Today we will look at the form क्षमी mNs from श्रीमद्भागवद्गीता 12.13.

अद्वेष्टा सर्वभूतानां मैत्रः करुण एव च । निर्ममो निरहङ्कारः समदुःखसुखः क्षमी ।। 12-13 ।।
सन्तुष्टः सततं योगी यतात्मा दृढनिश्चयः । मय्यर्पितमनोबुद्धिर्यो मद्भक्तः स मे प्रियः ।। 12-14 ।।
यस्मान्नोद्विजते लोको लोकान्नोद्विजते च यः । हर्षामर्षभयोद्वेगैर्मुक्तो यः स च मे प्रियः ।। 12-15 ।।

Gita Press translation – He who is free from malice towards all beings, friendly and compassionate, and free from the feelings of ‘I’ and ‘mine’, balanced in joy and sorrow, forgiving by nature, ever-contented and mentally united with Me, nay, who has subdued his mind, senses and body, has a firm resolve, and has surrendered his mind and reason to Me – that devotee of Mine is dear to Me (13-14). He who is not a source of annoyance to his fellow-creatures, and who in turn does not feel vexed with his fellow-creatures, and who is free from delight and envy, perturbation and fear, is dear to Me (15).

क्षाम्यति तच्छील: = क्षमी ।

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘क्षमिन्’ is derived from the verbal root √क्षम् (क्षमूँ सहने ४. १०३).

The ऊकार: at the end of ‘क्षमूँ’ gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(1) क्षम् + घिनुँण् । By 3-2-141 शमित्यष्टाभ्यो घिनुण् – Following any one of the 8 verbal roots (listed in order in the धातु-पाठ:) below, the affix ‘घिनुँण्’ may be used to denote an agent who performs an action because of his nature/habit or sense of duty or skill –
(i) √शम् (शमुँ उपशमे ४. ९८)
(ii) √तम् (तमुँ काङ्क्षायाम् ४. ९९)
(iii) √दम् (दमुँ उपशमे ४. १००)
(iv) √श्रम् (श्रमुँ तपसि खेदे च ४. १०१)
(v) √भ्रम् (भ्रमुँ अनवस्थाने ४. १०२)
(vi) √क्षम् (क्षमूँ सहने ४. १०३)
(vii) √क्लम् (क्लमुँ ग्लानौ ४. १०४)
(viii) √मद् (मदीँ हर्षे ४. १०५)

(2) क्षम् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The वृद्धि-आदेश: (in place of the अकार: of the अङ्गम् ‘क्षम्’) which would have been done by 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः is stopped by 7-3-34 नोदात्तोपदेशस्य मान्तस्यानाचमेः – There is no वृद्धिः substitute in place of the penultimate vowel of a verbal root (with the exception of the verbal root √चम् (चमुँ अदने १. ५४०) with the उपसर्गः “आङ्”) which is उदात्तोपदेशः and ends in a मकारः when followed by the affix चिण् or a कृत् affix which is either ञित् (has ञकार: as a इत्) or णित् (has णकार: as a इत्)।

= क्षमिन् ।

‘क्षमिन्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(3) क्षमिन् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(4) क्षमिन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) क्षमीन् + स् । By 6-4-13 सौ च – The penultimate letter of terms ending in “इन्”, “हन्”, “पूषन्” and “अर्यमन्” is lengthened when the सुँ-प्रत्यय: – which is not सम्बुद्धि: – follows.

(6) क्षमीन् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। “क्षमीन्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।

(7) क्षमी । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-141 शमित्यष्टाभ्यो घिनुण् (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इतिशब्द आद्यर्थ:। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the काशिका says – अष्टाभ्य इति किम्? असिता। Please explain.

3. According to the महाभाष्यम् the उकार: in the affix ‘घिनुँण्’ is a अनुबन्ध: (इत् letter.)  Commenting on this the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – न चैवं शमी शमिनावित्यादौ नुम्प्रसङ्ग:। झल्ग्रहणमपकृष्य झलन्तानामेव तद्विधानात्। Please explain. Hint: Consider the सूत्रम् 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः। Why doesn’t this सूत्रम् apply after step 4 in the example?

4. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: give the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दृढ’ (used as part of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दृढनिश्चय’ in the verses) as a ready-made form?

5. In which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verses has the सूत्रम् 6-4-52 निष्ठायां सेटि been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even one who is forbearing by nature would be disturbed by your harsh words.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परुष’ for ‘harsh’ and ‘क्षुभित’ for ‘disturbed.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?

2. Where else (besides in क्षमी) has the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form जेता mNs from श्रीमद्भागवद्गीता 11.34.

द्रोणं च भीष्मं च जयद्रथं च कर्णं तथान्यानपि योधवीरान्‌ | मया हतांस्त्वं जहि मा व्यथिष्ठा युध्यस्व जेतासि रणे सपत्नान्‌ || 11-34||
सञ्जय उवाच |
एतच्छ्रुत्वा वचनं केशवस्य कृताञ्जलिर्वेपमानः किरीटी | नमस्कृत्वा भूय एवाह कृष्णं सगद्गदं भीतभीतः प्रणम्य || 11-35||
अर्जुन उवाच |
स्थाने हृषीकेश तव प्रकीर्त्या जगत्प्रहृष्यत्यनुरज्यते च | रक्षांसि भीतानि दिशो द्रवन्ति सर्वे नमस्यन्ति च सिद्धसङ्घाः || 11-36||

Gita Press translation – Do kill Droṇa and Bhīṣma and Jayadratha and Karṇa and other brave warriors, who already stand killed by Me; fear not. Fight and you will surely conquer the enemies in the war (34). Sañjaya said : Hearing these words of Bhagavān Keśava, Arjuna tremblingly bowed to Him with joined palms, and bowing again in extreme terror spoke to Śrī Kṛṣṇa in faltering accents (35). Arjuna said: Lord, well it is, the universe exults and is filled with love by chanting Your names, virtues and glory; terrified Rākṣasas are fleeing in all directions, and all the hosts of Siddhas are bowing to You (36).

Note: Most commentators (including the Gita Press translation above) take जेतासि as a single तिङन्तं पदम्।  In this case the विवक्षा is लुँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम् and the meaning is ‘you will conquer.’ Please refer to the following post for the derivation of जेतासि – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/02/17/जेतासि-2as-लुँट्/
But some commentators split जेतासि in to जेता + असि। In this case – which we will consider here – जेता is a सुबन्तं पदम् and the विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम् and the प्रातिपदिकम् is ‘जेतृ’। How do we know whether ‘जेतृ’ is formed using the affix ‘तृच्’ or ‘तृन्’? If ‘जेतृ’ is formed using the affix ‘तृच्’ then the word denoting the object (those being conquered) should end in the षष्ठी विभक्ति: as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति। On the other hand if ‘जेतृ’ is formed using the affix ‘तृन्’ then the word denoting the object should end in the द्वितीया विभक्ति: because in the case of ‘तृन्’, 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ blocks 2-3-65. In the present example the object is सपत्नान् which ends in the द्वितीया विभक्ति: and hence we can conclude that ‘जेतृ’ is ending in the affix ‘तृन्’। And hence the meaning of जेता becomes ‘one who conquers as a matter of his nature/habit or sense of duty or skill.’ The meaning of the sentence जेतासि रणे सपत्नान्‌ becomes ‘You are a habitual/dutiful/skilled conqueror of enemies in war.’

जयति तच्छील:/तद्धर्मा/तत्साधुकारी = जेता ।

“जेतृ” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived here from the verbal root √जि (जि अभिभवे १. १०९६)

(1) जि + तृन् । By 3-2-135 तृन् – Following any verbal root, the affix ‘तृन्’ may be used to denote an agent who performs an action because of his nature/habit or sense of duty or skill.

(2) जि + तृ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: “तृ” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।

Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् stops the “इट्”-आगम: (for “तृ”) which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(3) जे + तृ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

“जेतृ” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) जेतृ + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The प्रत्यय: “सुँ” has the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य।

(5) जेतृ + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) जेत् अनँङ् + स् । By 7-1-94 ऋदुशनस्पुरुदंसोऽनेहसां च, “ऋत्” (short “ऋ”) ending terms, as well as the terms “उशनस्”, “पुरुदंसस्” and “अनेहस्” get the “अनँङ्” replacement when the “सुँ” suffix, that is not सम्बुद्धिः, follows. As per 1-1-53 ङिच्च, only the ending ऋकार: of “जेतृ” is replaced.

(7) जेत् अन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) जेतान् + स् । By 6-4-11 अप्-तृन्-तृच्-स्वसृ-नप्तृ-नेष्टृ-त्वष्टृ-क्षत्तृ-होतृ-पोतृ-प्रशास्तॄणाम् – When a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix that is not a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the penultimate vowel of “अप्”, of words ending in affixes “तृन्” and “तृच्” and of the words “स्वसृ”, “नप्तृ”, “नेष्टृ”, “त्वष्टृ”, “क्षत्तृ”, “होतृ”, “पोतृ” and “प्रशास्तृ” is elongated.

(9) जेतान् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”।

Now “जेतान्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।

(10) जेता । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. Which लकार: has been used in the form (मा) व्यथिष्ठा:?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘क्यच्’ in the verses?

3. In the word भीतानि has the निष्ठा affix ‘क्त’ been used कर्तरि or कर्मणि?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the नकारलोप: in the form अनुरज्यते?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-82 आने मुक् been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I may occasionally commit sin but I am not a habitual sinner (doer of sins.)” Use the अव्ययम् ‘क्वचित्’ for ‘occasionally.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘व’ in युध्यस्व?

2. From which verbal root is द्रवन्ति derived?

 

Today we will look at the form अभ्यसूयति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवद्गीता 18.67.

इदं ते नातपस्काय नाभक्ताय कदाचन । न चाशुश्रूषवे वाच्यं न च मां योऽभ्यसूयति ॥ 18-67 ॥
य इदं परमं गुह्यं मद्भक्तेष्वभिधास्यति । भक्तिं मयि परां कृत्वा मामेवैष्यत्यसंशयः ॥ 18-68 ॥

Gita Press translation – This secret gospel of the Gītā should never be imparted to a man who lacks in austerity, nor to him who is wanting in devotion, nor even to him who is not willing to hear; and in no case to him who finds fault with Me (67). He who, offering the highest love to Me, preaches the most profound gospel of the Gītā among My devotees, shall come to Me alone; there is no doubt about it (68).

असूयति is derived from the verbal root √असु (असु उपतापे, कण्ड्वादि-गणः)।

First we derive the धातुः “असूय” as follows:

(1) असु + यक् । By 3-1-27 कण्ड्वादिभ्यो यक् – The affix यक् is always used after the verbal roots in the कण्ड्वादि-गणः (group of terms headed by “कण्डूञ्”) with no change in their meaning. Note: The terms in the कण्ड्वादि-गणः are considered to be verbal roots as well as nominal stems. When they are used as verbal roots 3-1-27 applies.
Note: यक् is a कित्। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(2) असु + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) असूय । By 7-4-25 अकृत्सार्वधातुकयोर्दीर्घः – The ending vowel of an अङ्गम् is elongated when followed by a प्रत्ययः which begins with a यकार:, as long as the प्रत्यय: neither has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा nor the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

Now “असूय” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

(4) असूय + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(5) असूय + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) असूय + तिप् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।

(7) असूय + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) असूय + शप् + ति । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(9) असूय + अ + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(10) असूयति । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।

“अभि” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
अभि + असूयति = अभ्यसूयति । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

Questions:

1. In the verses the प्रातिपदिकम् “शुश्रूषु” has been used as a part of the compound “अशुश्रूषु”। Which सूत्रम् makes the affix सन् a कित् in the form “शुश्रूषु”?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-27 कण्ड्वादिभ्यो यक् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says ‘धातोरेकाच-‘ इत्यस्माद्धातोरिति वर्तते। वेति निवृत्तम्। Please explain.

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-89 एत्येधत्यूठ्सु been used in the verses? Note: We have not discussed this सूत्रम् in class, but have seen this in a prior comment.

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Rare is the man who does not find fault with anyone.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “विरल” for “rare.”

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even if others find fault with you, you should not find fault with others.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“People worship Lord Viṣṇu on the eleventh day of the moon.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “एकादश” (feminine “एकादशी”) for “eleventh” and the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “तिथि” for “day of the moon.” Use the verbal root √सपर (सपर पूजायाम्, कण्ड्वादि-गणः) for “to worship.”

Easy Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the एकारादेशः in the form मद्भक्तेषु?

2. In the verses can you spot two सुबन्त-पदे derived from the प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्”?

Today we will look at the form तपस्यसि 2As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 9.27

यत्करोषि यदश्नासि यज्जुहोषि ददासि यत्‌ ।
यत्तपस्यसि कौन्तेय तत्कुरुष्व मदर्पणम्‌ ॥ 9-27 ॥

Gita Press translation – Arjuna, whatever you do, whatever you eat, whatever you offer as oblation to the sacred fire, whatever you bestow as a gift, whatever you do by way of penance, offer it all to Me.

तपश्चरसि = तपस्यसि।

First we derive the नाम-धातुः “तपस्य” as follows:

(1) तपस् + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(2) तपस् + अम् + क्यङ् । By 3-1-15 कर्मणः रोमन्थतपोभ्यां वर्तिचरोः – The affix क्यङ् is employed after the words “रोमन्थ” and “तपस्” when they end in the accusative case and denote the object of “repeating” and “practicing” respectively.
Note: In the optional case when the affix क्यङ् is not used, a sentence (वाक्यम्) may be used to convey the same meaning.

(3) तपस् + अम् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

“तपस् + अम् + य” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(4) तपस्य । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-61 प्रत्ययस्य लुक्श्लुलुपः the entire affix “अम्” is elided.

Note: Here “तपस्” does not get पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् because of the नियम-सूत्रम् (limiting rule) 1-4-15 नः क्ये – When the affix क्यच् or क्यङ् follows, only a term ending in a नकारः gets the designation पदम्। Therefore 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः cannot apply.

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

(5) तपस्य + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(6) तपस्य + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) तपस्य + सिप् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्। As per the महाभाष्यम् – (under 3-1-15) तपसः परस्मैपदं च – Following the नाम-धातुः “तपस्य” formed using 3-1-15, a परस्मैपदम् affix is to be used (in कर्तरि प्रयोगः।)

(8) तपस्य + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) तपस्य + शप् + सि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(10) तपस्य + अ + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) तपस्यसि । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the term कर्मणः used in the सूत्रम् 3-1-15 कर्मणः रोमन्थतपोभ्यां वर्तिचरोः the तत्त्वबोधिनी says रोमन्थतपोभ्यामित्यनेन सामानाधिकरण्यात्कर्मण इति पञ्चमी। प्रत्येकं सम्बन्धादेकवचनम्। Please explain.

2. Which निषेध-सूत्रम् (prohibition rule) prevents the सूत्रम् 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः from applying in the form अश्नासि? (We have not discussed this सूत्रम् in the class, but we have seen it in a prior comment.)

3. From which verbal root is the form ददासि derived? Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which पाणिनिः specifically mentions this verbal root?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the उकारादेशः in the form कुरुष्व?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There is no austerity greater than Ahimsa.” For “austerity” form a feminine प्रातिपदिकम् from the नाम-धातुः “तपस्य”। Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “ज्यायस्” (feminine “ज्यायसी”) for “greater” and use पञ्चमी विभक्तिः with “Ahimsa.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A good student treats his (own) teacher like God.” Use a नाम-धातुः for “to treat like God.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “साधु” for “good.”

Easy Questions:

1. In the absence of 6-1-97 अतो गुणे which सूत्रम् would have applied in the last step?

2. The सूत्रम् 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः is a अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?

Today we will look at the form लेलिह्यसे 2As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 11.30

लेलिह्यसे ग्रसमानः समन्ताल्लोकान्समग्रान्वदनैर्ज्वलद्भिः ।
तेजोभिरापूर्य जगत्समग्रं भासस्तवोग्राः प्रतपन्ति विष्णो ॥ 11-30 ॥
आख्याहि मे को भवानुग्ररूपो नमोऽस्तु ते देववर प्रसीद ।
विज्ञातुमिच्छामि भवन्तमाद्यं न हि प्रजानामि तव प्रवृत्तिम्‌ ॥ 11-31 ॥

Gita Press translation – Devouring through Your blazing mouths, You are licking all those people on all sides. Lord, Your fiery rays fill the whole universe with their fierce radiance and scorch it (30). Tell me who You are with a form so terrible? My obeisance to You, O best of gods; be kind to me. I wish to know You, the Primal Being, in particular; for I know not Your purpose (31).

लेलिह्यसे is a frequentative/intensive form derived from the verbal root √लिह् (लिहँ आस्वादने, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ६).

पुनः पुनर्भृशं वा लेक्षि = लेलिह्यसे।

In the धातु-पाठः, the ending अकारः of “लिहँ” gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोपः by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The यङन्त-धातुः “लेलिह्य” is derived as follows:

(1) लिह् + यङ् । By 3-1-22 धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ् – The affix “यङ्” is prescribed after a consonant-beginning mono-syllabic verbal root to denote an action done repeatedly or intensely.

(2) लिह् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The affix “यङ्” is a ङित्। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च from applying. Since the affix “यङ्” does not begin with a वल् letter, 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः does not apply here.

(3) लिह्य् लिह्य । By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a verbal root ending in the affix सन्/यङ् which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(4) लि लिह्य । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः – Of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(5) ले लिह्य । By 7-4-82 गुणो यङ्लुकोः – The (ending इक्) letter of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः) takes a गुणः substitute when followed by either the affix “यङ्” or a लुक् elided affix “यङ्”। Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-3 इको गुणवृद्धी, the गुणः substitute prescribed by 7-4-82 applies only to a इक् letter. As per परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending (इक्) letter (in this case इकारः) takes the गुणः substitute.

“लेलिह्य” has धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

Note: ङिदन्तत्वादात्मनेपदम् । Since a यङन्त-धातुः ends in the affix “यङ्” which is a ङित्, as per 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् a यङन्त-धातुः takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

(1) लेलिह्य + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) लेलिह्य + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) लेलिह्य + थास् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “थास्” as the substitute for the लकारः।

(4) लेलिह्य + से । By 3-4-80 थासस्से, the थास्-प्रत्ययः which substitutes a टित्-लकारः (a लकार: which has टकार: as a इत्), gets “से” as the replacement.

(5) लेलिह्य + शप् + से । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) लेलिह्य + अ + से । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) लेलिह्यसे । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।

Questions:

1. What would be the equivalent सन्नन्त-प्रयोगः in place of विज्ञातुमिच्छामि?

2. Commenting on the term धातो: used in the सूत्रम् 3-1-22 धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ् the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says धातोः किम्? आर्धधातुकत्वं यथा स्यात् । तेन ‘2-4-53 ब्रुवो वचिः’ इत्यादि। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the term एकाचः used in the सूत्रम् 3-1-22 धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ् the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says एकाचः किम्। पुनः पुनर्जागर्ति। Please explain.

4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-4-82 गुणो यङ्लुकोः the पदमञ्जरी (which is a scholarly commentary on the काशिका) says लुक्शब्देनात्र यङ्लुगेव गृह्यते – सन्निधानात्। किञ्च – अभ्यासस्यायं गुणो विधीयते, न च लुगन्तरेऽभ्यासः सम्भवति। Please explain.

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The thirsty deer (plural) repeatedly sipped the river’s water.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “पिपासित” for “thirsty” and the verbal root √लिह् (लिहँ आस्वादने २. ६) for “to sip.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The Cakora (bird) repeatedly laps up the moon’s rays.” Use the verbal root √लिह् (लिहँ आस्वादने २. ६) for “to lap up.”

Easy Questions:

1. In the verses can you spot a सकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the letter “स्”) other than the अव्ययम् “नमस्”?

2. In the verses can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the affix “डवतुँ”?

Today we will look at the form घातयति 3AS-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 2-21

वेदाविनाशिनं नित्यं य एनमजमव्ययम्‌ |
कथं स पुरुषः पार्थ कं घातयति हन्ति कम्‌ || 2-21||

Gita Press translation “Arjuna, the man who knows this soul to be imperishable; eternal and free from birth and decay, how and whom will he cause to be killed, how and whom will he kill?”

घातयति is a causative form derived from the धातुः √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २)

The ending vowel of “हनँ” is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

हन् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= घन् + णिच् । By 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु, the हकारः of √हन् gets replaced by a letter of the कवर्ग: when followed by an affix with ञकारः or णकारः as an इत् , or when followed (immediately) by a नकारः।
= घत् + णिच् । By 7-3-32 हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः – The ending letter (नकार:) of the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) is replaced by a तकार:, when followed by a प्रत्यय: (other than “चिण्” or “णल्”) which is either ञित् or णित्।
= घात् + णिच् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is either ञित् or णित्।
= घात् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= घाति।

“घाति” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, हेतुमति, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) घाति + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) घाति + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) घाति + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) घाति + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) घाति + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) घाति + अ + तिप् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) घाते + अ + ति । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) घातयति । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Can you spot a “णल्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Where has 2-4-34 द्वितीयाटौस्स्वेनः been used in the verse?

4. In the verse, can you spot a word in which the शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“O Lord! Destroy all my sins.” Use √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) in the causative for “to destroy” (literally – “cause to be killed.”)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You should teach my son grammar.” Use √इ (इङ् अध्ययने | नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१) in the causative with the उपसर्ग: “अधि” for “to teach” (literally – “cause to study.”) Use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with both “son” and “grammar.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः been used in the verse?

2. Can you spot a place in the verse where the “सुँ”-प्रत्यय: has taken लोप:?

Today we will look at the form भव 2As-लोँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg18-57।

चेतसा सर्वकर्माणि मयि संन्यस्य मत्परः |
बुद्धियोगमुपाश्रित्य मच्चित्तः सततं भव ||१८-५७ ||

Gita Press translation “Mentally dedicating all your actions to Me, and taking recourse to Yoga in the form of even-mindedness be solely devoted to Me and constantly fix your mind on Me.”

भव is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the भू-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the भू-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So भू-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is मध्यम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “सिप्”।

(1) भू + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च , the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भू + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “सिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) भू + सि। अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् ।

(5) भू + हि । By 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च , सि of लोँट् is substituted by हि and it is an अपित्। हि also gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ ।

(6) भू + शप् + हि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(7) भो + शप् + हि । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः , an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) भो + अ + हि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(9) भवहि । “अव्”-आदेश: by 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(10) भव । By 6-4-105 अतो हेः, there is an elision of the affix हि when it follows an अङ्गम् ending in a अकार:।

Questions:

1. The सूत्रम् 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च comes in which अधिकार:?
a) “प्रत्ययः”, “परश्च”
b) “धातोः”
c) “लस्य”
d) All of the above.

2. After step 4, why didn’t the सूत्रम् 3-4-86 एरुः apply (to change सि to सु)?

3. After step 5, why didn’t the सूत्रम् 3-4-86 एरुः apply (to change हि to हु)?

4. What is the point of पाणिनि: prescribing the हि-आदेश: by the सूत्रम् 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च when it is taking लोप: by the सूत्रम् 6-4-105 अतो हेः anyway?

5. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has the word भव been used?

6. Which term(s) in the verse has/have the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us follow the teaching of Panini.” Use the धातु: “सृ” (सृँ गतौ १. १०८५) with the उपसर्ग: “अनु” for “to follow” and the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “उपदेश” for “teaching.”

Advanced question:

1. What is the point of पाणिनि: making the हि-प्रत्यय: an अपित् in the सूत्रम् 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च? It doesn’t make any difference in this example whether the हि-प्रत्यय: is अपित् or not.

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a टा-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

2. Derive the form सर्वकर्माणि (द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) from the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “सर्वकर्मन्”।

Today we will look at the form अर्हसि 2As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg2-25.

अव्यक्तोऽयमचिन्त्योऽयमविकार्योऽयमुच्यते ।
तस्मादेवं विदित्वैनं नानुशोचितुमर्हसि ।। २-२५ ।।

Gita Press translation “This soul is unmanifest; it is incomprehensible and it is spoken of as immutable. Therefore, knowing it as such, you should not grieve.”

अर्हसि is derived from the धातुः √अर्ह् (भ्वादि-गणः, अर्हँ पूजायाम् धातु-पाठः #१. ८४१)

The विवक्षा is वर्तमान-काले, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the अर्ह्-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the हकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the अर्ह्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the अर्ह्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So अर्ह्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is मध्यम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “सिप्”।

(1) अर्ह + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) अर्ह् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) अर्ह् + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “सिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा(s1) by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) अर्ह् + शप् + सिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा(s1) by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(5) अर्ह् + अ + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) अर्हसि ।

Questions:

1. Where is √अर्ह् used with the तिप्-प्रत्यय: in the Second Chapter of the गीता?

2. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:| (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले)। In this verse the word “विदित्वा” ends in the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:। Who is the समानकर्ता/समानकर्त्री and what is his/her later action?

3. By which सूत्रम् does विदित्वा get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. Where has the सुत्रम् 7-2-111 इदोऽय् पुंसि been used?

5. Can you spot a term from the प्रादि-गण: used in the second line of the verse?

6. Where has a word been used in अन्वादेश:?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You ought to go to the temple immediately.” Use the अव्ययम् “गन्तुम्” for “to go” and the अव्ययम् “सपदि” for “immediately.”

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“No one deserves to experience sorrow like this.” Use the अव्ययम् “अनुभवितुम्” for “to experience.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get विदित्वा + एनम् = विदित्वैनम्?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-113 अतो रोरप्लुतादप्लुते been used?

Today we will look at the form हरति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg2-67

इन्द्रियाणां हि चरतां यन्मनोऽनुविधीयते |
तदस्य हरति प्रज्ञां वायुर्नावमिवाम्भसि ||२-६७||

Gita Press translation “As the wind carries away a boat upon the waters, even so of the senses moving among sense-objects, the one to which the mind is attached, takes away his discrimination.”

हरति is derived from the धातुः √हृ (भ्वादि-गणः, हृञ् हरणे धातु-पाठः #१. १०४६)

The विवक्षा is वर्तमान-काले, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम् ।

In the धातु-पाठः, the हृ-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the ञकार:। It gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and hence takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोप:। Since ञकार: is an इत्, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the हृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the हृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “हृ” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, हृ-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) हृ + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) हृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) हृ + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) हृ + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(5) हर् + शप् + तिप् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (अ, इ, उ) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ letter.

(6) हर् + अ + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) हरति ।

Questions:

1. Where else (besides in verse 67) in the Second Chapter of the गीता is the हृ-धातुः used with the लँट्-प्रत्यय:?

2. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः apply between नौ + अम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)? (Which condition was not satisfied?)

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used?

4. Which term used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

5. By which सुत्रम् does इव get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

6. Which one of the following प्रत्यया: does NOT have the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा?
a) शप्
b) थस्
c) शस्
d) थास्

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The Sun removes the darkness of the night.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “अन्धकार” for “darkness” and √हृ (भ्वादि-गणः, हृञ् हरणे धातु-पाठः #१. १०४६) with the उपसर्ग: “अप” for “to remove.”

8. Please list the two synonyms of “नौ:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “नौ” feminine, meaning “boat”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्त्रियां नौस्तरणिस्तरिः ।।१-१०-१०।।
(इति त्रीणि “नौकाया:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a नुँट्-आगम: in the verse?

2. Where has the सुत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः been used?

Today we will look at the form यद्वत्/तद्वत् -ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg2-70.

आपूर्यमाणमचलप्रतिष्ठं समुद्रमापः प्रविशन्ति यद्वत् |
तद्वत्कामा यं प्रविशन्ति सर्वे स शान्तिमाप्नोति न कामकामी ||२-७०||

Gita Press translation “As, the waters of different rivers enter the ocean, which, though full on all sides, remains undisturbed; likewise, he, in whom all enjoyments merge themselves without causing disturbance, attains peace; not he who hankers after such enjoyments.”

“यद्वत्/तद्वत्” is formed by adding the वतिँ-प्रत्ययः to the प्रातिपदिकम् “यद्/तद्”। (using the सूत्रम् 5-1-115 तेन तुल्यं क्रिया चेद्वतिः)।

“यद्वत्/तद्वत्” gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् “यद्वत्/तद्वत्”।
“यद्वत्/तद्वत्” get अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः – the words ending in a तद्धित-प्रत्यय:, after which it is not possible to introduce all of the सुँप्-affixes, are also designated as indeclinables. Since “यद्वत्/तद्वत्” are अव्यये,  they will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) यद्वत्/तद्वत् + सुँ (default) ।

(2) यद्वत्/तद्वत् । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Where else (besides in verse 70) is the वतिँ-प्रत्यय: used in the Second Chapter of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a नकारान्तम् (ending in a नकार:) प्रातिपदिकम् in the verse?

3. Which of the तिङ्-प्रत्यया: have been used in the verse?

4. By which सूत्रम् does न get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

5. To which section does the सूत्रम् 5-1-115 तेन तुल्यं क्रिया चेद्वतिः belong?
a) तसिलादयः प्राक् पाशपः।
b) शस्प्रभृतयः प्राक् समासान्तेभ्यः।
c) कृत्वोऽर्थाः।
d) None of the above.

6. Can you spot a शी-आदेश: in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My friend runs like a horse.” Use the वतिँ-प्रत्यय: to express the meaning “like” and use the धाव्-धातु: (धावुँ गतिशुद्ध्योः १. ६८५) for “to run.”

8. Please list the fourteen synonyms of the word समुद्र: (प्रातिपदिकम् “समुद्र” masculine – meaning “ocean”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
समुद्रोऽब्धिरकूपारः पारावारः सरित्पतिः।
उदन्वानुदधिः सिन्धुः सरस्वान्सागरोऽर्णवः ।।१-१०-१।।
रत्नाकरो जलनिधिर्यादःपतिरपाम्पतिः ।।१-१०-२।।
(इति पञ्चदश “समुद्रस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् been used in the verse?

2. Derive the form “यम्” (पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “यद्”।