Today we will look at the form (हे) राम mVs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.14.13.
पुत्रांस्त्रैलोक्यभर्तॄन्वै जनयिष्यथ मत्समान् । अदितिस्तन्मना राम दितिश्च दनुरेव च ।। ३-१४-१३ ।।
कालका च महाबाहो शेषास्त्वमनसोऽभवन् । अदित्यां जज्ञिरे देवास्त्रयस्त्रिंशदरिन्दम ।। ३-१४-१४ ।।
आदित्या वसवो रुद्रा अश्विनौ च परन्तप । दितिस्त्वजनयत्पुत्रान्दैत्यांस्तात यशस्विनः ।। ३-१४-१५ ।।
Gita Press translation – ‘You will give birth to sons like me, masters of the three worlds.’ O Rāma of mighty arms – Aditi, Diti, Danu and Kālakā were attentive, the rest were indifferent. “Of Aditi thirty-three gods were born, O vanquisher of foes – the (twelve) Ādityas, the (eight) Vasus, the (eleven) Rudras and the two Aświns, O tormentor of foes! Diti for her part gave birth to the famous Daityas (demons), O dear one! (13-15).”
Note: These verses have also been previously posted in the following post – जनयिष्यथ-2ap-लृँट्
The form (हे) राम is derived from the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘राम’। The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बुद्धिः। By 2-3-49 एकवचनं सम्बुद्धि: – The nominative singular affix (‘सुँ’) when used in a vocative form gets the designation सम्बुद्धि:।
(1) (हे) राम + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। By 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च – A first case affix (‘सुँ’, ‘औ’, ‘जस्’) is used to denote ‘address’ (in addition to the meaning of the nominal stem) also. Note: सम् (सम्मुखीकृत्य) बोधनम् (ज्ञापनम्) = सम्बोधनम्। सम्बोधनम् means drawing someone’s attention (to inform him/her of something.)
(2) (हे) राम + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The letter ‘स्’ which is an एकाल् (single letter) affix gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः।
(3) (हे) राम । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धेः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in ‘एङ्’ (letter ‘ए’ or ‘ओ’) or a short vowel, a consonant is dropped if it belongs to a सम्बुद्धि: affix.
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च (used in step 1) been used in for the first time in the गीता? Where has it been used for the last time?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च, the काशिका says – आभिमुख्यकरणं सम्बोधनम्। तदधिके प्रातिपदिकार्थे प्रथमा न प्राप्नोतीति वचनमारभ्यते। Please explain.
3. Where else – besides in (हे) राम – has the सूत्रम् 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च been used in the verses?
4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix खच् in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अरिन्दम’? Which one prescribes it in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परन्तप’?
5. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देव’?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“O Rāma! (Please) uplift me.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot the augment अट् in the verses?
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च (used in step 1) been used in for the first time in the गीता? Where has it been used for the last time?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च has been used for the first time in the form (हे) सञ्जय in the following verse of the गीता –
धृतराष्ट्र उवाच |
धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः |
मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय || 1-1||
The सूत्रम् 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च has been used for the last time in the form (हे) राजन् in the following verse of the गीता –
तच्च संस्मृत्य संस्मृत्य रूपमत्यद्भुतं हरेः |
विस्मयो मे महान् राजन्हृष्यामि च पुनः पुनः || 18-77||
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च, the काशिका says – आभिमुख्यकरणं सम्बोधनम्। तदधिके प्रातिपदिकार्थे प्रथमा न प्राप्नोतीति वचनमारभ्यते। Please explain.
Answer: आभिमुख्यकरणं सम्बोधनम् – drawing someone’s attention is सम्बोधनम् (addressing). The prior सूत्रम् 2-3-46 authorizes the use of a nominative case affix to denote only the meaning of the प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem.) That सूत्रम् cannot be used to denote ‘address’ in addition to the meaning of the nominal stem. Hence the सूत्रम् 2-3-47 is necessary for authorizing a nominative case affix to denote ‘address’ in addition to the meaning of the nominal stem.
3. Where else – besides in (हे) राम – has the सूत्रम् 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च has also been used in the verses in the following forms – (हे) महाबाहो, (हे) अरिन्दम, (हे) परन्तप and (हे) तात।
4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix खच् in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अरिन्दम’? Which one prescribes it in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परन्तप’?
Answer: The affix खच् in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अरिन्दम’ is prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-46 संज्ञायां भृतॄवृजिधारिसहितपिदमः – To derive a word which is a proper name, the affix ‘खच्’ may be used after the following verbal roots – √भृ (डुभृञ् धारणपोषणयोः, # ३. ६), √तॄ (तॄ प्लवनतरणयोः, # १. ११२४), √वृ (वृञ् वरणे, # ५. ८ and वृङ् सम्भक्तौ, # ९. ४५), √जि (जि अभिभवे, # १. १०९६), √धारि (causative form of धृञ् धारणे, # १. १०४७), √सह् (षहँ मर्षणे, # १. ९८८), √तप् (तपँ सन्तापे, # १. ११४०) and √दम् (दमुँ उपशमे, # ४. १००) – when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) or a पदम् which ends in a सुप् affix (ref. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा..) as the case may be.
Please refer to answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the form अरिन्दम – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/01/30/विभो-mvs/#comment-18311
The affix खच् in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परन्तप’ is prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-39 द्विषत्परयोस्तापेः – The affix ‘खच्’ may be used after the verbal root ‘तापि’ when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) which is either ‘द्विषत्’ or ‘पर’। Note: The verbal root ‘तापि’ refers to either √तप् (तपँ दाहे, # १०. ३५०) or a causative form of √तप् (तपँ सन्तापे, # १. ११४०).
Please refer to the following post for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परन्तप’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/29/परंतपः-mns/
5. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देव’?
Answer: The कृत् affix ‘अच्’ prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-1-134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देव’।
Please see answer to question 3 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देव’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/12/03/नष्टाः-mnp/#comment-9860
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“O Rāma! (Please) uplift me.”
Answer: भोः राम ! माम् उद्धर = भो राम ! मामुद्धर।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च has been used in the form वसवः (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वसु’, प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्)।
वसु + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…।
= वसु + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘जस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
= वसो + अस् । By 7-3-109 जसि च – when the affix ‘जस्’ follows, there is a गुण: substitute for the (ending letter of) of an अङ्गम् ending in a short vowel. Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending letter of the अङ्गम् takes the गुण: substitute.
= वसव् + अस् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
= वसवः । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः, 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
2. Can you spot the augment अट् in the verses?
Answer: The augment अट् is seen in the form अभवन् – derived from the verbal root √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) and अजनयत् – derived from the causative form of the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४).
Please refer to answer to easy question 1 in the following comment for derivation of the form अभवन् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/26/अरुन्तुदम्-mas/#comment-5735
Please refer to answer to question 2 in the following comment for derivation of the form अजनयत् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/03/08/जनयिष्यथ-2ap-लृँट्/#comment-3453