Today we will look at the form देहबद्धम् mAs from रघुवंशम् 5.26.
राघवान्वितमुपस्थितं मुनिं तं निशम्य जनको जनेश्वरः ।
अर्थकामसहितं सपर्यया देहबद्धमिव धर्ममभ्यगात् ॥ 11-35॥
टीका –
[राघवान्वितम्] राघवाभ्यामन्वितम् युक्तम् उपस्थितम् आगतं तं मुनिं जनको जनेश्वरो निशम्य । अर्थकामाभ्यां सहितं [अर्थकामसहितं] देहबद्धं बद्धदेहम् । मूर्तिमन्तमित्यर्थः । वाहिताग्न्यादिवात् (२-२-३७) साधुः । धर्ममिव । सपर्ययाभ्यगात् प्रत्युद्गतवान् ।।
Translation – When king Janaka heard of the sage’s coming along with the princes of the Raghu family, he went forth to welcome him with worship as if the sage was embodied virtue, attended by wealth and pleasure (35).
(1) बद्धो देहो येन सः = देहबद्ध: (धर्म:) – One (virtue) who has fastened a body. Hence it means one (virtue) who is embodied.
(2) बद्ध सुँ + देह सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)
(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘बद्ध सुँ’ as well as ‘देह सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे (which prescribes the compounding) the term अनेकम् ends in the nominative case. And hence 2-2-30 cannot help us in deciding which term to place in the prior position in the compound.
(4) देह सुँ + बद्ध सुँ । By 2-2-37 वाहिताग्न्यादिषु – In the बहुव्रीहि: compounds ‘आहिताग्नि’ etc. a term which ends in a निष्ठा affix (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-102 निष्ठा) optionally takes the prior position.
Note: For a term which ends in a निष्ठा affix the पूर्वनिपात: (placement in the prior position) which would have been obligatory in all बहुव्रीहि: compounds as per the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-36 निष्ठा is now made optional (by the present सूत्रम् 2-2-37) in certain बहुव्रीहि: compounds ‘आहिताग्नि’ etc.
Note: The आहिताग्न्यादि-गण: is a आकृति-गण: – which is a class or group of words in which some words are actually mentioned and room is left to include others which are found undergoing the same operations. Hence when we see an accepted usage – such as ‘बद्धदेह’ – in which a term which should have been placed in the prior position (as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ or 2-2-36 निष्ठा) is actually found to be in the latter position in a बहुव्रीहि: compound we can justify the usage by considering the compound to be included in the आहिताग्न्यादि-गण:।
See question 2.
Note: ‘देह सुँ + बद्ध सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(5) देह + बद्ध । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
= देहबद्ध ।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example ‘धर्म’ is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देहबद्ध’। It declines like राम-शब्द:।
Note: ‘धर्म’ may also be used in the neuter gender, but such usage is rare.
The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।
(6) देहबद्ध + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(7) देहबद्धम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. In verses 18-23 of Chapter One of the गीता can you spot a बहुव्रीहि: compound in which the पूर्वनिपात: (placement in the prior position) may be justified using the सूत्रम् 2-2-37 वाहिताग्न्यादिषु?
2. What is the alternate form for the compound ‘देहबद्ध’?
3. Why type of compound is ‘राघवान्वित’ used in the verses?
i. तृतीया-तत्पुरुष:
ii. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
iii. बहुव्रीहि:
iv. कर्मधारय:
4. In which word in the verses has the सूत्रम् 3-3-102 अ प्रत्ययात् been used?
5. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जनक’?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Today, even in India, it is difficult to find a man who has consecrated/installed the sacrificial fires.” Use the affix ‘खल्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-3-126 ईषद्दुःसुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल्) to form a उपपद-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘difficult to find’ = ‘found with difficulty’ = दु:खेन लभ्यते। Form a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘a man who has consecrated/installed the sacrificial fires’ = आहिता अग्नयो येन स: (नर:)।
Easy questions:
1. From which verbal root is the form अभ्यगात् derived?
2. Which term used in the verses has the designation ‘घि’?
1. In verses 18-23 of Chapter One of the गीता can you spot a बहुव्रीहि: compound in which the पूर्वनिपात: (placement in the prior position) may be justified using the सूत्रम् 2-2-37 वाहिताग्न्यादिषु?
Answer: The compound कपिध्वजः (प्रातिपदिकम् ’कपिध्वज’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) used in the following verse of the गीता is a बहुव्रीहि: compound in which the पूर्वनिपात: (placement in the prior position) may be justified using the सूत्रम् 2-2-37 वाहिताग्न्यादिषु।
अथ व्यवस्थितान्दृष्ट्वा धार्तराष्ट्रान् कपिध्वजः |
प्रवृत्ते शस्त्रसम्पाते धनुरुद्यम्य पाण्डवः || 1-20||
ध्वजे कपिर्यस्य स: = कपिध्वजः – Arjuna (one who had the figure of Śrī Hanumān on his chariot-flag)
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
ध्वज ङि + कपि सुँ ।
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’कपिध्वज’ is similar to the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ’अग्रजन्मन्’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/11/05/अग्रजन्मा-mns/
Except that the placement of the सप्तम्यन्तं पदम् ‘ध्वज ङि’ in the latter position in the compound runs contrary to the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ which states that – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.
As per the काशिका, we may take recourse to the fact that the आहिताग्न्यादि-गण: (referred to in the सूत्रम् 2-2-37 वाहिताग्न्यादिषु) is a आकृति-गण: to justify compounds such as कपिध्वजः in which the term (in this case ‘ध्वज ङि’) which is expected to be placed in the prior position (in this case by the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ) is actually placed in the latter position.
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example अर्जुन: is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कपिध्वज’। It declines like राम-शब्द:।
2. What is the alternate form for the compound ‘देहबद्ध’?
Answer: As per the सूत्रम् By 2-2-37 वाहिताग्न्यादिषु – In the बहुव्रीहि: compounds ‘आहिताग्नि’ etc. a term which ends in a निष्ठा affix (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-102 निष्ठा) optionally takes the prior position.
Therefore the alternate form for the compound ‘देहबद्ध’ is ‘बद्धदेह’।
3. Why type of compound is ‘राघवान्वित’ used in the verses?
i. तृतीया-तत्पुरुष:
ii. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
iii. बहुव्रीहि:
iv. कर्मधारय:
Answer: The लौकिक्-विग्रहः is –
राघवाभ्यामन्वितः = राघवान्वितः – followed/accompanied by the two the princes of the Raghu family
The अलौकिक्-विग्रहः is –
राघव भ्याम् + अन्वित सुँ । By 2-1-32 कर्तृकरणे कृता बहुलम्।
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘राघवान्वित’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देवकृत’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/02/12/देवकृतः-mns
Except that we need to apply 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः after step 4 to get
राघव + अन्वित = राघवान्वित।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः the gender of a तत्पुरुष: compound matches that of its final member. Hence the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’राघवान्वित’ is an adjective since the latter member ‘अन्वित’ is an adjective. Since in the present example the masculine noun ‘मुनि’ is being qualified, we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’राघवान्वित’। It declines like राम-शब्द:।
4. In which word in the verses has the सूत्रम् 3-3-102अ प्रत्ययात् been used?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-3-102अ प्रत्ययात् has been used in the form सपर्यया (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’सपर्या’, तृतीया-एकवचनम्) – derived from the verbal root √सपर (सपर पूजायाम्, कण्ड्वादि-गणः)।
First we derive the धातुः ‘सपर्य’ as follows:
सपर + यक् । By 3-1-27 कण्ड्वादिभ्यो यक्। Note: The terms in the कण्ड्वादि-गणः are considered to be verbal roots as well as nominal stems. When they are used as verbal roots 3-1-27 applies.
= सपर + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= सपर् + य । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः।
= सपर्य । ‘सपर्य’ gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सपर्या’ from the धातुः ‘सपर्य’।
सपर्य + अ । By 3-3-102 अ प्रत्ययात् – In order to form a feminine noun, the affix ‘अ’ is used following a derived verbal root (ending in an affix.) Note: Derived verbal roots are those which get the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
Note: The affix ‘अ’ gets आर्धधातक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः। This allows 6-4-48 to apply in the next step.
= सपर्य् + अ । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः।
= सपर्य । Note: Since the affix ’अ’ has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्, ‘सपर्य’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
Since this प्रातिपदिकम् is used in the feminine gender we have to add the appropriate feminine affix (स्त्रीप्रत्यय:)।
= सपर्य + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्।
= सपर्य + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= सपर्या । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
5. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जनक’?
Answer: The कृत् affix ‘ण्वुल्’ is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जनक’ – derived from the causative form of the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४).
जनयतीति जनकः – one who causes birth – father
जन् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च। ’णिच्’ gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= जन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= जान् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।
By the गणसूत्रम् जनीजॄष्क्नसुरञ्जोऽमन्ताश्च (in the धातुपाठ:, below the गणसूत्रम् ‘घटादयो मित:’) – The verbal roots √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५), √क्नस् (क्नसुँ ह्वरणदीप्त्योः ४. ७), √रञ्ज् (रञ्जँ रागे १. ११५४) as well as any verbal root ending in ’अम्’ are considered to be ’मित्’ (having the letter ‘म्’ as an इत्)। This allows 6-4-92 to apply in the next step.
= जनि । By 6-4-92 मितां ह्रस्वः।
‘जनि’ gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
जनि + ण्वुल् । By 3-1-133 ण्वुल्तृचौ – The affixes ‘ण्वुल्’ and ‘तृच्’ may be used after a verbal root. Note: As per 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्, the affixes ‘ण्वुल्’ and ‘तृच्’ are used in the sense of the agent of the action.
= जनि + वु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= जनि + अक । By 7-1-1 युवोरनाकौ, 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
= जन् + अक । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि।
= जनक । ‘जनक’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Today, even in India, it is difficult to find a man who has consecrated/installed the sacrificial fires.” Use the affix ‘खल्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-3-126 ईषद्दुःसुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल्) to form a उपपद-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘difficult to find’ = ‘found with difficulty’ = दु:खेन लभ्यते। Form a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘a man who has consecrated/installed the sacrificial fires’ = आहिता अग्नयो येन स: (नर:)।
Answer: अद्य भारतदेशे अपि आहिताग्निः (नरः) दुर्लभः = अद्य भारतदेशेऽप्याहिताग्निर्दुर्लभः।
अथवा –
अद्य भारतदेशे अपि अग्न्याहित: (नरः) दुर्लभः = अद्य भारतदेशेऽप्यग्न्याहितो दुर्लभः।
Easy questions:
1. From which verbal root is the form अभ्यगात् derived?
Answer: अभ्यगात् is derived from the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) along with the उपसर्गः ‘अभि’।
Please see answer to question 2 in the following comment for the derivation of अभ्यगात् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/07/25/जिज्ञासया-fis/#comment-4092
2. Which term used in the verses has the designation ‘घि’?
Answer: The masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मुनि’ used in the form मुनिम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि – When a short ‘इ’ ending or short ‘उ’ ending term – except for ‘सखि’ – does not have the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा then it gets the घि-सञ्ज्ञा।