Today we will look at the form चतुर्भुजः  mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.7.52.

निशम्य भीमगदितं द्रौपद्याश्च चतुर्भुजः । आलोक्य वदनं सख्युरिदमाह हसन्निव ।। १-७-५२ ।।
श्रीभगवानुवाच
ब्रह्मबन्धुर्न हन्तव्य आततायी वधार्हणः । मयैवोभयमाम्नातं परिपाह्यनुशासनम् ।। १-७-५३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
चतुर्भुजोक्तेरयं भावः – भीमे तं हन्तुं प्रवृत्ते द्रौपद्यां च सहसा तन्निवारणे प्रवृत्तायामुभयोः संवरणायाविष्कृतचतुर्भुज इति । संदिहानस्य सख्युरर्जुनस्य ।। ५२ ।। वधार्हणो वधार्हः । मयैव शास्त्रकृता ‘ब्राह्मणो न हन्तव्यः’ तथा ‘आततायिनमायान्तमपि वेदान्तपारगम् ।। जिघांसन्तं जिघांसीयान्न तेन ब्रह्महा भवेत् ।।’ इति च वदता । तदुभयमप्यनुशासनं परिपालय ।। ५३ ।।

Gita Press translation – Hearing the words of Bhīma as well as of Draupadī, Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa (who was distinguished by His four arms) looked into the face of his friend (Arjuna) and uttered the following words, as though smiling : (52) Śrī Kṛṣṇa said: Even a fallen Brāhmaṇa ought not to be slain and a ruffian surely deserves to be killed. Both these precepts have been taught by Me in the scriptures. Therefore, carry out both these commands of Mine (53).

(1) चत्वारो भुजा यस्य स: = चतुर्भुजः (श्रीकृष्णः) – He (Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa) who has four arms.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) चतुर् जस् + भुज जस् । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)
Note: The word बहुव्रीहि: itself is an example of a बहुव्रीहि: compound. It is analyzed as बहवो व्रीहयो यस्य स: – A person who has (owns) a lot of rice.
Note: When forming अव्ययीभाव: and तत्पुरुष: compounds only two terms may be combined at one time, while बहुव्रीहि: compounds may be formed by combining two or more terms simultaneously. For example – पञ्च गावो धनं यस्य = पञ्चगवधन: – One whose wealth is five cows.

See question 2.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘ चतुर् जस्’ as well as ‘भुज जस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे (which prescribes the compounding) the term अनेकम् ends in the nominative case. And hence 2-2-30 cannot help us in deciding which term to place in the prior position in the compound.
The adjective ‘चतुर् जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.
Note: ‘चतुर् जस् + भुज जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) चतुर्भुज । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example श्रीकृष्णः is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्भुज’। It declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(5) चतुर्भुज + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) चतुर्भुज + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) चतुर्भुज: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the compound ‘चतुर्भुज’ been used in the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अप्रथमाविभक्त्यर्थे बहुव्रीहिरिति समानाधिकरणानामिति च फलितम्। Please explain.

3. Can you spot a तृतीया-तत्पुरुष: compound in the verses?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-37 यस्य च भावेन भावलक्षणम्‌ been used in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lord Brahmā (who has four faces) granted many boons to Hiraṇyakaśipu.” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘one who has four faces’ = चत्वारि मुखानि यस्य स:।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even the gods were afraid of Rāvaṇa (who has ten faces.)” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘one who has ten faces’ = दशाननानि यस्य स:।

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘हि’ in the form परिपाहि?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-112 ख्यत्यात्‌ परस्य been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form अपार्थम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 6.1.10.

राजोवाच
दृष्टश्रुताभ्यां यत्पापं जानन्नप्यात्मनोऽहितम् । करोति भूयो विवशः प्रायश्चित्तमथो कथम् ।। ६-१-९ ।।
क्वचिन्निवर्ततेऽभद्रात्क्वचिच्चरति तत्पुनः । प्रायश्चित्तमथोऽपार्थं मन्ये कुञ्जरशौचवत् ।। ६-१-१० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
अत्र चोदयति द्वाभ्याम् । दृष्टं राजदण्डादि । श्रुतं नरकपातादि । ताभ्यामात्मनः पापमहितं जानन्नपि भूयः प्रायश्चित्तानन्तरं करोति । अथो अतः कारणाद्द्वादशाब्दादि कथं प्रायश्चित्तम् । तेन समूलस्य दोषस्यानिवृत्तेः । निवृत्तौ वा पुनश्च पापप्ररोहायोगादिति भावः ।। ९ ।। किंच क्वचित्कदाचिदभद्रात्पापान्निवर्तते । क्वचित्तदेव पुनराचरति । यथा कुञ्जरः स्नातोऽपि रजोभिरात्मानं मलिनी करोति तथा पापस्य पुनर्दुर्निवारत्वेन नरकपातस्यावश्यंभावित्वात्प्रायश्चित्तं व्यर्थमिति मन्ये ।। १० ।।

Gita Press translation – The king said: Since a man, though knowing a sin to be hurtful to his self on the testimony of what is actually seen and heard of by him, repeats it (even after atoning for it) having lost control (over his self), how could there be (any) atonement (for his sins) under the circumstances (so long as the sinful propensity is there)? (9) Now he is absolved from a sin and now he does it again. Such being the case, I account (all) atonement fruitless like the bath of an elephant (which throws dust on its body immediately after it has washed itself) (10).

(1) अपगतमर्थात् (अपगतम् अर्थात्) = अपार्थम् – fruitless (disjoint from purpose.)

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) अप + अर्थ ङसिँ । By सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) निरादयः क्रान्‍ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्‍या – Terms like ‘निर्’ (from the प्रादि-गण:) when denoting a sense like ‘क्रान्‍त’ (‘departed’/’gone past’) invariably compound with a syntactically related पदम् ending in the ablative case and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘ अप’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् ‘निरादयः क्रान्‍ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्‍या’ (which prescribes the compounding) the term निरादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘अप’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘अप + अर्थ ङसिँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) अप + अर्थ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) अपार्थ । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः – The gender of a तत्पुरुष: compound as well as a द्वन्द्व: compound is the same as the gender of the latter member of the compound. For a प्रादि-समास: (which belongs to the तत्पुरुष: class of compounds) though, as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः – The सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः does not apply to the following compounds which instead take their gender to match the gender of the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) –
i) a द्विगु-समास: (composed तद्धितार्थे विषये – in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed)
ii) a तत्पुरुष-समास: compound which has either ‘प्राप्त’, ‘आपन्न’ or ‘अलम्’ as its prior member
iii) a प्रादि-समास: composed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
Note: गतिसमासपदं गते: समासो येनेति बहुव्रीहिणा ‘कुगतिप्रादयः’ इति सूत्रपरम्। तच्चान्यत्र फलाभावात् प्रादिपरमेव। The mention of ‘गतिसमास’ in the above वार्तिकम् refers to those compounds constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः (which prescribes गति-समासा:)। And since the वार्तिकम् is of no use in the case of those compounds which have ‘कु’ or a ‘गति’ term as the prior member, we have to conclude that the mention of ‘गतिसमास’ in the above वार्तिकम् refers to प्रादि-समास: only.
In the present example, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपार्थ’ is neuter since the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) is ‘प्रायश्चित्त’ which is neuter.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(6) अपार्थ + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(7) अपार्थ + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.

(8) अपार्थम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. In verses 18-22 of Chapter Five of the गीता can you spot a compound constructed using the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) निरादयः क्रान्‍ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्‍या (used in step 2)?

2. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 1-4-24 ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम्) जुगुप्साविरामप्रमादार्थानामुपसङ्ख्यानम् been used in the verses?

3. Which two compounds used in the verses are नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compounds?

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form रजोभिः used in the commentary?

5. Can you spot a प्रादि-समास: in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The life of one who has no devotion is fruitless (disjoint from purpose.)”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ‘उ’ in the form करोति?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-69 दिवादिभ्यः श्यन् been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form व्यर्थया  fIs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.23.25.

देवर्षिपितृभूतानि ज्ञातीन्बन्धूंश्च भागिनः । असंविभज्य चात्मानं यक्षवित्तः पतत्यधः ।। ११-२३-२४ ।।
व्यर्थयार्थेहया वित्तं प्रमत्तस्य वयो बलम् । कुशला येन सिध्यन्ति जरठः किं नु साधये ।। ११-२३-२५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
ऋषयो मनुष्ययज्ञब्रह्मयज्ञयोर्देवताः । देवपितृभूतानि इतरेषु । ज्ञातयः सगोत्राः । बन्धवो विवाहादिना संबद्धास्तान् । अन्यांश्च भागिनो भागार्हान् । आत्मानं चासंविभज्यान्नादिभिरसंतर्प्य ।। २४ ।। एवं विमृश्यानुतप्यमान आह – व्यर्थयार्थेहया प्रमत्तस्य मम वित्तादि गतमिति शेषः । येन वित्तादिना कुशला विवेकिनः सिध्यन्ति मुच्यन्ते । जरठो वृद्धः ।। २५ ।।

Gita Press translation – He who guards his wealth like a Yakṣa, neither propitiates (by means of it) the gods, the Ṛṣis, the manes and (other) living beings, kinsmen, relatives and other claimants nor himself and goes down (to perdition) (24). My fortune, lifetime and strength, through which men of understanding achieve perfection, have (all) been carelessly spent, occupied as I have been with my fruitless endeavors in the cause of (amassing) wealth. What can I possibly accomplish now, as I have grown old? (25)

(1) वियुक्तार्थेन (वियुक्ता अर्थेन) = व्यर्था – fruitless (disjoint from purpose.)
Note: व्यर्था may also be derived as a बहुव्रीहि: compound as – विगतोऽर्थो यस्या: सा = व्यर्था।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) वि + अर्थ टा । By सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) अवादयः क्रुष्‍टाद्यर्थे तृतीयया – Terms like ‘अव’ (from the प्रादि-गण:) when denoting a sense like ‘क्रुष्‍ट’ (‘announced’/’sounded’) invariably compound with a syntactically related पदम् ending in the instrumental case and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘वि’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् ‘अवादयः क्रुष्‍टाद्यर्थे तृतीयया’ (which prescribes the compounding) the term अवादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘वि’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘वि + अर्थ टा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) वि + अर्थ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) व्यर्थ । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः – The gender of a तत्पुरुष: compound as well as a द्वन्द्व: compound is the same as the gender of the latter member of the compound. For a प्रादि-समास: (which belongs to the तत्पुरुष: class of compounds) though, as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः – The सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः does not apply to the following compounds which instead take their gender to match the gender of the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) –
i) a द्विगु-समास: (composed तद्धितार्थे विषये – in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed)
ii) a तत्पुरुष-समास: compound which has either ‘प्राप्त’, ‘आपन्न’ or ‘अलम्’ as its prior member
iii) a प्रादि-समास: composed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
Note: गतिसमासपदं गते: समासो येनेति बहुव्रीहिणा ‘कुगतिप्रादयः’ इति सूत्रपरम्। तच्चान्यत्र फलाभावात् प्रादिपरमेव। The mention of ‘गतिसमास’ in the above वार्तिकम् refers to those compounds constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः (which prescribes गति-समासा:)। And since the वार्तिकम् is of no use in the case of those compounds which have ‘कु’ or a ‘गति’ term as the prior member, we have to conclude that the mention of ‘गतिसमास’ in the above वार्तिकम् refers to प्रादि-समास: only.

In the present example, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्यर्थ’ has to be used in the feminine since the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) is ‘अर्थेहा’ which is feminine.

Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्यर्था’ by adding the appropriate affix.

(6) व्यर्थ + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि ‘अज’ etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in the letter ‘अ’ get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.

(7) व्यर्थ + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) व्यर्था । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is तृतीया-एकवचनम् ।

(7) व्यर्था + टा । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् ।

(8) व्यर्था + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) व्यर्थे + आ । By 7-3-105 आङि चापः – ‘आप्’ ending bases get the letter ‘ए’ as the substitute when followed by the affix ‘आङ्’ (‘टा’) or ‘ओस्’। Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending letter ‘आ’ of the base ‘व्यर्था’ is replaced by ‘ए’।

(10) व्यर्थया । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound in the verses?

2. Which कृत् affix is used to form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ईहा’ (used in the compound अर्थेहया (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?

3. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः apply in the form प्रमत्तस्य (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रमत्त’, पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) used in the verses?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-12 अर्हः been used in the commentary?

5. In the commentary can you find a word in which the affix ‘णिच्’ has been elided?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In the Aṣṭādhyāyī not even a single letter is useless (disjoint from purpose.)”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the affix ‘श्यन्’ in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ‘यक्’ in the form मुच्यन्ते used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form प्रपितामहः  mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.24.36.

इति तस्यां स आधाय गर्भं सूर्यो दिवं गतः । सद्यः कुमारः सञ्जज्ञे द्वितीय इव भास्करः ।। ९-२४-३५ ।।
तं सात्यजन्नदीतोये कृच्छ्राल्लोकस्य बिभ्यती । प्रपितामहस्तामुवाह पाण्डुर्वै सत्यविक्रमः ।। ९-२४-३६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
No commentary on these verses.

Gita Press translation – So saying, the sun-god deposited his seed in her womb and returned to heaven. That very moment a male child – who was another sun as it were, was born of her without any travail. (35) Afraid of the world (however), she painfully consigned the child to the stream of a river. (Later on) your great grandfather, Pāṇḍu, of genuine valor duly married her (36).

(1) प्रगत: पितामह: = प्रपितामह: – advanced (‘gone ahead’) grandfather = great grandfather

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) प्र + पितामह सुँ । By सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) प्रादयो गताद्यर्थे प्रथमया – Terms like ‘प्र’ (from the प्रादि-गण:) when denoting a sense like ‘गत’ (‘gone’/’advanced’) invariably compound with a syntactically related पदम् ending in the nominative case and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘प्र’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् ‘प्रादयो गताद्यर्थे प्रथमया’ (which prescribes the compounding) the term प्रादय: ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘प्र’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘प्र + पितामह सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) प्र + पितामह । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= प्रपितामह ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः – The gender of a तत्पुरुष: compound as well as a द्वन्द्व: compound is the same as the gender of the latter member of the compound. For a प्रादि-समास: (which belongs to the तत्पुरुष: class of compounds) though, as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः – The सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः does not apply to the following compounds which instead take their gender to match the gender of the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) –
i) a द्विगु-समास: (composed तद्धितार्थे विषये – in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed)
ii) a तत्पुरुष-समास: compound which has either ‘प्राप्त’, ‘आपन्न’ or ‘अलम्’ as its prior member
iii) a प्रादि-समास: composed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
Note: गतिसमासपदं गते: समासो येनेति बहुव्रीहिणा ‘कुगतिप्रादयः’ इति सूत्रपरम्। तच्चान्यत्र फलाभावात् प्रादिपरमेव। The mention of ‘गतिसमास’ in the above वार्तिकम् refers to those compounds constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः (which prescribes गति-समासा:)। And since the वार्तिकम् is of no use in the case of those compounds which have ‘कु’ or a ‘गति’ term as the prior member, we have to conclude that the mention of ‘गतिसमास’ in the above वार्तिकम् refers to प्रादि-समास: only.

But in the present example this वार्तिकम् is not necessary because the compound ‘प्रपितामह’ is itself a noun. It is not qualifying any other noun. So the gender is the same as the gender of its latter member (‘पितामह’) which is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(5) प्रपितामह + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) प्रपितामह + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) प्रपितामह: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) प्रादयो गताद्यर्थे प्रथमया (used in step 2) been used in verses 15-19 of Chapter Four of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सौनाग-वार्तिकानि the तत्त्वबोधिनी commentary says – अव्यवस्थया समासप्रसक्तौ व्यवस्थार्थं वचनानि। Please explain.

3. Where has the कृत् affix ‘ट’ been used in the verses?

4. In which word in the verses does the सूत्रम् 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च find application?

5. Can you spot a गति-समास: in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The sage Vyāsa was the great grandson of the sage Vasiṣṭha.”

Easy questions:

1. From which verbal root is the form सञ्जज्ञे derived?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the सम्प्रसारणम् in the form उवाह?

Today we will look at the form नमस्कृत्य  ind from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.6.2.

मैत्रेय उवाच
अथ देवगणाः सर्वे रुद्रानीकैः पराजिताः । शूलपट्टिशनिस्त्रिंशगदापरिघमुद्गरैः ।। ४-६-१ ।।
सञ्छिन्नभिन्नसर्वाङ्गाः सर्त्विक्सभ्या भयाकुलाः । स्वयम्भुवे नमस्कृत्य कार्त्स्न्येनैतन्न्यवेदयन् ।। ४-६-२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
अथ देवगणाः स्वयंभुवे न्यवेदयन्निति द्वितीयेनान्वयः ।। १ ।। शूलादिभिः संछिन्नानि त्रुटितानि भिन्नानि विदीर्णान्यङ्गानि येषाम् । सह ऋत्विग्भिः सभ्यैश्च वर्तमानाः ।। २ ।।

Gita Press translation – Maitreya went on: Worsted by the forces of Rudra and stricken with fear, and having all their limbs mangled and broken by (the blows of) their tridents, Paṭṭiśas (a kind of spear), swords, maces, iron clubs and mallets, the hosts of divinities along with the priests officiating and assisting at the sacrifice (approached and) bowed to Brahmā (the self-born) and narrated the story to him in all details (1-2).

(1) नम: कृत्वा = नमस्कृत्य – having saluted.

नमस्कृत्य is derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) preceded by the अव्ययम् ‘नमस्’। ‘नमस्’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-74 साक्षात्प्रभृतीनि च – The designation ‘गति’ is optionally assigned to the terms ‘साक्षात्’ etc when used in conjunction with the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०).

Note: As per the commentators, the साक्षात्प्रभृति-गण: is a आकृति-गण: – which is a class or group of words in which some words are actually mentioned and room is left to include others which are found undergoing the same operations.
Note: च्व्यर्थवृत्तित्वं प्रायिकम् – the requirement that – the (optional) designation ‘गति’ prescribed by the सूत्रम् 1-4-74 साक्षात्प्रभृतीनि च only applies when the terms ‘साक्षात्’ etc are used in the same sense as that of the affix ‘च्वि’ – is प्रायिकम् meaning that it usually applies but is not universal. For example in नमस्कृत्य – here ‘नमस्’ (which is listed in the साक्षात्प्रभृति-गण:) gets the (optional) designation ‘गति’ even though it does not convey the same sense as that of the affix ‘च्वि’।

Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्‌’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ (in step 5.)

(2) कृ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘hosts of divinities’) is न्यवेदयन् (‘narrated.’)

(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –

नमस् + कृ क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘नमस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘नमस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘नमस् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

(5) नमस् + कृ ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).

Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114.)

(6) नमस् + कृ य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(7) नमस् + कृ तुँक् य । By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘ऋ’।

(8) नमस् + कृ त् य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) नमः + कृत्य । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

(10) नमस्कृत्य । By 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः – A विसर्ग: belonging to the term ‘नमस्’/’पुरस्’ is substituted by the letter ‘स्’ provided ‘नमस्’/’पुरस्’ has the designation ‘गति’ and is followed by a letter of the कवर्ग: (‘क्’, ‘ख्’, ‘ग्’, ‘घ्’, ‘ङ्’) or पवर्ग: (‘प्’, ‘फ्’, ‘ब्’, ‘भ्’, ‘म्’)।

‘नमस्कृत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.

(11) नमस्कृत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(12) नमस्कृत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Why is the form नमस्कृत्वा used in the following verse of the गीता a आर्षप्रयोगः (irregular grammatical usage)?
एतच्छ्रुत्वा वचनं केशवस्य कृताञ्जलिर्वेपमानः किरीटी ।
नमस्कृत्वा भूय एवाह कृष्णं सगद्गदं भीतभीतः प्रणम्य ॥ ११-३५॥

2. Can you spot a तृतीया-तत्पुरुष: compound in the verses?

3. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-18 कर्तृकरणयोस्तृतीया) प्रकृत्यादिभ्य उपसङ्ख्यानम् been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘न्’ in the forms ‘छिन्न’ and ‘भिन्न’ (used as part of the compound सञ्छिन्नभिन्नसर्वाङ्गाः in the verses)?

5. From which verbal root is the word विदीर्णानि (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विदीर्ण’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) – used in the commentary – derived?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having bowed to Śrī Rāma, Śrī Hanumān narrated to Him all that happened in Laṅkā.” Use the past participle ‘वृत्त’ for ‘happened.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘णिच्’ in the verses?

Today we will look at the form साक्षात्कृत्य  ind from the commentary on कुमारसम्भवम् 3.58.

भविष्यतः पत्युरुमा च शंभोः समाससाद प्रतिहारभूमिम् ।
योगात्स चान्तः परमात्मसंज्ञं दृष्ट्‌वा परं ज्योतिरुपारराम ।। ३.५८ ।।

सञ्जीवनी-टीका
भविष्यत इति । उमा च भविष्यतः पत्युः शम्भोः प्रतिहारभूमिं द्वारदेशं समाससाद । ‘स्त्री द्वार्द्वारं प्रतीहार:’ इत्यमरः । स शंभुः च अन्तः [परमात्मसंज्ञम्] परमात्मेति संज्ञा यस्य तत् परं मुख्यम् । ‘परं दूरान्यमुख्येषु’ इति यादवः । ज्योतिः दृष्ट्वा साक्षात्कृत्य योगात् ध्यानात् । ‘योगः सन्नहनोपायध्यानसङ्गतियुक्तिषु’ इत्यमरः । उपारराम उपारतः । ‘व्याङ्परिभ्यो रमः’ इति परस्मैपदम् ।

Translation – Umā approached the entrance (of the abode) of Śambhu, her future Lord; at the same time, He too, having directly realized in Himself, the principal light called Paramātman (the Supreme Self), desisted from contemplation (broke the Samādhi).

(1) असाक्षाद्‍भूतं यथा साक्षाद्भवति तथा कृत्वा = साक्षात्कृत्य – having made something evident which was not evident before. In the present context it means ‘having directly realized.’

See question 1.

साक्षात्कृत्य is derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) preceded by the अव्ययम् ‘साक्षात्’। ‘साक्षात्’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-74 साक्षात्प्रभृतीनि च – The designation ‘गति’ is optionally assigned to the terms ‘साक्षात्’ etc when used in conjunction with the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०).
Note: च्व्यर्थ इति वाच्यम्‌ – The (optional) designation ‘गति’ prescribed by the सूत्रम् 1-4-74 साक्षात्प्रभृतीनि च only applies when the terms ‘साक्षात्’ etc are used in the same sense as that of the affix ‘च्वि’ (ref. 5-4-50 अभूततद्भावे कृभ्वस्तियोगे सम्पद्यकर्तरि च्विः) which is the sense of ‘transforming something in to that which it was not before.’

Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्‌’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ (in step 5.)

(2) कृ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘He’ (‘Śambhu’)) is उपारराम (‘desisted.’)

(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –

साक्षात् + कृ क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘ साक्षात्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘साक्षात्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘साक्षात् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

(5) साक्षात् + कृ ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).

Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114.)

(6) साक्षात् + कृ य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(7) साक्षात् + कृ तुँक् य । By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘ऋ’।

(8) साक्षात् + कृ त् य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

= साक्षात्कृत्य ।

‘ साक्षात्कृत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.

(9) साक्षात्कृत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(10) साक्षात्कृत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. What is the alternate form for साक्षात्कृत्य?

2. In which word in the verse has the affix लृँट् been used?

3. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 1-4-24 ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम्) जुगुप्साविरामप्रमादार्थानामुपसङ्ख्यानम् been used in the verse?

4. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-58 सृजिदृशोर्झल्यमकिति apply in the form दृष्ट्‌वा? (Which condition is not satisfied?)

5. What kind of समास: is परमात्मा (used in the commentary)?
i. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
ii. कर्मधारय:
iii. अव्ययीभाव:
iv. नञ्-तत्पुरुष:

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having directly realized the Self, one is never afraid.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the use of a परस्मैपदम् affix in the form उपारराम?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-112 ख्यत्यात्‌ परस्य been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form पुरस्कृत्य  ind from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.15.2.

तन्माधवो वेणुमुदीरयन्वृतो गोपैर्गृणद्भिः स्वयशो बलान्वितः । पशून्पुरस्कृत्य पशव्यमाविशद्विहर्तुकामः कुसुमाकरं वनम् ।। १०-१५-२ ।।
तन्मञ्जुघोषालिमृगद्विजाकुलं महन्मनःप्रख्यपयःसरस्वता । वातेन जुष्टं शतपत्रगन्धिना निरीक्ष्य रन्तुं भगवान्मनो दधे ।। १०-१५-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
स्वयशो गृणद्भिर्गोपैर्वृतस्तद्वनं प्राविशत् ।। २ ।। तद्वनं निरीक्ष्य रन्तुं मनो दधे । कथंभूतम् । मञ्जुघोषा येऽलिमृगद्विजा भ्रमरमृगपक्षिणस्तैराकुलं व्याप्तं महन्मनःप्रख्यपयःसरस्वता महतां मनसा प्रख्यं तुल्यं स्वच्छं पयो यस्मिंस्तत्सर आश्रयत्वेनास्ति यस्य तेन वातेनेति शैत्यमुक्तम् । शतपत्रगन्धिनेति परिमलवत्त्वम् । जुष्टं वनमिति मान्द्यं सूचितम् ।। ३ ।।

Gita Press translation – Surrounded by cowherds – who were singing His praises – and accompanied by Balarāma, Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the spouse of Lakṣmī), who was eager to sport, entered the said woodland (of Vṛndāvana), the store-house of blossoms and good for the cattle, driving the cows before Him and playing on His flute (2). Observing it full of bees, beasts and birds making delightful sounds (nay,) fanned by a breeze blowing over a pond, whose water was clear as the mind of an exalted soul, and wafting the fragrance of lotuses, the Lord made up His mind to sport (there) (3).

(1) अग्रे कृत्वा = पुरस्कृत्य – placing before.

पुरस्कृत्य is derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) preceded by the term ‘पुरस्’। ‘पुरस’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम् – The term ‘पुरस्’ when used as a अव्ययम् (indeclinable) gets the designation ‘गति’ provided it is used in conjunction with a verb.

Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्‌’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ (in step 5.)

Note: Since the term ‘पुरस्’ has the designation ‘गति’ here it also gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and hence the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।

(2) कृ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the spouse of Lakṣmī)’) is आविशत् (‘entered.’)

(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –

पुरस् + कृ क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘पुरस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘पुरस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘ पुरस् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

(5) पुरस् + कृ ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).

Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114.)

(6) पुरस् + कृ य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(7) पुरस् + कृ तुँक् य । By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘ऋ’।

(8) पुरस् + कृ त् य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) पुरः + कृत्य । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

(10) पुरस्कृत्य । By 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः – A विसर्ग: belonging to the term ‘नमस्’/’पुरस्’ is substituted by the letter ‘स्’ provided ‘नमस्’/’पुरस्’ has the designation ‘गति’ and is followed by a letter of the कवर्ग: (‘क्’, ‘ख्’, ‘ग्’, ‘घ्’, ‘ङ्’) or पवर्ग: (‘प्’, ‘फ्’, ‘ब्’, ‘भ्’, ‘म्’)।

‘पुरस्कृत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.

(11) पुरस्कृत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(12) पुरस्कृत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः (used in step 10) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अगतित्वान्नेह। पू: पुरौ पुर: प्रवेष्टव्या:। Please explain.

2. In which other word (besides पुरस्कृत्य) has the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of ‘त्वा’) taken place in the verses?

3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आकर’ (appearing in the compound ‘कुसुमाकर’ in the verses)?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-80 प्वादीनां ह्रस्वः been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form मनसा used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“On the universe (collection of three worlds) being tormented by Hiraṇyakaśipu, all the gods went to the abode of Lord Viṣṇu placing Brahmā in front.” Use a locative absolute construction (ref. 2-3-37 यस्य च भावेन भावलक्षणम्‌) to express the meaning ‘On the universe (collection of three worlds) being tormented.’ Construct a द्विगु: compound for ‘universe (collection of three worlds)’ = त्रयाणां लोकानां समाहार:। Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धामन्’ for ‘abode.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ए’ in the form दधे?

Today we will look at the form पुरोधाय  ind from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.90.2.

भरद्वाजाश्रमं गत्वा क्रोशादेव नरर्षभः । बलं सर्वमवस्थाप्य जगाम सह मन्त्रिभिः ।। २-९०-१ ।।
पद्भ्यामेव तु धर्मज्ञो न्यस्तशस्त्रपरिच्छदः । वसानो वाससी क्षौमे पुरोधाय पुरोहितम् ।। २-९०-२ ।।
ततः सन्दर्शने तस्य भरद्वाजस्य राघवः । मन्त्रिणस्तानवस्थाप्य जगामानुपुरोहितम् ।। २-९०-३ ।।
वसिष्ठमथ दृष्ट्वैव भरद्वाजो महातपाः । सञ्चचालासनात्तूर्णं शिष्यानर्घ्यमिति ब्रुवन् ।। २-९०-४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Having reached the precincts of the hermitage of Bharadwāja and leaving all his people only a couple of miles away (on this side of the hermitage so as not to cause disturbance to the hermits living peacefully there), Bharata (a jewel among men), for his part, who knew what is right, proceeded (further) with his counselors on foot, placing Sage Vasiṣṭha (his family-priest) ahead and putting on only a pair of silk garments (viz., a loin-cloth and an outer covering), laying aside his weapons and ornaments etc. (1-2) Bidding the aforesaid counselors stay behind, the moment the celebrated Bharadwāja was clearly in sight, Bharata (a scion of Raghu) then proceeded at the heels of Vasiṣṭha (his family-priest) (3). At the very sight of Vasiṣṭha, Bharadwāja, who practiced great austerities, at once hurriedly rose from his seat, asking his pupils to fetch water to wash the hands (of  the distinguished guests) with (4).

(1) अग्रे हित्वा = पुरोधाय – having placed ahead.

पुरोधाय is derived from the verbal root √धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११) preceded by the term ‘पुरस्’। ‘पुरस्’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम् – The term ‘पुरस्’ when used as a अव्ययम् (indeclinable) gets the designation ‘गति’ provided it is used in conjunction with a verb.

Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्‌’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ (in step 5.)

Note: Since the term ‘पुरस्’ has the designation ‘गति’ here it also gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and hence the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।

(2) धा + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘Bharata (a jewel among men)’) is जगाम (‘proceeded.’)

(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –

पुरस् + धा + क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘पुरस्‌’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘पुरस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘पुरस् + धा क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

(5) पुरस् + धा + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्‍ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्)। The entire term ‘क्त्वा’ is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।)

(6) पुरस् + धा + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

See question 1.

(7) पुररुँ + धा + य । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः।

(8) पुर उ + धाय । By 6-1-114 हशि च।

(9) पुरोधाय । By 6-1-87 आद्‍गुणः।

‘पुरोधाय’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.

(10) पुरोधाय + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(11) पुरोधाय । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. What prevents the सूत्रम् 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि from applying after step 6 in the above derivation?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम् (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – पुरं पुरौ पुर: कृत्वा गत:। Please explain.

3. What is the विग्रह: of the compound अनुपुरोहितम् used in the verses?

4. From which verbal root is the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शिष्य’ (used in the form शिष्यान् (पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) in the verses) derived?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Placing Akrūra in front, Śrī Kṛṣṇa along with Balarāma went to Mathurā.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः been used in the verses?

2. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि apply in the form सञ्चचाल? (Which condition is not satisfied?)