Today we will look at the form अलङ्‍कृत्य  ind from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.84.52.

ईजेऽनुयज्ञं विधिना अग्निहोत्रादिलक्षणैः । प्राकृतैर्वैकृतैर्यज्ञैर्द्रव्यज्ञानक्रियेश्वरम् ।। १०-८४-५१ ।।
अथर्त्विग्भ्योऽददात्काले यथाम्नातं स दक्षिणाः । स्वलङ्‍कृतेभ्योऽलङ्‍कृत्य गोभूकन्या महाधनाः ।। १०-८४-५२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
अनुयज्ञं प्रतियज्ञम् । आम्नातसर्वाङ्गाः प्राकृता ज्योतिष्टोमदर्शपूर्णमासादयस्तेभ्यश्चोदनालिङ्गादिभिरतिदेशप्राप्ताङ्गा वैकृताः सौरसत्रादयस्तैः सर्वैः । द्रव्यं पुरोडाशादि, ज्ञानं मन्त्रः, क्रिया कर्म, तेषामीश्वरम् ।। ५१ ।। ५२ ।।

Gita Press traslation – At the end of each sacrifice, Vasudeva performed, in accordance with the scriptural ordinance, the Agnihotra and other sacrifices as well as those falling under the category of Prākṛta and Vaikṛta sacrifices, and thereby worshiped and propitiated Viṣṇu (the Lord of all substances, rituals and the Mantras with which they are performed) (51). Then in due time he adorned the priests well (with clothes and ornaments) and gave them sacrificial fees and also gifted them duly adorned cow and girls as well as lands and abundant wealth as laid down in the scriptures (52).

(1) भूषयित्वा = अलङ्‍कृत्य – having adorned.

अलङ्कृत्य is derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) preceded by the term ‘अलम्’। ‘अलम्’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-64 भूषणेऽलम् – The term ‘अलम्’ when denoting ‘decoration’ gets the designation ‘गति’ provided it is used in conjunction with a verb.

Note: ‘1-4-62 अनुकरणम्-‘ इत्यादि त्रिसूत्री स्वभावात्कृञ्विषया – The three rules 1-4-62 अनुकरणं चानितिपरम्, 1-4-63 आदरानादरयोः सदसती and 1-4-64 भूषणेऽलम् are naturally applicable only in the context where the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) is in conjunction.

Note: ‘अलम्’ has four meanings – (i) प्रतिषेध: – negation/prohibition (ii) सामर्थ्यम् – capability (iii) पर्याप्ति: – enough/sufficient (iv) भूषणम् – decoration. Only in the last meaning ‘अलम्’ gets the designation ‘गति’।

Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्‌’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ (in step 5.)

Note: Since the term ‘अलम्’ has the designation ‘गति’ here it also gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and hence the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।

(2) कृ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘he – Vasudeva’) is अददात् (‘gifted.’)

(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –

अलम् + कृ क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘अलम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘अलम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘अलम् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

(5) अलम् + कृ ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).

Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114.)

(6) अलम् + कृ य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(7) अलम् + कृ तुँक् य By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘ऋ’।

(8) अलम् + कृ त् य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) अलं + कृत्य । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।

(10) अलंकृत्य/अलङ्‍कृत्य । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।

‘अलंकृत्य/अलङ्‍कृत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.

(11) अलंकृत्य/अलङ्‍कृत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(12) अलंकृत्य/अलङ्‍कृत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-64 भूषणेऽलम् (used in step 1) the काशिका says – भूषण इति किम्? अलं भुक्त्वौदनं गतः। Please explain.

2. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fourth case affix in the form ऋत्विग्भ्य: (and स्वलङ्कृतेभ्य:) used in the verses?

3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘क्रिया’ (used as part of the compound द्रव्यज्ञानक्रियेश्वरम् in the verses)?

4. What kind of compound is यथाम्नातम्?
i. अव्ययीभाव:
ii. कर्मधारय:
iii. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
iv. नञ्-तत्पुरुष:

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-3-115 ल्युट् च been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having adorned Sītā with excellent clothes and ornaments, King Janaka gave (her) to Śrī Rāma.”

Easy questions:

1. From which verbal root is the form ईजे derived?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-10 श्लौ been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form असत्कृत्य  ind from महाभारतम् 13.53.12.

यदा तौ निर्विकारौ तु लक्षयामास भार्गवः । तत उत्थाय सहसा स्नानशालां विवेश ह ।। १३-५३-११ ।।
कॢप्तमेव तु तत्रासीत् स्नानीयं पार्थिवोचितम् । असत्कृत्य च तत् सर्वं तत्रैवान्तरधीयत ।। १३-५३-१२ ।।
स मुनिः पुनरेवाथ नृपतेः पश्यतस्तदा । नासूयां चक्रतुस्तौ च दम्पती भरतर्षभ ।। १३-५३-१३ ।।

Translation – However when Bhṛgu’s son noticed that the two of them were (still) undisturbed, he rose up all of a sudden and entered the bathing chamber (11). The various articles proper for bathing such as were fit for a king’s use, were ready there in advance. Having disrespected (i.e. having ignored) all those articles, the sage once again disappeared right there even as the king watched. (Even) then, O chief of Bharatas, that royal pair did not show any intolerance (towards him) (12-13).

Note: In the usage मुनिरन्तरधीयत above, the object (‘मुनि’) on which the verbal activity (of concealing) is found, has turned into a subject and the verb (√धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘अन्तर्’) which is transitive has turned in to intransitive as a result. This is called a कर्मकर्तरि प्रयोगः। But this agent (‘मुनि’) is treated as if it were the कर्म (object) as per the सूत्रम् 3-1-87 कर्मवत्‌ कर्मणा तुल्यक्रियः – When the agent of a given action behaves in the same way as does the object, the agent is treated as if it were the object. (For the agent to be treated as if it were the object, the action of the agent must be identical with the action located within the object.) This allows for the use of the affix ‘यक्’ (by 3-1-67 सार्वधातुके यक् which has the अनुवृत्तिः of भावकर्मणोः from the prior सूत्रम्) and a आत्मनेपदम् affix (‘त’) – as per 1-3-13 भावकर्मणोः – in the form अन्तरधीयत।

(1) अनादरं कृत्वा = असत्कृत्य – having disrespected.

असत्कृत्य is derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) preceded by the term ‘असत्’ (‘असत्’ itself is a नञ्-तत्पुरुषः compound derived as न सत् = असत्)।
‘असत्’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-63 आदरानादरयोः सदसती – The terms ‘सत्’ and ‘असत्’ when denoting ‘respect’ and ‘disrespect’ respectively get the designation ‘गति’ provided they are used in conjunction with a verb.

Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्‌’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ (in step 5.)

Note: Since the term ‘असत्’ has the designation ‘गति’ here it also gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and hence the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।

(2) कृ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘the sage’) is अन्तरधीयत (‘disappeared.’)

(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –

असत् + कृ क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘असत्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘असत्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘असत् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

(5) असत् + कृ ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्‍ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).

Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114.)

(6) असत् + कृ य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(7) असत् + कृ तुँक् य By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘ऋ’।

(8) असत् + कृ त् य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

= असत्कृत्य ।

‘असत्कृत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.

(9) असत्कृत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(10) असत्कृत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. In which other word (besides असत्कृत्य) has the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) been used in the verses?

2. Consider the example – सत्कृत्वा कार्यं गतः। Why doesn’t the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) take place here?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used to justify the use of the affix ‘अनीयर्’ used to construct the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘स्नानीय’ (which appears in the form स्नानीयम् (नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?

4. Can you spot the कृत् affix ‘अ’ in the verses?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-38 षष्ठी चानादरे been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having disrespected (ignored) the words of his wife, Vālī set out to fight with Sugrīva.” Use the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘प्र’ for ‘to set out.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the augment ‘ईट्’ in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form सत्कृत्य  ind from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.1.16.

वैदेहीं लक्ष्मणं रामं नेत्रैरनिमिषैरिव । आश्चर्यभूतान्ददृशुः सर्वे ते वनचारिणः ।। ३-१-१४ ।।
अत्रैनं हि महाभागाः सर्वभूतहिते रताः । अतिथिं पर्णशालायां राघवं संन्यवेशयन् ।। ३-१-१५ ।।
ततो रामस्य सत्कृत्य विधिना पावकोपमाः । आजह्रुस्ते महाभागाः सलिलं धर्मचारिणः ।। ३-१-१६ ।।

Gita Press translation – All those forest dwellers saw Vaidehī (the princess of Videha country), Lakṣmaṇa and Rāma as a wonder with eyes as though steady (14). Here, indeed, the highly fortunate sages, taking delight in the good of all beings, lodged the scion of Raghu as a guest in a hut made of leaves (15). Then honoring Rāma with traditional rites, the fire-like righteous sages of great fortune offered water (16).

(1) आदरं कृत्वा = सत्कृत्य – having honored.

सत्कृत्य is derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) preceded by the term ‘सत्’। ‘सत्’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-63 आदरानादरयोः सदसती – The terms ‘सत्’ and ‘असत्’ when denoting ‘respect’ and ‘disrespect’ respectively get the designation ‘गति’ provided they are used in conjunction with a verb.

Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्‌’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ (in step 5.)

Note: Since the term ‘सत्’ has the designation ‘गति’ here it also gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and hence the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।

(2) कृ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘the sages’) is आजह्रु: (‘offered.’)

(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
सत् + कृ क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘सत्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘सत्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘सत् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

(5) सत् + कृ ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्‍ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114.)

(6) सत् + कृ य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(7) सत् + कृ तुँक् य By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘ऋ’।

(8) सत् + कृ त् य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

= सत्कृत्य ।

‘सत्कृत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.

(9) सत्कृत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(10) सत्कृत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Referring to the set of three rules 1-4-62 अनुकरणं चानितिपरम्, 1-4-63 आदरानादरयोः सदसती (used in step 1) and 1-4-64 भूषणेऽलम् the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – ‘1-4-62 अनुकरणम्-‘ इत्यादि त्रिसूत्री स्वभावात्कृञ्विषया। Please explain.

2. In which compound used in the verses does the वार्तिकम् (under 2-1-60 क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ् in the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी) शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्योपसंख्यानम् find application?

3. Which सूत्रम् may be used to justify the use of a sixth case affix in the form रामस्य used in the verses?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये been used in the verses?

5. Can you spot the affix ‘कि’ in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One should give charity (after) having shown respect to the recipient.” Use the neuter noun ‘पात्र’ for ‘recipient.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-26 हेतुमति च been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘उस्’ in the form आजह्रु:?

Today we will look at the form ऊरीकृत्य ind from शिशुपालवधम् 2.30.

आत्मोदयः परज्यानिर्द्वयं नीतिरितीयती । तदूरीकृत्य कृतिभिर्वाचस्पत्यं प्रतायते ।। २-३० ।।

मल्लिनाथ-टीका
आत्मोदय इति ।। आत्मन उदयो वृद्धिः परस्य शत्रोर्ज्यानिर्हानिः । ‘वीज्याज्वरिभ्यो निः’ इत्यौणादिको निः प्रत्ययः । इति द्वयम् । इदं परिमाणमस्या इति इयती एतावती । ‘5-2-40 किमिदंभ्यां वो घः’ इति वतुपो वस्य घश्च । ‘4-1-6 उगितश्च’ इति ङीप् । नीतिर्नीतिसंग्रहः । एतद्‍द्वयातिरिक्तो न कश्चिन्नीतिपदार्थोऽस्तीत्यर्थः । यदन्यत् षाड्गुण्यादिवर्णनं तत्सर्वमस्यैव प्रपञ्च इत्याह – तदिति । तद्‍द्वयमूरीकृत्याङ्गीकृत्य । ‘ऊरीकृतमुररीकृतमङ्गीकृतम्’ इत्यमरः । ‘1-4-61 ऊर्यादिच्विडाचश्च’ इति गतिसंज्ञायां ‘2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः’ इति समासे क्त्वो ल्यप् । कृतिभिः कुशलैः वाचस्पत्यं वाग्मित्वम् । कस्कादित्वादलुक्सत्वे । ‘8-3-53 षष्ठ्याः पतिपुत्र-‘ इत्यादिना सत्वमिति स्वामी तन्न । तस्य छन्दोविषयत्वात् । ब्राह्मणादित्वाद्भावे ष्यञ्प्रत्ययः । प्रतायते विस्तार्यते कर्मणि लट् । ‘6-4-44 तनोतेर्यकि’ इत्यात्तवम् । तस्मादात्मोदयार्थिभिरविलम्बाच्छत्रुरुच्छेत्तव्यः । तत्रान्तरीयत्वात्तस्येति भावः ।। ३० ।।

Translation – One’s success and the enemy’s failure – these two alone constitute political science. Having accepted this, eloquence is displayed by the wise.

(1) स्वीकृत्य = ऊरीकृत्य – having accepted

ऊरीकृत्य is derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) preceded by the term ‘ऊरी’। ‘ ऊरी’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-61 ऊर्यादिच्विडाचश्च – The terms ‘ऊरी’ etc as well terms ending in the तद्धित: affix ‘च्विँ’ or ‘डाच्’ get the designation ‘गति’ provided they are used in conjunction with a verb.

Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्‌’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ (in step 5.)

Note: Since the term ‘ऊरी’ has the designation ‘गति’ here it also gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and hence the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।

(2) कृ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘wise’) is प्रतायते (‘is displayed.’)

(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
ऊरी + कृ क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘ऊरी’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘ऊरी’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘ऊरी + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

(5) ऊरी + कृ ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्‍ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114.)

(6) ऊरी + कृ य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(7) ऊरी + कृ तुँक् य By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘ऋ’।

(8) ऊरी + कृ त् य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

= ऊरीकृत्य ।

‘ऊरीकृत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.

(9) ऊरीकृत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(10) ऊरीकृत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-61 ऊर्यादिच्विडाचश्च (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – च्विडाचौ कृभ्वस्तियोगे विहितौ, तत्साहचर्यादूर्यादीनामपि तत्रैव गतिसंज्ञा। माधवादिग्रन्थे तु ‘आविःप्रादुःशब्दौ मुक्त्वा, अन्येषां करोतिनैव योगे गतिसंज्ञा’ इति स्थितम्। Please explain.

2. Can you spot two षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष: compounds in the verses?

3. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नीति’ (seen in the form नीति: (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 नञ्‌ been used in the commentary?

5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the form ब्राह्मणादित्वात् used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having accepted Śrī Rāma’s sandals, Bharata returned to Ayodhyā.”

Easy questions:

1. In the fourth quarter of Chapter Six of the अष्टाध्यायी can you find the सूत्रम् which prescribes the substitution ‘आ’ in the form प्रतायते? (Hint: The अनुवृत्ति: of ‘आत्’ runs down from 6-4-41 विड्वनोरनुनासिकस्यात्‌ to 6-4-45 सनः क्तिचि लोपश्चास्यान्यतरस्याम्।) What is the alternate form for प्रतायते?

2. From which verbal root is the form विस्तार्यते (used in the commentary) derived?

Today we will look at the form अतीत्य  ind from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.15.27.

तद्विश्वगुर्वधिकृतं भुवनैकवन्द्यं दिव्यं विचित्रविबुधाग्र्यविमानशोचिः । आपुः परां मुदमपूर्वमुपेत्य योगमायाबलेन मुनयस्तदथो विकुण्ठम् ।। ३-१५-२६ ।।
तस्मिन्नतीत्य मुनयः षडसज्जमानाः कक्षाः समानवयसावथ सप्तमायाम् । देवावचक्षत गृहीतगदौ परार्ध्यकेयूरकुण्डलकिरीटविटङ्कवेषौ ।। ३-१५-२७ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तत्तदा तदपूर्वं विकुण्ठं अथो अनन्तरमुपेत्य मुनयः परामुत्कृष्टां मुदमापुः । अपूर्वत्वे हेतवः – विश्वगुरुणा हरिणाऽधिकृतमधिष्ठितम् । भुवनानामेकमेव वन्द्यम् । दिव्यमलौकिकम् । विचित्राणि विबुधाग्र्याणां विमानानि तेषां शोचिर्दीप्तिर्यस्मिन् । योगमायाबलेनेति अष्टाङ्गयोगप्रभावेणोपेत्य । परमेश्वरे तु योगमायेति चिच्छक्तिविलास इति द्रष्टव्यम् ।। २६ ।। तस्मिन्वैकुण्ठे षट् कक्षाः प्राकारद्वाराणि । असज्जमानाः भगवद्दर्शनोत्कण्ठया तत्तदद्‍भुतदर्शन आसक्तिमकुर्वाणाः । द्वारपालौ देवावपश्यन् । समानं वयो ययोः । गृहीते गदे याभ्याम् । परार्ध्यैः केयूरादिभिर्विटङ्कः सुन्दरो वेषो ययोः ।। २७ ।।

Gita Press translation – The sages (Sanaka and his three brothers) felt supremely delighted when they reached by dint of their Yogamāyā (wonderful power of Yoga) the divine and unique realm of Vaikuṇṭha, presided over by Lord Viṣṇu (the Father of the whole universe), which is the sole object of reverence for all the worlds, and shone resplendent with the wonderful aerial cars of the foremost gods (26). Having passed through six entrances to the Lord’s residence without feeling attached to anything, they saw at the seventh gate two shining beings of the same age, armed with a mace and adorned with most valuable armlets, ear-rings and diadems (27).

The verse (३-१५-२७) has appeared previously in the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/06/28/अतीत्य-ind/

(1) अतीत्य – having gone beyond

अतीत्य is derived from the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘अति’। ‘अति’ also gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-60 गतिश्च।

(2) इ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्‍त्‍वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘they’) is अचक्षत (‘saw.’)

(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –

अति + इ + क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।
Note: The designation ‘गति’ is prescribed in the section from 1-4-60 गतिश्च down to 1-4-79 जीविकोपनिषदावौपम्ये।

(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘अति’ (which has the designation गति: here) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case.
Hence the term ‘अति’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘अति + इ + क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

(5) अति + इ + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्‍ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्)। The entire term ‘क्त्वा’ is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।)

(6) अति + इ + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(7) अती + य । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः। Note: Since the affix ‘य’ is no longer preceded by a short vowel, 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् would not apply here. But now 6-1-86 षत्वतुकोरसिद्धः intervenes and says that when it comes to a possible addition of the augment ‘तुँक्’, the single substitute ‘ई’ (in place of ‘इ + इ’) is to be treated as if it has not occurred. Thus 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् still sees अति + इ + य and the addition of the augment ‘तुँक्’ does take place.

Note: The entire meaning of the सूत्रम् 6-1-86 षत्वतुकोरसिद्धः is – When the substitution ‘ष्’ or the augment ‘तुँक्’ is to be performed, a single replacement (in place of the preceding and following letter) is treated as if it has not occurred.

(8) अती तुँक् + य । By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘इ’।

(9) अतीत्य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

‘अतीत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.

(10) अतीत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(11) अतीत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. In which Chapter of the गीता has the form अतीत्य been used?

2. Can you spot another (besides अतीत्य) गति-समास: in the verses?

3. Which two compounds occurring in the verses have been constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 नञ्‌?

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form योगमायाबलेन used in the verses?

5. What is the लौकिक-विग्रह: of the compound भुवनैकवन्द्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भुवनैकवन्द्य’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) used in the verses? Hint: First form the कर्मधारय: compound ‘एकवन्द्य’ and use that to form the final षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष: compound ‘भुवनैकवन्द्य’।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having crossed (gone beyond) the ocean Śrī Hanumān reached Lanka.” Use the verbal root √आप् (आपॢँ व्याप्तौ ५. १६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ for ‘to reach.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has लिँट् been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘अत्’ in the form अचक्षत?

Today we will look at the form कवोष्णम् nNs from रघुवंशम् 1.67.

मत्परं दुर्लभं मत्वा नूनमावर्जितं मया । पयः पूर्वैः स्वनिःश्वासैः कवोष्णमुपभुज्यते ॥ 1-67॥
सोऽहमिज्याविशुद्धात्मा प्रजालोपनिमीलितः । प्रकाशश्चाप्रकाशश्च लोकालोक इवाचलः ॥ 1-68॥

मल्लिनाथ-टीका
मत्परं मदनन्तरम् । ‘अन्यारात् -‘ इत्यादिना पञ्चमी । दुर्लभं दुर्लभ्यं मत्वा मया आवर्जितं दत्तं पयः पूर्वेः पितृभिः स्वनिःश्वासैः दु:खजैः कवोष्णम् ईषदुष्णं यथा तथा उपभुज्यते । नूनम् इति वितर्के । कवोष्णमिति कुशब्दस्य कवादेशः । ‘कोष्णं कवोष्णं मन्दोष्णं कदुष्णं त्रिषु तद्वति’ इत्यमरः ।। ६७ ।। इज्या यागः । ‘व्रजयजोर्भावे क्यप्’ इति क्यप्प्रत्ययः । तया विशुद्धात्मा विशुद्धचेतनः [इज्याविशुद्धात्मा]। प्रजालोपेन संतत्यभावेन निमीलितः कृतनिमीलनः । [प्रजालोपनिमीलितः] सोऽहम् । लोक्यत इति लोकः न लोक्यत इत्यलोकः। लोकश्चालोकश्चात्र स्त इति, लोकश्चासावलोकश्चेति वा लोकालोकः चक्रवालः अचलः इव। ‘लोकालोकश्चक्रवालः’ इत्यमरः । प्रकाशत इति प्रकाशश्च देवर्णविमोचनात् । न प्रकाशत इति अप्रकाशश्च पितॄणामृणाविमोचनात् । पचाद्यच् । अस्मीति शेषः । लोकालोकोऽप्यन्तःसूर्यसंपर्काद्बहिस्तमोव्याप्त्या च प्रकाशश्चाप्रकाशश्चेति मन्तव्यम् ।। ६८ ।।

Translation – Verily the libation of water, offered by me, is drunk, rendered lukewarm with their sighs, by my forefathers, thinking that it would be difficult to be obtained after my death (67). I, therefore, with my soul purified by the performance of sacrifices, but obscured by want of issue, am both shining and not shining like the mountain Lokāloka (which is lighted on one side and dark on the other) (68).

(1) ईषदुष्णम्‌ = कवोष्णम्‌ – lukewarm (slightly warm.)

(2) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
कु + उष्ण सुँ । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘कु’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘कु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘कु + उष्ण सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) कु + उष्ण । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) कव + उष्ण । By 6-3-107 कवं चोष्णे – The indeclinable ‘कु’ optionally takes the substitution ‘कव’ or ‘का’ when it is followed by ‘उष्ण’ as the final member in a compound. Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire term ‘कु’ is replaced by ‘कव’ here.

See question 1.

(6) कवोष्ण । By 6-1-87 आद्‍गुणः।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कवोष्ण’ is an adjective since the latter member ‘उष्ण’ of the compound is an adjective. In the present example the compound is qualifying the neuter noun पय: and hence the compound is neuter. It declines like वन-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(7) कवोष्ण + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(8) कवोष्ण + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(9) कवोष्णम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Which are the two alternate forms for कवोष्णम्?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-29 अन्यारादितरर्तेदिक्‌छब्दाञ्चूत्तरपदाजाहियुक्ते been used in the verses?

3. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the कृत् affix क्यप् used to construct the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इज्या’ (seen in the compound इज्याविशुद्धात्मा in the verses)?

4. Which कृत् affix is used to construct the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रकाश’ (as used in the form प्रकाश: (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?

5. What is the विग्रह: of the compound अचल: used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
The doctor told me – ‘Drink lukewarm water with this medicine.’ Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘औषध’ for ‘medicine.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix यक् used in the form उपभुज्यते?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-111 श्नसोरल्लोपः been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form कदन्नम्  nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.9.9.

स च प्राकृतैर्द्विपदपशुभिरुन्मत्तजडबधिरेत्यभिभाष्यमाणो यदा तदनुरूपाणि प्रभाषते कर्माणि च कार्यमाणः परेच्छया करोति विष्टितो वेतनतो वा याच्ञया यदृच्छया वोपसादितमल्पं बहु मृष्टं कदन्नं वाभ्यवहरति परं नेन्द्रियप्रीतिनिमित्तम् । नित्यनिवृत्तनिमित्तस्वसिद्धविशुद्धानुभवानन्दस्वात्मलाभाधिगमः सुखदुःखयोर्द्वन्द्वनिमित्तयोरसम्भावितदेहाभिमानः ।। ५-९-९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
यदाऽभिभाष्यमाणस्तदा तदनुरूपाणि प्रभाषते । मूल्यमन्तरेण बलाद्यत्कर्म कार्यते सा विष्टिः । वेतनं मूल्यम् । विष्ट्यादिभिरुपसादितमन्नमभ्यवहरति उपभुङ्क्ते केवलं, न त्विन्द्रियप्रीतये । अत्र हेतुद्वयमाह । नित्यं सदा निवृत्तं निमित्तं यस्मात्स उत्पादकशून्यः स्वसिद्धोऽभिव्यञ्जकशून्यो विशुद्धः केवलो योऽनुभवः स एवानन्दरूपः स्वात्मा तस्य लाभ एवंभूतोऽहमिति ज्ञानं तस्याधिगमः प्राप्तिरस्ति यस्य । द्वन्द्वानि सन्मानावमानादीनि तद्धेतुकयोः सुखदुःखयोरकृतदेहाभिमानः । तस्मान्नेन्द्रियप्रीतिनिमित्तमभ्यवहरतीत्यन्वयः ।। ९ ।।

Gita Press translation – As for Bharata, when he was addressed as a lunatic, a dullard or a deaf fellow by the common people, the two-footed brutes, he spoke words befitting such a description and would do work as desired by others when compelled to do so. (Nay,) he would eat any food got through forced labor or by way of remuneration (for services done by him), by begging or without asking, no matter whether it was scanty or plentiful, tasteful or bad, but never for the gratification of his senses. For, having realized his oneness with the all-blissful Self – that is of the nature of absolute Consciousness, ever without cause and shining by itself – he never identified himself with the body in joy or sorrow occasioned by pairs of opposites (such as honor or ignominy) (9).

(1) कुत्सितमन्नम् = कदन्नम्‌ – bad food

(2) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
कु + अन्न सुँ । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘कु’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘कु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘कु + अन्न सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) कु + अन्न । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) कत् + अन्न । By 6-3-101 कोः कत्‌ तत्पुरुषेऽचि – In a तत्पुरुष: compound, the indeclinable ‘कु’ takes the substitution ‘कत्‌’ when it is followed by a vowel-beginning final member. Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire term ‘कु’ is replaced by ‘कत्’।

(6) कदन्न । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते – When a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कदन्न’ is neuter since the latter member ‘अन्न’ of the compound is neuter. The compound declines like वन-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(7) कदन्न + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(8) कदन्न + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.

(9) कदन्नम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-101 कोः कत्‌ तत्पुरुषेऽचि (used in step 5) the काशिका says – अचीति किम्? कुब्राह्मणः। कुपुरुषः। Please explain.

2. Which कृत् affix is used to form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘याच्ञा’ (occurring in the form याच्ञया (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?

3. In which word(s) in the verses has the augment मुँक् been used?

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a second case affix in the form मूल्यम् used in the commentary?

5. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-13 चतुर्थी सम्प्रदाने in the महाभाष्यम्) तादर्थ्ये चतुर्थी वाच्या been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Bad food pollutes not only the body but also the mind.” Use the verbal root √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२) in the causative for ‘to pollute.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix श्नम् in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form कुपुरुषः  mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.8.53.

यक्षा ऊचुः
वयमनुचरमुख्याः कर्मभिस्ते मनोज्ञैस्त इह दितिसुतेन प्रापिता वाहकत्वम् । स तु जनपरितापं तत्कृतं जानता ते नरहर उपनीतः पञ्चतां पञ्चविंश ।। ७-८-५२ ।।
किम्पुरुषा ऊचुः
वयं किम्पुरुषास्त्वं तु महापुरुष ईश्वरः । अयं कुपुरुषो नष्टो धिक्कृतः साधुभिर्यदा ।। ७-८-५३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
मनोज्ञैः कर्मभिस्तवानुचरेषु मुख्यास्ते वयं दितिसुतेन शिबिकावाहकत्वं प्रापिताः । पञ्चतां मृत्युम् । हे पञ्चविंश चतुर्विंशतितत्त्वनियामक ।। ५२ ।। किंपुरुषास्तु त्वां स्तोतुं के वयं वराका इत्याहुः – वयमिति । वयं किंपुरुषास्तुच्छप्राणिनस्त्वं तु महानद्‍भुतप्रभावः पुरुषः । नन्वयं महान्दैत्यो हत इति न वर्ण्यत इत्याशङ्क्य कियदेतदित्याहुः – अयमिति । यदा साधुभिर्भगवद्भक्तैस्तिरस्कृतस्तदैव नष्टः ।। ५३ ।।

Gita Press translation – The Yakṣas said: We, who are well-known as the chief among Your servants by virtue of (our) agreeable actions, had hitherto been reduced to the position of mere palanquin-bearers by Hiraṇyakaśipu (Diti’s son). He, however, has (now) been put to death by You, O Narasiṁha, the Controller of the twenty-four categories, knowing as You did the agony caused to the people by him (52). The Kimpuruṣas said: We are Kimpuruṣas (insignificant creatures), while You are the almighty Supreme Person. This wretched fellow was no more (even) when he was reproached by pious souls (53).

(1) कुत्सितः पुरुषः = कुपुरुषः – a wretched fellow

(2) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
कु + पुरुष सुँ । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘कु’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘कु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘कु + पुरुष सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) कु + पुरुष । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= कुपुरुष ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कुपुरुष’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पुरुष’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(5) कुपुरुष + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) कुपुरुष + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) कुपुरुष: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः (used in step 2) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘कु’शब्दोऽत्राव्ययं गृह्यते न तु पृथिवीवाचको गत्यादिसाहचर्यात्। Please explain.

2. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form कर्मभि: (and मनोज्ञै:) used in the verses?

3. What is the लौकिक-विग्रह: of the compound ‘किम्पुरुष’ (used in the form किम्पुरुषा: (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) in the verses)?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः been used in the verses?

5. In which word in the verses has the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of ‘लँट्’) taken place?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Not getting a son is better than getting a despicable son.” Paraphrase to “Non-obtaining of a son is better than obtaining of a despicable son.” Use the कृत् affix ‘क्तिन्’ with the verbal root √आप् (आपॢँ व्याप्तौ ५. १६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ to form a feminine प्रातिपदिकम् for ‘obtaining.’ Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘non-obtaining.’ Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वर’ (feminine ‘वरा’) for ‘better.’

Easy questions:

1. From which verbal root is the form ऊचुः derived?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the affix णिच् in the form वर्ण्यते used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form अनृतम्  nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.88.34.

यदि वस्तत्र विश्रम्भो दानवेन्द्र जगद्‍गुरौ । तर्ह्यङ्गाशु स्वशिरसि हस्तं न्यस्य प्रतीयताम् ।। १०-८८-३३ ।।
यद्यसत्यं वचः शम्भोः कथञ्चिद्दानवर्षभ । तदैनं जह्यसद्वाचं न यद्वक्तानृतं पुनः ।। १०-८८-३४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
यद्यथा वक्ता वदिष्यति ।। ३४ ।।

Gita Press translation – O lord of demons, if you still repose faith in Śaṅkara as the Teacher of the world, the truth may be verified (by you) this very instant, O dear friend, by placing your hand on your own head (33). O chief of Asuras, if the words of Śaṅkara are found to deviate from truth in any wise, you had better do away with that liar so that he may not (live to) utter a falsehood again (34).

(1) न ऋतम् = अनृतम् – falsehood.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) नञ्‌ + ऋत सुँ । By 2-2-6 नञ्‌ – The negation particle नञ्‌ (meaning ‘not’) optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The negation particle नञ्‌ belongs to the चादि-गणः (referenced in 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे)। Hence it gets the designation निपात: by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: तत्सादृश्यमभावश्च तदन्यत्वं तदल्पता । अप्राशस्त्यं विरोधश्च नञर्था: षट् प्रकीर्तिता: ॥ The negation particle नञ्‌ may convey any of the following senses –
i) तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated.
ii) अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated.
iii) तदन्यत्वम् – different from that which is being negated.
iv) तदल्पता – smallness of that which is being negated.
v) अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness.
vi) विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
In the present example the negation particle नञ्‌ conveys the sense of opposite to that which is being negated. अनृतम् – Opposite of truth = falsehood.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. Hence the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

(4) न + ऋत सुँ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘न + ऋत सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(5) न + ऋत । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) अ + ऋत । By 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – The letter ‘न्’ of the negation particle नञ्‌ is elided when followed by a final member of a compound.

(7) अ + नुँट् ऋत । By 6-3-74 तस्मान्नुडचि – When preceded by the particle नञ्‌ whose letter ‘न्’ has been elided (by the prior सूत्रम् 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः), a final member (of a compound) which begins with a vowel takes the augment नुँट्।
Note: As per the परिभाषा ‘उभयनिर्देशे पञ्चमीनिर्देशो बलीयान्’ the fifth case affix used in तस्मात् has greater force than the seventh case affix used in अचि। Hence the operation (of attaching the augment नुँट्) takes place on the उत्तरपदम् and not on the particle नञ्‌।
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the augment नुँट् attaches at the beginning of the final member (of a compound) which begins with a vowel.

(8) अ + न् ऋत । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

= अनृत ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ अनृत’ is neuter since the latter member ‘ऋत’ of the compound is neuter. The compound declines like वन-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(9) अनृत + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) अनृत + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) अनृतम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. The first verse of which Chapter(s) of the गीता begins with a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-74 (used in step 7) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – नैकधेत्‍यादौ तु नशब्‍देन सह सुप्‍सुपेति समासः। Please explain.

3. What kind of compound is दानवेन्द्र (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दानवेन्द्र’, सम्बुद्धिः) used in the verses?
i. अव्ययीभाव:
ii. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
iii. नञ्-तत्पुरुष:
iv. कर्मधारय:

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a seventh case affix in the form जगद्‍गुरौ?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Yudhiṣṭhira never uttered a falsehood.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution आम् in the form प्रतीयताम्?

2. In which word in the verses has लुँट् been used?

Today we will look at the form अकाले mLs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 7.73.5.

रुदन्बहुविधा वाचः स्नेहदुःखसमन्वितः । असकृत्पुत्रपुत्रेति वाक्यमेतदुवाच ह ।। ७-७३-३ ।।
किं नु मे दुष्कृतं कर्म पुरा देहान्तरे कृतम् । यदहं पुत्रमेकं तु पश्यामि निधनं गतम् ।। ७-७३-४ ।।
अप्राप्तयौवनं बालं पञ्चवर्षसहस्रकम् । अकाले कालमापन्नं दुःखाय मम पुत्रक ।। ७-७३-५ ।।

Translation – Filled with affection and sorrow, and lamenting in various words and repeatedly exclaiming ‘O son! O son!’ (he) said the following – What evil deed have I committed in my former birth that I should see my only son dead (3-4). O son, seeing you, a boy of (mere) five thousand days (about fourteen years), who has met with untimely death before reaching youth, leads to my sorrow (5).

(1) न काल: = अकाल: – inopportune time.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) नञ्‌ + काल सुँ । By 2-2-6 नञ्‌ – The negation particle नञ्‌ (meaning ‘not’) optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The negation particle नञ्‌ belongs to the चादि-गणः (referenced in 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे)। Hence it gets the designation निपात: by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: तत्सादृश्यमभावश्च तदन्यत्वं तदल्पता । अप्राशस्त्यं विरोधश्च नञर्था: षट् प्रकीर्तिता: ॥ The negation particle नञ्‌ may convey any of the following senses –
i) तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated.
ii) अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated.
iii) तदन्यत्वम् – different from that which is being negated.
iv) तदल्पता – smallness of that which is being negated.
v) अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness.
vi) विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
In the present example the negation particle नञ्‌ conveys the sense of अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness. अकालः – An inopportune time.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. Hence the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

(4) न + काल सुँ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘न + काल सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(5) न + काल । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) अकाल । By 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – The letter ‘न्’ of the negation particle नञ्‌ is elided when followed by a final member of a compound.

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अकाल’ is masculine since the latter member ‘काल’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्।

(7) अकाल + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(8) अकाल + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) अकाले । By 6-1-87 आद्‍गुणः।

Questions:

1. The last verse of which Chapter of the गीता begins with a नञ्‌-तत्पुरुष: compound?

2. Can you spot a नञ्‌-तत्पुरुष: compound in verse ७-७३-३ (from the रामायणम्) above?

3. In the verses can you spot a compound which may be justified using the सूत्रम् 2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः been used in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who flees from a righteous war is not fit to be called a Kṣatriya.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धर्म्य’ for ‘righteous.’ Use the verbal root √अय् (अयँ [गतौ] १. ५४६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘परा’ for ‘to flee.’ (Remember to apply the सूत्रम् 8-2-19 उपसर्गस्यायतौ।) Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘not fit to be called a Kṣatriya’ = ‘not a (praiseworthy) Kṣatriya’ = न क्षत्रिय:।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who does not serve (his) parents is not fit to be called a son.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पितृ’ (in the dual) for ‘parent.’ Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘not fit to be called a son’ = ‘not a (praiseworthy) son’ = न पुत्र:।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्त्तिसर्त्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः been used in the verses?

2. In which word in the verses has सम्प्रसारणम् occurred?