Today we will look at the form नॄणाम्-mGp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

राक्षसेन्द्रसुतासाधो पारुष्यं त्यज गौरवात् ।
कुले यद्यप्यहं जातो रक्षसां क्रूरकर्मणाम् ।
गुणो यः प्रथमो नॄणां तन्मे शीलमराक्षसम् ।। ६-८७-१९ ।।

Gita Press translation “Give up harshness of speech in view of my seniority, O impious son of Rāvaṇa (the ruler of ogres)! Even though I was born in the race of ogres of cruel deeds, my disposition, consisting as it does of Sattva or goodness, the foremost virtue of human beings, is not ogre-like”

‘नृ’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृ’ ।

(1) नृ + आम् ।

(2) नृ + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट्, the affix “आम्” takes the augment नुँट् when it follows a प्रातिपदिकम् which either ends in a short vowel or has the नदी-संज्ञा or ends in the feminine affix “आप्”। By the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the नुँट्-आगम: will join at the beginning of “आम्”।

(3) नृ + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। See easy question 1.

(4) नॄनाम् । By 6-4-6 नृ च, the ऋकारः of “नृ” is elongated optionally when followed by the affix “नाम्”।

(5) नॄणाम् । By the वार्त्तिकम् (under 8-4-1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे) – ऋवर्णान्नस्य णत्वं वाच्यम्, णकारः shall be ordained in the place of the नकारः after the vowel ऋ also (along-side the रेफः and षकारः).

Questions:

1. In the absence of 6-4-6 नृ च, which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 4?

2. There are two final forms possible in this example. One is “नॄणाम्” as shown above. Which is the other one?

3. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “नृ” used in Chapter 7 of the गीता?

4. Besides the प्रातिपदिकम् “नृ”, there is also another (more common) प्रातिपदिकम् “नर” which also means “a man.” Which form appears in the declension table of both?

5. Can you spot an अव्ययम् in the verse?

6. Why didn’t 6-4-134 अल्लोपोऽनः apply in the form क्रूरकर्मणाम् ?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Pride (is) the cause of downfall, therefore give it up.” Use a verb from the verse for “give up”, use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “गर्व” for “pride” and the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “पतन” for “downfall.” Use the अव्ययम् “तस्मात्” for “therefore.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “पारुष्यम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पारुष्य” neuter, meaning “harshness of speech”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
पारुष्यमतिवादः स्यात् ।।१-६-१४।।
(इति द्वे “अप्रियवचस:” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. In step 3, why didn’t the ending मकार: of the प्रत्यय: get the इत्-सज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् ?

2. Please list the steps in the derivation of असाधु + सुँ (सम्बुद्धि:) = असाधो । The gender here is masculine.

Today we will look at the form तीर्त्वा-ind. from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

ते वनेन वनं गत्वा नदीस्तीर्त्वा बहूदकाः ।। १-१-३० ।।
चित्रकूटमनुप्राप्य भरद्वाजस्य शासनात् ।

Gita Press translation “Going from forest to forest, and crossing streams containing deep water, they (saw the sage Bharadwāja at Prayāga and, dismissing Guha there) later on reached Citrakūṭa according to the instructions of Bharadwāja.”

“तीर्त्वा” is a क्त्वा-प्रत्ययान्त-शब्दः formed from the धातुः “तॄ”। The क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is prescribed by 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।

‘तीर्त्वा’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तीर्त्वा’।
By 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः , the words ending in the affixes क्त्वा, तोसुन् and कसुन्, are also designated as indeclinables. Since ‘तीर्त्वा’ is an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) तीर्त्वा + सुँ ।

(2) तीर्त्वा । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Which two other (besides तीर्त्वा) words used in the verse, get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः?

2. When we discussed this verse in the class, we discovered that the commentators have given two ways of doing पदच्छेद: of “तेवनेन”। One way is shown above as “ते + वनेन”। Geeta Press has also translated according to this पदच्छेद:। Do you recall the other possibility of doing पदच्छेद: here?

3. Which of the following is true of the तोसुन्-प्रत्यय: and the कसुन्-प्रत्यय:? (These are referred to in the सूत्रम् 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः)।
a) They are used only भाषायाम् (in Classical Sanskrit)
b) They are used only छन्दसि (in the वेद:)
c) They are used both भाषायाम् and छन्दसि
d) They are used neither भाषायाम् nor छन्दसि

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः been used?

5. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी-टीका says – “ण्यक्षत्रियार्षे’ति सूत्राल्लुगत्रानुवर्तते”। Please explain what this means.

6. Which terms from the प्रादि-गण: have been used in this verse? Do they have the उपसर्ग-सञ्ज्ञा here? (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः, 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)।

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“According to the instruction of his own father, Sri Rama went to the forest.” Use the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “स्व” to express the meaning of “his own”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “गतवत्” to express the meaning “went.”

8. The अमरकोश: gives five synonyms for the word आज्ञा (प्रातिपदिकम् “आज्ञा” feminine, meaning “command.”) One of them is the word शासनम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “शासन” neuter) used in this verse. Please list the other four.
अववादस्तु निर्देशो निदेशः शासनं च सः ।।२-८-२५।।
शिष्टिश्चाज्ञा च ।।२-८-२६।।
(इति षट् “आज्ञाया:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the forms भरद्वाजस्य (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) and शासनात् (पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) using the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः।

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी been used?

Today we will look at the form पुम्भिः-mIp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

माहेश्वरे प्रवृत्ते तु यज्ञे पुम्भिः सुदुर्लभे |
वरांस्ते लब्धवान्पुत्रः साक्षात् पशुपतेरिह || ७-२५-९||

“And when the sacrifice intended to propitiate Lord Maheśwara, which is exceedingly difficult for the mortals to accomplish, commenced, your son received boons personally from Lord Śiva (the ruler of embodied souls in bondage, who are no better than beasts) here (on this very ground).”

The प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्” is formed using the उणादि-प्रत्यय: “डुम्सुँन्”।

‘पुम्स्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पुम्स्’।

(1) पुम्स् + भिस् । अङ्गम् has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनामस्थाने ।

(2) पुम् + भिस् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः, the संयोगान्तपदम् “पुम्स्” takes लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter (सकार:) of the पदम् will take लोपः।

(3) पुम्भिः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
See question 1.

Questions:

1. Which two rules should be applied after step 3? (They will give an alternate form.)

2. In which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: specifically mention the प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्”? Why didn’t that सूत्रम् apply in this example? (Which condition was not satisfied?)

3. By which सूत्रम् does “साक्षात्” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. By which सूत्रम् does “तु” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

5. The अव्ययम् “इह” is formed by using the सूत्रम् 5-3-11 इदमो हः। It gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by –
a) 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
b) 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः।
c) 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः।
d) 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः।

6. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्” used in Chapter 2 of the गीता?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A man who has conquered passion (is) very difficult to find.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्” for “man”, the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “काम” for “passion” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “सुदुर्लभ” for “very difficult to find.” Use the pronouns “यद्” and “तद्”।

8. Please list the four synonyms for the word “पुमान्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्” masculine, meaning “man”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्युः पुमांसः पञ्चजनाः पुरुषाः पूरुषा नरः ।।२-६-१।।
(इति पञ्च “मनुष्यजातौ पुरुषस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of वरांस्ते and mention the relevant rules.

2. We have studied one नियम-सूत्रम् (a rule which limits the application of another rule) for 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि। Which one is it and where has it been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form तपस्वी -mNs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

तपःस्वाध्यायनिरतं तपस्वी वाग्विदां वरम् |
नारदं परिपप्रच्छ वाल्मीकिर्मुनिपुङ्गवम् || १-१-१||

Gita Press translation “The ascetic Vālmīki put the following question direct to Nārada, the chief of hermits, (nay) the foremost of those skilled in expression, who remains (ever) engaged in askesis and self-study (the study of the Vedas):-“

‘तपस्विन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च । The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तपस्विन्’ ।

(1) तपस्विन् + सुँ ।

(2) तपस्वीन् + सुँ । By 6-4-13 सौ च, the penultimate letter of words ending in इन्, हन्, पूषन् and अर्यमन् is lengthened when the सुँ affix – which is not सम्बुद्धि: – follows.

(3) तपस्वीन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) तपस्वीन् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्, a single letter affix सुँ, ति or सि is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ङी or आप्। तपस्वीन् gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(5) तपस्वी । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य, the ending letter न् of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “तपस्विन्” used in Chapter 6 of the गीता?

2. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. Where has the आम्-प्रत्यय: been used?

4. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च, the काशिका says “असम्बुद्धौ इति किम्? हे दण्डिन्।” Please explain.

5. Why is the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च required? Why not just use 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ?

6. Which term from the प्रादि-गण: (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) has been used in this verse? Does it have the उपसर्ग-सञ्ज्ञा?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“What (is) the purpose of this सूत्रम्?” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रयोजन” for “purpose.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “स्वाध्याय:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्वाध्याय” masculine, meaning “self-study (the study of the Vedas)”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्वाध्यायः स्याज्जपः ।।२-७-४७।।
(इति द्वे “वेदाध्ययनस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “नारदम्” (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “नारद”। (Declined like राम-शब्द:)।

2. Why didn’t the ending मकार: of “वरम्” change to an अनुस्वार: by 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः? Which condition was not satisfied?

Today we will look at the form सम्यक्-nAs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

तस्य तद्वचनं श्रुत्वा सम्यक्सत्यं सुभाषितम् |
जानकी बहु मेनेऽथ वचनं चेदमब्रवीत् || ५-३९-१८||

Gita Press translation “Hearing the aforesaid reply of Hanuman, which was reasonable, truthful and beautifully worded, the daughter of Janaka held him in great estimation and proceeded to speak as follows.”

To get the form “सम्यक्”, we have to start with the धातु: “अन्च्” preceded by the उपसर्ग: “सम्” ।

By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च, “सम् अन्च्” gets the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। क्विन् takes सर्वापहारलोपः। The ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

Now, since क्विन् is a कित्-प्रत्ययः, 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति applies. The meaning of 6-4-24 is – the penultimate नकारः of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have इकारः as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has ककारः or ङकारः as a marker. Thus the उपधा-नकारः of अन्च् takes लोपः to give “सम् अच्”।

By 6-3-93 समः समि, सम् gets समि as its replacement when it is followed by the verb अन्चुँ that ends in a affix having a वकार:, to give the form “समि अच्”।

The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “समि अच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(1) समि अच् + अम् ।

(2) समि अच् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) सम्यच् । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि। सम्यच् has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् and 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(4) सम्यक् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(5) सम्यग् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, when a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(6) सम्यक्/सम्यग् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. What would have been the final form in the example, if the gender had been masculine?

2. Which noun is being qualified by the adjective सम्यक्?

3. Where has the form सम्यक् been used in the गीता? (It has been used as an adverb – hence declined नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।

4. Which सूत्रम् could have been used between steps 5 and 6? (It won’t change the form.)

5. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:| (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले)। In this verse the word “श्रुत्वा” ends in the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:। Who is the समानकर्ता/समानकर्त्री and which is his/her later action?

6. Where else (besides in the form “सम्यक्”) has the सूत्रम् 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ been used in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This (is) the seventh question. The eighth question (is) the last.” Use the adjective “चरम” for “last.”

8. Please list the eleven synonyms of the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “बहु” (meaning “abundant/great”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
प्रभूतं प्रचुरं प्राज्यमदभ्रं बहुलं बहु ।
पुरुहं पुरु भूयिष्ठं स्फिरं भूयश्च भूरि च ।।३-१-६३।।
(इति द्वादश “अनल्पस्य” नामानि)

Note: Some editions of the अमरकोश: have “स्फारम्” instead of “स्फिरम्”।

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “तस्य” (पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” (सर्वनाम-शब्द:)। (Use 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः and 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः।)

2. Which सूत्रम् has been used to get च + इदम् = चेदम् ?

3. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति has been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form धनुषी from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

ततः शुभतरे तूणी धनुषी चायतेक्षणा |
ददौ सीता तयोर्भ्रात्रोः खड्गौ च विमलौ ततः || ३-८-१८ ||

Gita Press translation “Then Sītā, possessed of large eyes, handed to those two brothers very excellent quivers, (two) bows and polished swords.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ is formed from धन्-धातुः with the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्‌”। “धनुस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-विभक्तिः द्विवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ ।

(1) धनुस् + औट् ।

(2) धनुस् + शी । By 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च, the affixes औ and औट् take शी as their replacement when following a neuter अङ्गम्।

(3) धनुस् + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) धनुषी । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः, the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष् when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्)। This substitution only takes place if the स् is an आदेश: or part of a प्रत्यय:। (Here the सकारः is a part of the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्”)।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः been used?

2. The अनुवृत्ति: of “शी” comes into 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च from a सूत्रम् that we’ve studied. Which one is that?

3. The सूत्रम् 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च has been used in the first word of a verse in the Second Chapter of the गीता। Which verse is it?

4. पाणिनि: mentions the उणादि-प्रत्यया: in the first सूत्रम् of a पाद: (quarter) in the अष्टाध्यायी। Which पाद: is it? (For a good brief description of “उणादि” please see Prof. Abhyankar’s “Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar.” The answer to this question can also be found there.)

5. Can you spot a ऋकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a ऋकार:) used in the verse?

6. Similar to the प्रातिपदिकम् “धनुस्”, there is a नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “उस्” used in the first ten verses of Chapter 11 of the गीता। Can you find it?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama gave his (two) sandals to Bharata.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “पादुका” for “sandal.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with Bharata.

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “आयतम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “आयत” adjective, meaning “long/large”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
दीर्घमायतम् ।।३-१-६९।।
(इति द्वे “विस्तृतस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + आयतेक्षणा = चायतेक्षणा?

2. Derive the form खड्गौ (द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “खड्ग” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form इमानि-nAp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

इमानि तु महारण्ये विहृत्य नव पञ्च च |
वर्षाणि परमप्रीत्या स्थास्यामि वचने तव || २-२४-१७ ||

Gita Press translation “Having sported in some great forest during the ensuing nine years and five with supreme delight, I shall (then) continue to be at your beck and call.”

‘इदम्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इदम्’ ।

(1) इदम् + शस् ।

(2) इदम् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। By 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) इद अ + शि । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, the ending letter (see 1-1-52) of the pronouns, starting with “त्यद्” and ending with “द्वि”, is replaced by अ when followed by a विभक्ति: affix.

(4) इद + शि । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे , the अकारः at the end of ‘इद’ and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।

(5) इम + शि। By 7-2-109 दश्च, the दकारः of इदम् gets मकारः as a replacement when a विभक्तिः affix follows.

(6) इमनुँम् + शि । By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, an augment with मकारः as the इत् letter attaches itself after last vowel of the term to which it is prescribed.

(7) इमन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) इमानि । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

Questions:

1. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:| (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्)। In this verse the word “विहृत्य” ends in ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:। (A तुँक्-आगम: has also come in there by 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक्)। Who is the समानकर्ता and which is his/her later action?

2. What would have been the final form in this example, if the usage had been अन्वादेशे (as a second reference to something which has been referred to before)?

3. Where has the टा-प्रत्यय: been used?

4. Can you spot a नकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a नकार:) used in the verse?

5. By which सूत्रम् does “शि” get the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा (required to apply 7-2-102 and 7-2-109)?

6. The इदम्-प्रातिपदिकम् has been used as the first word of which chapter of the गीता?

7. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“I shall stay for five years in school, within the command of my teacher.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “पाठशाला” for “school.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word महारण्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “महारण्य” neuter (compound), meaning “great forest”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
महारण्यमरण्यानी।।२-४-१।।
(इति द्वे “महतो वनस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “वर्षाणि” (प्रथमा/द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “वर्ष” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)। (The steps required are present in the example above. Use 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि as the last step.)

2. Can you spot a सप्तमी-एकवचनम् form in the verse?

Today we will look at the form हविः-nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 9-18-11

अहो निरीक्ष्यतामस्या दास्याः कर्म ह्यसाम्प्रतम् ।
अस्मद्धार्यं धृतवती शुनीव हविरध्वरे ।। ९-१८-११ ।।

Gita Press translation “Oh! just look at the indecorum of this servant-maid in that like a bitch snatching away the oblation in a sacrifice she has put on the clothing which was meant to be put on by us.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हविस्’ is formed from हु-धातुः with the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “इसिँ”। “हविस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-विभक्तिः एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हविस्’ ।

(1) हविस् + अम् ।

(2) हविस् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) हविः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a word in the verse in which सम्प्रसारणम् has been done?

2. Where has the स्याट्-आगम: been used?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः been used?

4. What will be the प्रथमा/द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् form of the प्रातिपदिकम् “हविस्”?

5. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “हविस्” been used in Chapter 4 of the गीता?

6. Which अधिकार-सूत्राणि exert their influence on the सूत्रम् 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌ ?

7. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit.
“Oh! Just look at the beautiful smile of this girl.” Use the neuter noun “हसित” for “smile.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “हवि:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “हविस्” neuter, “oblation”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
सांनाय्यं हविः ।।२-७-२७।।
(इति द्वे “हविष:” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् has been used?

2. Derive the form “कर्म” (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “कर्मन्”। (Use 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य)।

Today we will look at the form धनूंषि-nAp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

उपस्थापय मे क्षिप्रं रथं सौम्य धनूंषि च |
शरांश्च चित्रान्खड्गांश्च शक्तीश्च विविधाः शिताः || ३-२२-१०||

Gita Press translation “Place before me quickly my chariot and bows, as well as my arrows, swords of diverse kinds and various sharp javelins, O gentle one !”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ is formed from धन्-धातुः with the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्‌”। “धनुस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-विभक्तिः बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ ।

(1) धनुस् + शस् ।

(2) धनुस् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। By 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्। See question 1.

(3) धनु नुँम् स् + शि । By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. By 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, an augment with मकारः as the इत् letter attaches itself after last vowel of the term to which it is prescribed.

(4) धनु न् स् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) धनून्सि । By 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix other than a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the letter preceding the नकारः of a base that ends in a सान्त-संयोग: (a conjunct ending in a सकार:) or of the word महत् is elongated.

(6) धनूंसि । By 8-3-24 नश्चापदान्तस्य झलि, नकारः and मकारः which do not occur at the end of a पदम् get अनुस्वारः as replacement when a झल् letter follows.

(7) धनूंषि । By 8-3-58 नुम्विसर्जनीयशर्व्यवायेऽपि, a सकारः following an इण् letter or a consonant of the क-वर्गः (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) gets षकारः as its replacement, even when any one of the following may intervene – the नुँम् augment, the विसर्गः or a शर् letter. As per 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः this substitution only takes place if the स् is an आदेश: or part of a प्रत्यय:। (Here the सकारः is a part of the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्”)।

Questions:

1. True or false:
The entire स्थानी (term being replaced) “शस्” was replaced by “शि” in step 2 because “शि” is a शित्-प्रत्यय: (a प्रत्यय: which has शकार: as an इत्)। (Ref. 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य)।

2. True or false:
The शि-प्रत्यय: can never get the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा – even when used in the vocative (सम्बोधने)।

3. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “धनुस्” used in Chapter One of the गीता?

4. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, the काशिका says झलचः इति किम्? चत्वारि। अहानि। Please explain what this means.

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used?

6. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You told me your name one time, but I’ve forgotten it.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्तवत्/उक्तवती (feminine)” to express the past tense “told”, use the अव्ययम् “सकृत्” for “one time.” Paraphrase the second half to “but it has been forgotten by me.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “विस्मृत” for “forgotten.”

8. Please list the six synonyms for the word “धनु:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “धनुस्” neuter, meaning “bow”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
धनुश्चापौ धन्वशरासनकोदण्डकार्मुकम् ।
इष्वासोऽपि ।।२-८-८३।।
(इति सप्त “धनुष:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “शक्ती:” (द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) from the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “शक्ति”। (Use 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः)।

2. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि has been used in this verse? (This same सूत्रम् is used in “रामान्”)।

3. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 8-4-58 अनुस्वारस्य ययि परसवर्णः apply after step 7?

Today we will look at the form अहः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

त्वरते कार्यकालो मे अहश्चाप्यतिवर्तते |
प्रतिज्ञा च मया दत्ता न स्थातव्यमिहान्तरा || ५-१-१३१||

Gita Press translation “The time allotted to my duty (of leaping across the sea and tracing out Sītā) is hastening me. The day too is passing. Nay, the plighted word has been given by me (to my fellow monkeys) to the effect that I should not tarry here midway.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अहन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अहन्’।

(1) अहन् + सुँ ।

(2) अहन् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, since the affix सुँ follows the neuter अङ्गम् “अहन्”, it takes the लुक् elision.

(3) अहर् । By 8-2-69 रोऽसुपि, रेफः is substituted for (the ending नकार: of) अहन्, since the सुँ-प्रत्ययः has taken लुक् ।

(4) अहः । विसर्ग-आदेशः by 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. 8-2-69 रोऽसुपि is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?

2. What kind of प्रतिषेध: (पर्युदास-प्रतिषेध: or प्रसज्य-प्रतिषेध:) is indicated by the term “असुपि” in the सूत्रम् 8-2-69 रोऽसुपि?

3. Where is the word अहः used in Chapter 8 of the गीता? Is it प्रथमा-एकवचनम् or द्वितीया-एकवचनम्?

4. Can you spot a place in the verse where a सन्धि-कार्यम् has not been done?

5. Where has the टा-प्रत्यय: been used?

6. What will be the प्रथमा/द्वितीया-द्विवचनम् form of the अहन्-प्रातिपदिकम्?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In one month (there are) thirty days. In one day (there are) twenty-four hours.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “त्रिंशत्” (declined singular) for “thirty”, the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “चतुर्विंशति” (declined singular) for “twenty-four” and the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “होरा” for “hour.”

8. Please list the four synonyms for the word “अह:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अहन्” neuter, meaning “day”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
घस्रो दिनाऽहनी वा तु क्लीबे दिवसवासरौ ।।१-४-२।।
(इति पञ्च “दिनस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of अहश्च and mention the relevant rules.

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + अपि = चापि? Which one for अपि + अतिवर्तते = अप्यतिवर्तते?