Today we will look at the form छिन्नम् mAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.50.18.

तव राम यदि श्रद्धा युध्यस्व धैर्यमुद्वह । हित्वा वा मच्छरैश्छिन्नं देहं स्वर्याहि मां जहि ।। १०-५०-१९ ।।
श्रीभगवानुवाच
न वै शूरा विकत्थन्ते दर्शयन्त्येव पौरुषम् । न गृह्णीमो वचो राजन्नातुरस्य मुमूर्षतः ।। १०-५०-२० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अच्छेद्यदेहोऽसाविति स्वयमेव मत्वाऽपरितोषात्पक्षान्तरमाह – यद्वा मां जहीति ।। १९ ।। यथाश्रुतार्थग्रहणेन भगवत उत्तरम् – न शूरा इति । विकत्थन्ते श्लाघन्ते ।। २० ।।

Gita Press translation – If there is an itching in you (for a combat), O Balarāma, offer battle to me and have patience (to see the result.) Casting off your body torn with my shafts, (either) ascend to heaven or slay me (if you can.) (19) The glorious Lord replied : The valiant never brag; they only exhibit their manliness. We do not (however) take your words to heart, O king, full of grief as you are (over the death of your son-in-law, Kaṁsa) and about to die (20).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “छिन्न” is derived from the verbal root √छिद् (छिदिँर् द्वैधीकरणे ७. ३). The “इर्” at the end of the verbal root gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by the वार्तिकम् “इर इत्सञ्ज्ञा वाच्या” and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(1) छिद् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि (to denote the object) here as per 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation “कृत्य”, the affix “क्त” and the affixes that have the sense of “खल्” (ref: 3-3-126) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।

(2) छिद् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च from applying.

(3) छिन् + न । By 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः – A नकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows a रेफ: or a दकार: and also in place of a दकार: which immediately precedes a निष्ठा affix.

Thus there are two cases:
(i) The तकार: of a निष्ठा affix is immediately following a रेफ:। In this case the तकार: is replaced by a नकार:।
(ii) The तकार: of a निष्ठा affix is immediately following a दकार:। In this case the तकार: (of the निष्ठा affix) as well as the दकार: (of the धातु:) is replaced by a नकार:।

“छिन्न” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे/नपुंसकलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(4) छिन्न + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “अम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । Note: नपुंसकलिङ्गे we have to also apply 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement.

(5) छिन्नम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘छिन्न’ been used (as part of a compound) in Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. Up to which सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी does the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘निष्ठातो नः’ run from 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः (used in step 3)?

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इह रदाभ्यामित्यनेन तकारो विशेष्यते, न निष्ठा, तेन चरितमुदितमित्यत्र न, तकारस्येटा व्यवहितत्वात्। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ईकारादेश: in the form गृह्णीम:?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“By reading the Geeta all my doubts have been removed (cut.)” Paraphrase to “By reading of the Geeta all my doubts have been removed (cut.)” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पठन’ for ‘reading.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I wonder who cut this tree.” Paraphrase to “I wonder by whom this tree was cut.” Use the अव्ययम् ‘नु’ to express the meaning ‘I wonder.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-91 सवाभ्यां वामौ been used in the verses?

2. In the verses, can you spot a word in which the affix ‘हि’ has been elided?

Today we will look at the form ज्ञातः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.9.36.

ऋषिमाद्यं न बध्नाति पापीयांस्त्वां रजोगुणः । यन्मनो मयि निर्बद्धं प्रजाः संसृजतोऽपि ते ।। ३-९-३५ ।।
ज्ञातोऽहं भवता त्वद्य दुर्विज्ञेयोऽपि देहिनाम् । यन्मां त्वं मन्यसेऽयुक्तं भूतेन्द्रियगुणात्मभिः ।। ३-९-३६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अनुग्रहमेवाह – ऋषिमिति चतुर्भिः । यत् यतस्ते मनो मयि निर्बद्धम् ।। ३५ ।। यद्यस्माद्भूतैरिन्द्रियैर्गुणैः सत्त्वादिभिरात्मनाऽहंकारेण चायुक्तं मन्यसे ।। ३६ ।।

Gita Press translation – The wicked Rajoguṇa (the principle of activity) will not bind you, the first seer, since your mind will remain attached to Me even while you are occupied with the work of evolving the creation (35). Today you have come to know Me, even though living beings find it difficult to know Me; for you regard Me as free from the five elements, the Indriyas, the Guṇas and the inner sense (36).

Note: The translation has been done in the active voice – “Today you have come to know Me.” The literal translation would be “Today I have come to be known by you.”

“ज्ञात” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √ज्ञा (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३).

(1) ज्ञा + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि (to denote the object) here as per 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation “कृत्य”, the affix “क्त” and the affixes that have the sense of “खल्” (ref: 3-3-126) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।

(2) ज्ञा + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

“ज्ञात” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(3) ज्ञात + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(4) ज्ञात + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) ज्ञातः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In the last verse of which Chapter of the गीता has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ज्ञात’ been used?

2. Can you recall three सूत्राणि (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the verbal root √ज्ञा (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३)?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-99 उपसर्गे च संज्ञायाम् been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the नकार-लोप: in the form ‘बद्ध’?

5. Which कृत्य-प्रत्यय: is used to form the प्रतिपदिकम् ‘ज्ञेय’?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“No one knew this secret.” Paraphrase to “This secret was not known by anyone.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रहस्य’ (in the neuter) for ‘secret.’

Easy Questions:

1. Can you spot the affix ‘श्यन्’ in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form गृहीतः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.3.12.

तं शम्बरः कामरूपी हृत्वा तोकमनिर्दशम् । स विदित्वात्मनः शत्रुं प्रास्योदन्वत्यगाद्गृहम् ।। १०-५५-३ ।।
तं निर्जगार बलवान्मीनः सोऽप्यपरैः सह । वृतो जालेन महता गृहीतो मत्स्यजीविभिः ।। १०-५५-४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
स प्रसिद्धः कामशत्रुः शम्बरस्तमात्मनः शत्रुं विदित्वा हृत्वा समुद्रे प्रास्य प्रक्षिप्य गृहमगादिति ।। ३ ।। निर्जगार गिलितवान् ।। ४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Coming to know Pradyumna to be his (future) enemy, the demon Śambara, who could assume any form at will, carried off the babe (from the lying-in-chamber) while it was not yet ten days old and, casting it into the sea, went home (3). A mighty fish swallowed it and the former too was alongwith others enmeshed in a huge net by fishermen (4).

“गृहीत” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१ ).

(1) ग्रह् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि (to denote the object) here as per 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation “कृत्य”, the affix “क्त” and the affixes that have the sense of “खल्” (ref: 3-3-126) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।

(2) ग्रह् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। This allows 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च to apply in the next step.

(3) ग् ऋ अ ह् + त । By 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च – The verbal roots √ग्रह (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१), √ज्या (ज्या वयोहानौ ९. ३४), √वय् (वयँ गतौ १. ५४७), √व्यध् (व्यधँ ताडने ४. ७८), √वश् (वशँ कान्तौ २. ७५), √व्यच् (व्यचँ व्याजीकरणे ६. १३), √व्रश्च् (ओँव्रश्चूँ छेदने ६. १२), √प्रच्छ् (प्रच्छँ ज्ञीप्सायाम् ६.१४९) and √भ्रस्ज् (भ्रस्जँ पाके ६. ४) take सम्प्रसारणम् (ref. 1-1-45) when followed by an affix which is a कित् or a ङित्।

(4) गृह् + त । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च – When a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a अच् (vowel), there is a single replacement (in place of both the सम्प्रसारणम् and the following अच्) of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्)।

(5) गृह् + इट् त । By 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः, an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः gets the augment “इट्”। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “इट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।

(6) गृह् + इ त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) गृह् + ई त । By 7-2-37 ग्रहोऽलिटि दीर्घः – When prescribed after the monosyllabic verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१), the augment “इट्” gets elongated, but not if the affix लिँट् follows.

“गृहीत” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(8) गृहीत + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(9) गृहीत + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(10) गृहीतः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गृहीत’ been used (as part of a compound) in Chapter Two of the गीता?

2. Why doesn’t the affix ‘क्त’ take the augment ‘इट्’ in the form ‘वृत’?

3. Can you spot an affix ‘क’ in the verses?

4. From which verbal root is the form अगात् derived?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the जकारादेश: in the form निर्जगार?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Śrī Hanumān saw Sītā surrounded by ogresses.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the उपधा-दीर्घ: (elongation of the penultimate letter) in the from कामरूपी (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कामरूपिन्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-137 न संयोगाद्वमन्तात्‌ been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form ईप्सितम् nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.3.12.

ग्रहं ग्रहीष्ये सोमस्य यज्ञे वामप्यसोमपोः । क्रियतां मे वयो रूपं प्रमदानां यदीप्सितम् ।। ९-३-१२ ।।
बाढमित्यूचतुर्विप्रमभिनन्द्य भिषक्तमौ । निमज्जतां भवानस्मिन्ह्रदे सिद्धविनिर्मिते ।। ९-३-१३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
असोमपोः सोमपानरहितयोरपि वां युवयोः सोमस्य ग्रहं सोमपूर्णं पात्रं ग्रहीष्ये दास्यामीति । युवां सोमेन यक्ष्य इत्यर्थः । ‘ऐन्द्रवायवं गृह्णाति’ इत्यादिषु द्रव्यदेवतासंबन्धानुपपत्त्या गृह्णातेर्यागपर्यवसायित्वात् ।। १२ ।। बाढमित्यभिनन्द्य भवानस्मिन्निमज्जतामित्यूचतुः ।। १३ ।।

Gita Press translation – “I shall bear you both a cup of that juice, even though (I know) you are not entitled to a potation of the Soma juice in a sacrifice. Be pleased (therefore) to make my age and exterior such as may be coveted by young women.” (12) Gladly accepting his prayer with the word “Amen” the two foremost physicians (of the gods) said to the Brāhmaṇa (the sage Cyavana) “Plunge you into this pool created by the Siddhas.”(13)

“ईप्सित” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from desiderative form of the verbal root √आप् (आपॢँ व्याप्तौ ५. १६).

The सन्नन्त-धातुः “ईप्स” is derived as follows:

(1) आप् + सन् । As per 3-1-7 धातोः कर्मणः समानकर्तृकादिच्छायां वा – In order to express wish/desire, the affix सन् is optionally prescribed after a verbal root which underlies the object of and shares the same agent with the verbal root √इष् (इषुँ इच्छायाम् ६. ७८).

(2) आप् + स । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ stops 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(3) ईप् + स । By 7-4-55 आप्ज्ञप्यृधामीत्‌ – “ई” is substituted for the root-vowel of the following verbal roots when followed by the affix सन् beginning with a सकारः (i.e. no augment “इट्”) –
i) √आप् (आपॢँ व्याप्तौ ५. १६)
ii) √ज्ञप् (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३ (in the causative) , ज्ञपँ ज्ञानज्ञापनमारणतोषणनिशाननिशामनेषु मिच्च १०. ११८)
iii) √ऋध् (ऋधुँ वृद्धौ ४. १६०, ऋधुँ वृद्धौ ५. २७).

(4) ई प्स प्स । By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a verbal root ending in the affix “सन्”/”यङ्” which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(5) ईप्स । By 7-4-58 अत्र लोपोऽभ्यासस्य – The reduplicate (अभ्यासः) is elided under the circumstances mentioned in the foregoing सूत्राणि 7-4-54 सनि मीमाघुरभलभशकपतपदामच इस् to 7-4-57 मुचोऽकर्मकस्य गुणो वा।

“ईप्स” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

Now, we derive the कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् “ईप्सित” as follows:

(6) ईप्स + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि (to denote the object) here as per 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation “कृत्य”, the affix “क्त” and the affixes that have the sense of “खल्” (ref: 3-3-126) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।

(7) ईप्स + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) ईप्स + इट् त । By 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः, an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः gets the augment “इट्”। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “इट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।

(9) ईप्स + इ त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(10) ईप्स् + इ त । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः – When an आर्धधातुकम् affix follows, the अकारः at the end of a अङ्गम् is elided if the अङ्गम् ends in a अकार: at the time when the आर्धधातुकम् affix is prescribed.

“ईप्सित” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(11) ईप्सित + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(12) ईप्सित + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(13) ईप्सितम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. From which verbal root is the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गीत’ (feminine ‘गीता’) derived?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः (used in step 6), the काशिका says – एवकारः कर्तुरपकर्षणार्थः। Please explain.

3. Can you spot a सम्प्रसारणम् in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the दीर्घादेश: in the form ग्रहीष्ये?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-28 रिङ् शयग्लिङ्क्षु been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I will give you what you want.” Paraphrase to “I will give you that which is desired to be obtained by you.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with the first ‘you’ (in ‘give you.’)

Easy Questions:

1. In which word in the verses has the सूत्रम् 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used?

2. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘युष्मद्’ been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form गतः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.5.5.

एकदासुरराट्पुत्रमङ्कमारोप्य पाण्डव । पप्रच्छ कथ्यतां वत्स मन्यते साधु यद्भवान् ।। ७-५-४ ।।
श्रीप्रह्लाद उवाच
तत्साधु मन्येऽसुरवर्य देहिनां सदा समुद्विग्नधियामसद्ग्रहात् । हित्वात्मपातं गृहमन्धकूपं वनं गतो यद्धरिमाश्रयेत ।। ७-५-५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
हे असुरवर्य, असद्ग्रहादहंममेति मिथाभिनिवेशाद्धेतोः सम्यगुद्विग्ना विषण्णा धीर्येषां ते । वनं गतः सन्हरिमाश्रयेतेति यत्तदेवाहं साधु मन्ये । कथंभूतं गृहम् । आत्मपातमात्मनोऽधःपातनिमित्तम् । कुतः । अन्धकूपवन्मोहावहम् ।। ५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Placing his son (Prahrāda) on his lap, one day, Hiraṇyakaśipu (the ruler of the Asuras,) O Yudhiṣṭhira (son of Pāṇḍu,) addressed him :- “Tell me, my child, what you regard as good (for you.)” (4) Prahrāda replied : For (all) embodied souls whose mind is ever disturbed with the false ideas of ‘I’ and ‘mine’, I hold this to be good, O chief of demons, that having abandoned one’s home, which degrades one’s soul, and is just like well whose mouth is hidden, one should go to the woods and take refuge in Śrī Hari.

“गत” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) .

(1) गम् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix “क्त” may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Note: The verbal roots listed in (iii) are intransitive. But when used with a उपसर्ग: they may become transitive. In that case they would not be covered by (ii). This is the reason for listing them separately in (iii).

(2) गम् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। This allows 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति to apply in the next step. Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(3) ग + त । By 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति – There is an elision of the final nasal consonant of the verbal root √वन् (वनँ शब्दे १. ५३३, वनँ सम्भक्तौ १. ५३४, वनुँ च नोच्यते १. ९१५) and of the verbal roots* which have अनुदात्त-स्वरः in the धातु-पाठः as well as of the verbal roots belonging to the तनादि-गणः – when followed by a झलादि-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित्।

Note: * सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी – “यमिरमिनमिगमिहनिमन्यतयोऽनुदात्तोपदेशाः।” The following six roots end in a nasal consonant and have a अनुदात्त-स्वरः in the धातु-पाठः।
√यम् (यमँ उपरमे १. ११३९), √रम् (रमुँ क्रीडायाम् | रमँ इति माधवः १. ९८९), √नम् (णमँ प्रह्वत्वे शब्दे च १. ११३६), √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७), √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) and √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३)।

“गत” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) गत + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) गत + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) गतः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the affix ‘क्त’ been used in the very first verse of the गीता?

2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Śrī Rama went to the forest.” Use the affix ‘क्त’ कर्तरि (in the in the sense of the agent.)

3. Translate the same sentence (given in #2) – this time use the affix ‘क्त’ कर्मणि (in the sense of the object.) Paraphrase the sentence to “The forest was gone to by Śrī Rama.”

4. Translate the same sentence (given in #2) – this time use the affix ‘क्तवतुँ’।

5. Translate the same sentence (given in #2) – this time use लिँट्।

6. Translate the same sentence (given in #2) – this time use लँट् with ‘स्म’ (ref. 3-2-118 लट् स्मे)।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-4-62 झयो होऽन्यतरस्याम् been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘श्यन्’ in the verses?

Today we will look at the form आत्मजः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.23.33.

दशलक्षसहस्राणि पुत्राणां तास्वजीजनत् । तेषां तु षट्प्रधानानां पृथुश्रवस आत्मजः ।। ९-२३-३३ ।।
धर्मो नामोशना तस्य हयमेधशतस्य याट् । तत्सुतो रुचकस्तस्य पञ्चासन्नात्मजाः शृणु ।। ९-२३-३४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पृथुश्रवाः पृथुकीर्तिः पृथुयशा इत्यादयः षट् प्रधानाः श्रेष्ठा येषां तेषां मध्ये ।। ३३ ।। पञ्च आत्मजा आसंस्तान् शृणु ।। ३४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Through his ten thousand wives that exceedingly renowned emperor begot a thousand million sons (a lakh through each). Of those (thousand million) sons, of whom six (viz., Pṛthuśravā and others) were the foremost. The son of Pṛthuśravā was Dharma by name, whose son was Uśanā, who performed a hundred horse-sacrifices. His son was Rucaka, who had five sons. (Please) hear of them (33-34).

आत्मनो जातः = आत्मजः (पुत्रः)।

“ज” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “आत्मज” is derived as follows:

(1) आत्मन् + ङसिँ + जन् + ड । By the 3-2-98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ – When in composition with a पदम् which ends in the fifth (ablative) case, the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) may take the the affix “ड” provided the verbal root is used to denote an action in the past tense and the उपपदम् does not denote a class/genus.
Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-98, the term पञ्चम्याम् ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

(2) आत्मन् + ङसिँ + जन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) आत्मन् + ङसिँ + ज् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion (ref: 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि) takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has the letter ‘ड्’ as an indicatory letter. Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having the letter ‘ड्’ as a इत् in the affix ‘ड’। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।

= आत्मन् + ङसिँ + ज ।

Now we form a compound between “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “आत्मन् + ङसिँ”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“आत्मन् + ङसिँ + ज” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) आत्मन् + ज । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। ‘आत्मन्’ now has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य to apply in the next step.

(5) आत्मज । By 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) आत्मज + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) आत्मज + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) आत्मजः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In Chapter Four of the गीता can you spot a उपपद-समास: in which 3-2-98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ as well as 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य has been used (as in this example)?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ, the काशिका says अजाताविति किम्? हस्तिनो जातः। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘शृ’ in the form शृणु?

4. Can you spot an affix चङ् in the verses?

5. In which word in the verses has लँङ् been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There were many mind-born sons of (Lord) Brahmā.” Use a उपपद-समास: for ‘mind-born’ (मनसो जात:) as well as ‘son.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-52 आमि सर्वनाम्नः सुट् been used in the verses?

2. From which प्रातिपदिकम् is उशना (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) derived?
(i) ‘उशना’ (ii) ‘उशन’ (iii) ‘उशनस्’ (iv) ‘उशनन्’

Today we will look at the form अब्जम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.23.22.

यमुनोपवनेऽशोकनवपल्लवमण्डिते । विचरन्तं वृतं गोपैः साग्रजं ददृशुः स्त्रियः ।। १०-२३-२१ ।।
श्यामं हिरण्यपरिधिं वनमाल्यबर्हधातुप्रवालनटवेषमनुव्रतांसे । विन्यस्तहस्तमितरेण धुनानमब्जं कर्णोत्पलालककपोलमुखाब्जहासम् ।। १०-२३-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तथागताः सत्यो ददृशुः ।। २१ ।। हिरण्यवत्परिधिः परिधानं यस्य तं पीताम्बरमित्यर्थः । वनमाल्यैर्बर्हैर्धातुभिः प्रवालैश्च नटवद्वेषो यस्य तम् । अनुव्रतस्य सख्युरंसे विन्यस्तो निहितो हस्तो येन तम् । इतरेण हस्तेन लीलयाऽब्जं धुनानं भ्रामयन्तम् । कर्णयोरुत्पले यस्य, अलकाः कपोलयोर्यस्य मुखाब्जे हासो यस्य तं च तं च तं च ।। २२ ।।

Gita Press translation – The ladies (presently) beheld Śrī Kṛṣṇa sauntering in a grove on the bank of the Yamunā – beautified by fresh leaves of Aśoka trees – surrounded by (other) cowherd boys and accompanied by His elder brother (21). Dark-brown of hue He had about his loins a golden piece of silk; adorned with a garland of sylvan flowers, peacock feathers and tender leaves and painted with minerals, He presented the appearance of an actor (on the stage); He rested one hand on the shoulder of a devoted companion and was swinging a lotus with the other; He wore a pair of water-lilies on His ears and a smile on His lotus-face, His curly locks hanging on His cheeks (22).

अप्सु जातमिति अब्जम् ।

“ज” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “अब्ज” is derived as follows:

(1) अप् + सुप् + जन् + ड । By the 3-2-97 सप्तम्यां जनेर्डः – When in composition with a पदम् which ends in the seventh (locative) case, the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) may take the the affix “ड” provided the verbal root is used to denote an action in the past tense.
Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-97, the term सप्तम्याम् ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “अप् + सुप्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

(2) अप् + सुप् + जन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) अप् + सुप् + ज् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter. Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having डकार: as a इत् in “ड”। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।

= अप् + सुप् + ज ।

Now we form a compound between “अप् + सुप्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “अप् + सुप्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “अप् + सुप्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “अप् + सुप्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“अप् + सुप् + ज” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) अप् + ज । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। ‘अप्’ now has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते to apply in the next step.

(5) अब्ज । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते – When a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(6) अब्ज + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) अब्ज + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “अम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । Note: 7-1-24 अतोऽम् is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.

(8) अब्जम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. In which verse has the affix ‘ड’ been used with the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) for the last time in the गीता?

2. In which other प्रातिपदिकम् (used as part of a compound) in the verses has the सूत्रम् 3-2-97 सप्तम्यां जनेर्डः been used?

3. Can you spot an affix ‘क’ in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ‘उस्’ substitution in the word ददृशुः?

5. Can you recall a गण-सूत्रम् (which we have studied) which specifically mentions the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My elder brother has three sons.” Use a उपपद-समास: for ‘elder brother’ (अग्रे जात:) as well as for ‘son’ (आत्मनो जात:)।

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ‘इयँङ्’ substitution in the word स्त्रियः?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-112 ख्यत्यात्‌ परस्य been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form बालघातिनी fNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.6.2

कंसेन प्रहिता घोरा पूतना बालघातिनी । शिशूंश्चचार निघ्नन्ती पुरग्रामव्रजादिषु ।। १०-६-२ ।।
न यत्र श्रवणादीनि रक्षोघ्नानि स्वकर्मसु । कुर्वन्ति सात्वतां भर्तुर्यातुधान्यश्च तत्र हि ।। १०-६-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
कृष्णविषये शङ्कमानं राजानं प्रत्यविषये प्रवृत्ता सैव मरिष्यतीति सूचयन्नाह – न यत्रेति । यत्र श्रीकृष्णस्य श्रवणादीनि न सन्ति तत्रैव तासां शक्तिः, साक्षात्तस्मिन्नेव सति का शङ्केति भावः ।। ३ ।।

Gita Press translation – Despatched by Kaṁsa, the terrible demoness Pūtanā, who was given to (the practice of) killing infants, moved about in towns, villages, cowherdstations etc., killing infants (wherever she went) (2). Ogresses and others find their way only there where people, though devoted to their duties, do not practice the hearing etc., of the names and stories of Lord Viṣṇu (the Protector of devotees,) capable of exterminating the ogres (3).

बालान् हन्ति तच्छीला = बालघातिनी।

“घातिन्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. २).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “बालघातिनी” is derived as follows:

(1) बाल + आम् + हन् + णिनिँ । By the 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये – When in composition with a सुबन्तं पदम् (a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix) which does not denote a class/genus, a verbal root may take the affix “णिनिँ” to express the meaning of a habitual/natural action.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-78, the term सुपि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “बाल + आम्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “आम्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) बाल + आम् + हन् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) बाल + आम् + घन् + इन् । By 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु – The हकारः of √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) gets replaced by a letter of the कवर्ग: when followed by an affix with ञकारः or णकारः as an इत् , or when followed (immediately) by a नकारः।

(4) बाल + आम् + घत् + इन् । By 7-3-32 हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः – The ending letter (नकार:) of the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) is replaced by a तकार:, when followed by a प्रत्यय: (other than “चिण्” or “णल्”) which is either ञित् or णित्।

(5) बाल + आम् + घात् + इन् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is either ञित् or णित्।

We form a compound between “बाल आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “घातिन्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “बाल आम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “घातिन्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “बाल आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “बाल आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“बाल आम् + घातिन्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) बाल + घातिन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= बालघातिन् ।

Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “बालघातिनी”।

(7) बालघातिन् + ङीप् । By 4-1-5 ऋन्नेभ्यो ङीप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि that end in a ऋकारः or नकारः get the ङीप् affix in the feminine gender.

(8) बालघातिनी । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(9) बालघातिनी + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(10) बालघातिनी + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) बालघातिनी । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”।

Questions:

1. In the गीता can you find a तिङन्तं पदम् in which the following three सूत्राणि have been used – 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु (used in step 3), 7-3-32 हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः (used in step 4) and 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः (used in step 5)?

2. In which word in the verses, would the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः find application?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used to justify the use of a परस्मैपदम् affix in the form मरिष्यति (used in the commentary)?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-110 अत उत्‌ सार्वधातुके been used in the verses?

5. Can you spot the affix तृच् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I hope that you are a vegetarian.” Paraphrase ‘vegetarian’ to ‘one who eats vegetables habitually’ (शाकानाहरति तच्छील:)। Use the अव्ययम् “कच्चित्” to express the meaning “I hope that.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत्‌ been used in the verses?

2. What is the पदच्छेद: of शिशूंश्चचार?

Today we will look at the form प्रजाः fAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.90.43

देवासुराहवहता दैतेया ये सुदारुणाः । ते चोत्पन्ना मनुष्येषु प्रजा दृप्ता बबाधिरे ।। १०-९०-४३ ।।
तन्निग्रहाय हरिणा प्रोक्ता देवा यदोः कुले । अवतीर्णाः कुलशतं तेषामेकाधिकं नृप ।। १०-९०-४४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
ते चोत्पन्ना इति । प्रत्येकं बहुभी रूपैरिति ज्ञेयम् ।। ४३ ।। एवमेव यदुकुलेऽपि देवा इति । तथा चोक्तम् – ‘सहस्रशः समुद्भूता देवा यदुकुले पृथक्’ इति ।। ४४ ।।

Gita Press translation – (Parīkṣit, in days of yore) many a terrible Asura was slain in the encounter between the gods and the Asuras; they were reborn among men. These proud and arrogant Asuras (reborn as human beings) began to molest the people (43). In order to chastise and subdue them the gods under the direction of the Supreme Lord were born in the race of Yadu, O King! This race was divided into one hundred and one families (44).

प्रजातेति (प्रजाता इति)  प्रजा। (ref. अमरकोश: – “प्रजा स्यात् सन्ततौ जने”)।

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रजा” is derived as follows:

(1) प्र + जन् + ड । By 3-2-99 उपसर्गे च संज्ञायाम् – When in composition with a पदम् which is a उपसर्ग: (ref. 1-4-59), the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) may take the the affix “ड” provided the verbal root is used to denote an action in the past tense and the derived word denotes a proper name.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-99, the term उपसर्गे ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “प्र” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

(2) प्र + जन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) प्र + ज् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter.

Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having डकार: as a इत् in “ड”। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।

Now we form the compound between “प्र” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज” using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “प्र”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

Note: Here “प्र” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपपदम् ends in the nominative case.
In the compound, “प्र” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position.

“प्र + ज” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रजा” is derived as follows:

(4) प्रज + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.

(5) प्रज + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) प्रजा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्।

(7) प्रजा + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(8) प्रजा + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “शस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(9) प्रजास् । By 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(10) प्रजाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रजा’ been used in Chapter Ten of the गीता?

2. Which कृत्-प्रत्यय: is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृप’?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘इरे’ in the form बबाधिरे?

4. Can you spot a कृत्य-प्रत्यय: in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Protection of the people should be the first duty of a king.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My maternal uncle has no progeny.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मातुल’ for ‘maternal uncle.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘ना’ in the form हरिणा?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-14 रो रि been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form वार्मुचाम् mGp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.24.9

तं तात वयमन्ये च वार्मुचां पतिमीश्वरम् । द्रव्यैस्तद्रेतसा सिद्धैर्यजन्ते क्रतुभिर्नराः ।। १०-२४-९ ।।
तच्छेषेणोपजीवन्ति त्रिवर्गफलहेतवे । पुंसां पुरुषकाराणां पर्जन्यः फलभावनः ।। १०-२४-१० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
ततः किमित्यत आह – तमिति । तमिन्द्रं वार्मुचां मेघानां पतिं स्वामिनमीश्वरं नियन्तारम् । तद्रेतसा तद्वृष्टिपयसा ।। ९ ।। उपजीवन्त्युपजीविकां कल्पयन्ति । धर्मार्थकामसिद्धये । ननु कृष्यादिभिर्जीवन्ति, किमिन्द्रेण तत्राह – पुंसामिति । फलभावनः फलसाधकः । पर्जन्यं विना कृष्यादिवैफल्यादित्यर्थः ।। १० ।।

Gita Press translation – We and other men, O darling, worship the aforesaid almighty ruler of the clouds through sacrificial performances conducted by means of substances produced with the water discharged by him, and subsist on the remains of such sacrifices for the attainment of the threefold reward in the shape of religious merit, enjoyment and worldly possessions. (In this way) it is Indra who yields the fruit (in the shape of a bumper crop) of men’s efforts (in the form of agriculture) (9-10).

वारि मुञ्चतीति वार्मुक् । Note: वारि is the द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् of the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्”।

“मुच्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √मुच् (तुदादि-गणः, मुचॢँ मोक्षणे (मोचने), धातु-पाठः # ६. १६६)

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्मुच्” is derived as follows:

(1) वार् + आम् + मुच् + क्विँप् । By the 3-2-76 क्विप् च – (In addition to the affixes mentioned in the सूत्रम् 3-2-74) the affix “क्विँप्” may also be used (following any verbal root with or without the presence of a उपपदम्।)

Note: The term सुपि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च from the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “वार् + आम्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “आम्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) वार् + आम् + मुच् + व् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) वार् + आम् + मुच् । By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य – The वकारः which is अपृक्तः (a single letter प्रत्ययः), takes लोपः। As per 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्यय:, here the वकारः has अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: The affix क्विँप् is a कित्। This enables 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च to stop 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।

We form a compound between “वार् आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “मुच्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “वार् आम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “मुच्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “वार् आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “वार् आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“वार् आम् + मुच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) वार् + मुच् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= वार्मुच् ।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्।

(5) वार्मुच् + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “आम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

= वार्मुचाम्

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च (used in step 1) been used in the last fifteen verses of Chapter Four of the गीता?

2. Which कृत्-प्रत्यय: is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् “साधक” (used in the commentary)?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-26 हेतुमति च been used in the commentary?

4. Can you spot the affix “तृच्” in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All the clouds were dispersed by the powerful wind.” Use a causative form of the verbal root √द्रु (द्रु गतौ १. १०९५) with the उपसर्ग: “वि” for “disperse.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रबल” for “powerful.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who knows the Self knows everything.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “one who knows the Self” (आत्मानं वेत्ति) and for “one who knows everything” (सर्वं वेत्ति)।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी been used in the verses?

2. In which two words in the verses has लँट् been used?