Today we will look at the form मानुष्यम् nAs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 5.25.20.

सर्वथा तेन हीनाया रामेण विदितात्मना । तीक्ष्णं विषमिवास्वाद्य दुर्लभं मम जीवितम् ।। ५-२५-१७ ।।
कीदृशं तु महापापं मया देहान्तरे कृतम् । तेनेदं प्राप्यते दुःखं महादुःखं सुदारुणम् ।। ५-२५-१८ ।।
जीवितं त्यक्तुमिच्छामि शोकेन महता वृता । राक्षसीभिश्च रक्षन्त्या रामो नासाद्यते मया ।। ५-२५-१९ ।।
धिगस्तु खलु मानुष्यं धिगस्तु परवश्यताम् । न शक्यं यत्परित्यक्तुमात्मच्छन्देन जीवितम् ।। ५-२५-२० ।।

Gita Press translation – “My life, now that I have been separated from the aforesaid Śrī Rāma, a knower of the Self, is hard to sustain (even) as for one who has swallowed a virulent poison (17). What kind of major sin was actually perpetrated by me in another body (in a previous existence)? Due to that this terrible and most cruel major sorrow is being experienced by me (18). Beset (that I am) with this intense grief, I long to give up the ghost; for Śrī Rāma can never be reached by me so long as I am being guarded by the ogresses (19). Shame indeed be upon the human state and shame upon dependence on others, due to which it is not possible for me (even) to yield up life of my own (free) will!”(20)

मानुष्यम् is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् of the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मानुष्य’।

(1) मानुष्य + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया in the महाभाष्यम्) उभसर्वतसोः कार्या धिगुपर्यादिषु त्रिषु। द्वितीयाम्रेडितान्तेषु ततोऽन्यत्रापि दृश्यते – A second case affix (‘अम्’, ‘औट्’, ‘शस्’) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘उभयत:’ or ‘सर्वत:’ or ‘धिक्’ or the duplicated terms ‘उपर्युपरि’, ‘अध्यधि’ or ‘अधोऽध:’ and may be seen being used in other instances also. Note: The duplication in ‘उपर्युपरि’, ‘अध्यधि’ and ‘अधोऽध:’ is by 8-1-7 उपर्यध्यधसः सामीप्ये।

In the present example ‘मानुष्य’ is co-occurring with ‘धिक्’, hence it takes a second case affix.

(2) मानुष्य + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement.
Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
Note: 7-1-24 अतोऽम् is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.

(3) मानुष्यम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्व: – In place of a preceding letter ‘अक्’ and the following vowel (‘अच्’) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया in the महाभाष्यम्) उभसर्वतसोः कार्या धिगुपर्यादिषु त्रिषु। द्वितीयाम्रेडितान्तेषु ततोऽन्यत्रापि दृश्यते been used in the verses 30-40 of Chapter Eleven of the गीता?

2. In which other word (besides मानुष्यम्) in the verses does the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया in the महाभाष्यम्) उभसर्वतसोः कार्या धिगुपर्यादिषु त्रिषु। द्वितीयाम्रेडितान्तेषु ततोऽन्यत्रापि दृश्यते apply?

3. In which sense has a third case affix been used in the word तेन used in verse 18?
i) कर्तरि
ii) करणे
iii) हेतौ
iv) None of the above.

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-45 ओदितश्च been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of the affix ‘क्त’ in the word जीवितम् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Shame on the son who does not attend to his (own) mother and father.” Form a सन्नन्त-धातु: by adding the affix सन् to the verbal root श्रु (श्रु श्रवणे १. १०९२) for ‘to attend to’ (literally ‘to desire to listen to.’) Note: Recall 1-3-57 ज्ञाश्रुस्मृदृशां सनः।

Easy questions:

1. In which तिङन्तं पदम् used in the verses has the affix णिच् been elided?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix यक् in the form प्राप्यते?