Today we will look at the form द्वादश mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.11.12.
तयोः समुच्चयो मासः पितॄणां तदहर्निशम् । द्वौ तावृतुः षडयनं दक्षिणं चोत्तरं दिवि ।। ३-११-११ ।।
अयने चाहनी प्राहुर्वत्सरो द्वादश स्मृतः । संवत्सरशतं नॄणां परमायुर्निरूपितम् ।। ३-११-१२ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
षण्मासा अयनम् । दिवीत्यस्योत्तरेणान्वयः ।। ११ ।। दिवीति देवानामहोरात्रे प्राहुः । द्वादश मासाः ।। १२ ।।
Gita Press translation – Both these fortnights, taken together, make one month, which constitutes a day and night of the Pitṛs (manes). Two months, taken together, go to make a Ṛtu (season); while an Ayana consists of six months. An Ayana is southerly and northerly by turns (according as the sun takes a southerly or northerly course), and the two Ayanas constitute the day and night of the gods in heaven. These are known as one year or twelve months (on earth) and a hundred years have been declared as the full life-span of human beings (11-12).
(1) द्वौ च दश च = द्वादश – (Two + ten =) Twelve.
See question 1.
(2) द्वि औ + दशन् जस् । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।
(3) द्वि औ + दशन् जस् । Note: Since ‘द्वि औ’ denotes a smaller number (compared to ‘दशन् जस्’) it is placed in the prior position as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्) सङ्ख्याया अल्पीयस्याः पूर्वनिपातो वक्तव्यः – In a compound the term which denotes a smaller number is placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘द्वि औ + दशन् जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) द्वि + दशन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) द्वादशन् । By 6-3-47 द्व्यष्टनः संख्यायामबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः – When followed by the final member of a compound, (the final letter of) the term ‘द्वि’ as well as ‘अष्टन्’ takes the substitution ‘आ’ provided the compound is not a बहुव्रीहि: compound and the final member of the compound denotes a number other than ‘अशीति’।
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter (of ‘द्वि’/’अष्टन्’) is replaced by ‘आ’।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘द्वादशन्’ is an adjective since the final member ‘दशन्’ of the compound is an adjective. It declines in all three genders, but has the same form in all the genders. This द्वन्द्वः compound (which expresses इतरेतरयोगः) is plural in number because it denotes the plural number twelve. Here it is used as an adjective to ‘मास’, which is masculine. Therefore it is used in the masculine gender here.
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा।
(6) द्वादशन् + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
Note: ‘द्वादशन्’ gets the षट्-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-1-24 ष्णान्ता षट् – A numeral stem ending in the letter ‘ष्’ or the letter ‘न्’ gets the designation षट्। This allows the सूत्रम् 7-1-22 to apply in the next step.
(7) द्वादशन् । By 7-1-22 षड्भ्यो लुक् – The affixes ‘जस्’ and ‘शस्’ take the लुक् elision when they follow terms that are designated षट्।
Note: Now ‘द्वादशन्’ gets the designation पदम् by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.
(8) द्वादश । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।
Questions:
1. What is an alternate way (other than द्वन्द्वः) of deriving the compound द्वादश? Hint: Consider the वार्तिकम् (under 2-1-60 क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ् in the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी) शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्योपसंख्यानम्।
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-47 द्व्यष्टनः संख्यायामबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः किम्? द्वित्राः। द्व्यशीतिः। Please explain.
3. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the काशिका says – द्व्यष्टन इति किम्? पञ्चदश। Please explain.
4. Can you spot another (besides द्वादश) द्वन्द्वः compound in the verses?
5. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine noun समुच्चय:?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There are eighteen sections in the Mahābhārata text composed by the sage Vyāsa.” Use the masculine noun ‘ग्रन्थ’ for ‘text’, the neuter noun ‘पर्वन्’ for ‘section’, and the verbal root √रच (रच प्रतियत्ने १०. ४०३) preceded by the उपसर्गः ’वि’ for ‘to compose’.
Easy questions:
1. In which other word (besides द्वादश) has the सूत्रम् 7-1-22 षड्भ्यो लुक् been used in the verses?
2. What is the alternate form for नॄणाम्?
1. What is an alternate way (other than द्वन्द्वः) of deriving the compound द्वादश? Hint: Consider the वार्तिकम् (under 2-1-60 क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ् in the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी) शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्योपसंख्यानम्।
Answer: The विग्रह-वाक्यम् can also be written as द्व्यधिका दश = द्वादश – two plus ten
Note: द्व्यधिकाः itself is a तृतीया-तत्पुरुष: compound explained as follows – द्वाभ्यामधिकाः = द्व्यधिकाः – exceeding by two. The compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘द्व्यधिक’ is then used in the following derivation.
The अलौकिक-विग्रह: is –
द्व्यधिक जस् + दशन् जस् । By 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्।
By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘द्व्यधिक जस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 (which prescribes the compounding) the term विशेषणम् ends in the nominative case. Hence the adjective ‘द्व्यधिक जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्।
Note: ‘द्व्यधिक जस् + दशन् जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= द्व्यधिक + दशन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= द्वि + दशन् । By the वार्तिकम् – शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्योपसंख्यानम्– In order to explain compounds like शाकपार्थिवः, an additional provision is made to allow for the elision of the latter member of a compound (which itself is the prior member of the final compound.) In the present example, the latter member ‘अधिक’ of the compound ‘द्व्यधिक’ is elided in order to explain the compound ‘द्वादश’।
Note: A compound composed using this वार्तिकम् is referred to as a शाकपार्थिवादिसमास: or a मध्यमपदलोपिसमास:।
= द्वादशन् । By 6-3-47 द्व्यष्टनः संख्यायामबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः, 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘द्वादशन्’ is an adjective since the latter member ‘दशन्’ of the compound is an adjective. Here it is used in the masculine since it is an adjective to मासाः। प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् is द्वादश।
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-47 द्व्यष्टनः संख्यायामबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः किम्? द्वित्राः। द्व्यशीतिः। Please explain.
Answer: Why does the सूत्रम् 6-3-47 द्व्यष्टनः संख्यायामबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः contain the exclusions अबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः (provided the compound is not a बहुव्रीहि: compound and the final member of the compound denotes a number other than ‘अशीति’)? Consider the following examples –
i. द्वौ वा त्रयो वा = द्वित्राः। The सूत्रम् 6-3-47 does not apply here since द्वित्राः is a बहुव्रीहि: compound.
ii. द्वौ चाशीतिश्च = द्व्यशीतिः। The सूत्रम् 6-3-47 does not apply here since the final member of the compound is ‘अशीति’।
If the exclusions अबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः were not mentioned in the सूत्रम् 6-3-47 द्व्यष्टनः संख्यायामबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः, then this सूत्रम् would have applied in the above examples also – replacing the final letter of the term ‘द्वि’ by ‘आ’ – which would have resulted in undesirable forms.
3. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the काशिका says – द्व्यष्टन इति किम्? पञ्चदश। Please explain.
Answer: As per the सूत्रम् 6-3-47 द्व्यष्टनः संख्यायामबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः – When followed by the final member of a compound, (the final letter of) the term ‘द्वि’ as well as ‘अष्टन्’ takes the substitution ‘आ’ provided the compound is not a बहुव्रीहि: compound and the final member of the compound denotes a number other than ‘अशीति’।
In the compound पञ्चदश the prior member (‘पञ्चन्’) is neither ‘द्वि’ nor ‘अष्टन्’। Hence the सूत्रम् 6-3-47 does not apply. There is no substitution ‘आ’ in place of the final letter of the term ‘पञ्चन्’।
4. Can you spot another (besides द्वादश) द्वन्द्वः compound in the verses?
Answer: The compound अहर्निशम् (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अहर्निश’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) is also a द्वन्द्वः compound. This compound expresses a समाहारः।
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is –
अहश्च निशा च तयो: समाहार: = अहर्निशम् – a (group of) day and night.
The अलौकिक-विग्रहः is –
अहन् सुँ + निशा सुँ । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः। Since both the vowels in the term ‘अहन्’ are लघु (while one vowel in the term ‘निशा’ is गुरु), ‘अहन्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्) लघ्वक्षरं पूर्वम्।
Note: ‘अहन् सुँ + निशा सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= अहन् + निशा । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
Note: Since there is only a single group in a द्वन्द्वः compound which expresses a समाहारः it is always singular in number. And as per 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम् it is always neuter in gender. This allows 1-2-47 to apply in the next step.
= अहन् + निश । By 1-2-47 ह्रस्वो नपुंसके प्रातिपदिकस्य, 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य।
= अहर् + निश । By 8-2-69 रोऽसुपि।
= अहर्निश ।
The compound ‘अहर्निश’ declines like वन-शब्द:। प्रथमा-एकवचनम् is अहर्निशम्।
5. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine noun समुच्चय:?
Answer: The कृत् affix ‘अच्’ is used to form the masculine noun समुच्चय: – derived from the verbal root √चि (चिञ् चयने ५. ५).
समुच्चयनं समुच्चयः।
First we derive the कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् ’चय’ as follows –
चि + अच् । By 3-3-56 एरच् – The affix अच् may be used following a verbal root ending in a इवर्ण: (the letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) to denote either (i) the sense of the verbal root as having attained to a completed state or (ii) any कारक: except the agent of the action, provided the word so derived is a proper name.
Note: The affix ‘अच्’ prescribed by this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to the affix ‘घञ्’ prescribed by 3-3-18 भावे and 3-3-19 अकर्तरि च कारके संज्ञायाम्।
= चि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= चे + अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
= चय् + अ = चय । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
सम् उद् + चय । ‘चय’ is compounded with the उपसर्गौ ’सम्’ and ‘उद्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
= सम् उज् + चय । By 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः।
= सम् उच् + चय । By 8-4-55 खरि च।
= समुच्चय ।
‘समुच्चय’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
Note: घाजन्तश्च (लिङ्गानुशासनम् २.३) – A प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the affix ‘घ’ or ‘अच्’ is used in the masculine gender.
’समुच्चय’ declines like राम-शब्द:। प्रथमा-एकवचनम् is समुच्चयः।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There are eighteen sections in the Mahābhārata text composed by the sage Vyāsa.” Use the masculine noun ‘ग्रन्थ’ for ‘text’, the neuter noun ‘पर्वन्’ for ‘section’, and the verbal root √रच (रच प्रतियत्ने १०. ४०३) preceded by the उपसर्गः ’वि’ for ‘to compose’.
Answer: मुनिना व्यासेन विरचिते महाभारते ग्रन्थे अष्टादश पर्वाणि सन्ति = मुनिना व्यासेन विरचिते महाभारते ग्रन्थेऽष्टादश पर्वाणि सन्ति।
Easy questions:
1. In which other word (besides द्वादश) has the सूत्रम् 7-1-22 षड्भ्यो लुक् been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-1-22 षड्भ्यो लुक् has also been used in the form षट् (प्रातिपदिकम् ’षष्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्)। From the commentary we know that it is qualifying the masculine noun मासाः।
Please see the answer to easy question 2 in the following comment for the derivation of the form षट् – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/30/धनञ्जयः-mns/#comment-5749
2. What is the alternate form for नॄणाम्?
Answer: The alternate form for नॄणाम् (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृ’, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्) is नृणाम्।
Please see the answer to easy question 1 in the following comment for the derivation of नृणाम्/नॄणाम् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/08/10/युगायते-3as-लँट्/#comment-4177