glories.”

जगाद is derived from the धातुः √गद् (गदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ५४)

In the धातु-पाठः, the √गद्-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the दकार:। This इत् letter has उदात्त-स्वरः। Hence, the √गद्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √गद्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोगः, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √गद्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोगः।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) गद् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) गद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) गद् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) गद् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) गद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) गद् गद् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) ग गद् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) ज गद् + अ । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(9) जगाद । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

Questions:

1. In the last ten verses of Chapter Nine of the गीता, where has 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः (used in step 8 of the example) been used?

2. Where else (besides in जगाद) has 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः been used in the verse?

3. Why is there no “नुँम्”-आगम: (by 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः) in the form विदधत् (प्रातिपदिकम् “विदधत्”, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

4. Can you spot a “णल्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Krishna said to Arjuna that ‘You should not lament.'” Use the अव्ययम् “इति” as an end-quote. Take the translation of ‘You should not lament’ directly from Chapter Two of the गीता।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Pierced by Sri Rama’s arrow, Ravana fell on the ground.” Use the adjective “विद्ध” for “pierced” and (a लिँट् form) of √पत् (पतॢँ गतौ १. ९७९) for “to fall.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-4-134 अल्लोपोऽनः been used in the verse?

2. In the verse, can you spot a word which is a (short) alternate form for आवाम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्”, द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form बभूव 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.75.39

स व्रीडितोऽवाग्वदनो रुषा ज्वलन्निष्क्रम्य तूष्णीं प्रययौ गजाह्वयम् ।
हाहेति शब्दः सुमहानभूत्सतामजातशत्रुर्विमना इवाभवत् ।
बभूव तूष्णीं भगवान्भुवो भरं समुज्जिहीर्षुर्भ्रमति स्म यद्दृशा ।। १०-७५-३९ ।।

Gita Press translation “Duryodhana was abashed at this discomfiture. Burning with rage, and with his face cast down, he silently left the Hall and immediately departed for Hastināpura. The incident raised a cry of dismay from all good people and Yudhiṣṭhira felt perturbed over it as it were. Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa, however, kept quiet over the incident, intent as He was upon relieving the burden of the earth. In fact, it was His enchanting look which threw Duryodhana into confusion and brought about the incident.”

बभूव is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)

In the धातु-पाठः, the भू-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the भू-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, takes the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So भू-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) भू + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भू + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। See easy question 2.

(4) भू + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively. See question 2.

(5) भू + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) भू वुक् + अ । By 6-4-88 भुवो वुग्लुङ्लिटोः , “भू” gets the augment “वुक्” when a vowel-beginning affix of लुँङ् or लिँट् follows. See question 3.

(7) भू व् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The उकार: in “वुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)

(8) भूव् भूव् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(9) भू भूव् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(10) भु भूव् + अ । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(11) भ भूव् + अ । By 7-4-73 भवतेरः, अकारः is substituted for the उकारः of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) of the verbal root √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) when लिँट् follows.

(12) बभूव । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. Where has बभूव been used in the गीता?

2. Why did the “णल्”-आदेश: replace the entire प्रत्यय: “तिप्” in step 4? (Why didn’t 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य apply?)

3. Why didn’t 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति apply (instead of 6-4-88 भुवो वुग्लुङ्लिटोः) in step 6?

4. Where has √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १) been used with the लँङ्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

5. Consider the form भ्रमति used in the verse. The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्। What would be an alternate form?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There was a king by name Dasaratha.” Use the अव्ययम् “नाम” for “by name.”

Easy questions:

1. In the verse, can you spot a word in which the सूत्रम् 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियङुवङौ has been used?

2. Why didn’t 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ apply after step 3 of the example? (Which condition was not satisfied?)