Today we will look at the form सम्यक्-nAs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

तस्य तद्वचनं श्रुत्वा सम्यक्सत्यं सुभाषितम् |
जानकी बहु मेनेऽथ वचनं चेदमब्रवीत् || ५-३९-१८||

Gita Press translation “Hearing the aforesaid reply of Hanuman, which was reasonable, truthful and beautifully worded, the daughter of Janaka held him in great estimation and proceeded to speak as follows.”

To get the form “सम्यक्”, we have to start with the धातु: “अन्च्” preceded by the उपसर्ग: “सम्” ।

By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च, “सम् अन्च्” gets the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। क्विन् takes सर्वापहारलोपः। The ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

Now, since क्विन् is a कित्-प्रत्ययः, 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति applies. The meaning of 6-4-24 is – the penultimate नकारः of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have इकारः as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has ककारः or ङकारः as a marker. Thus the उपधा-नकारः of अन्च् takes लोपः to give “सम् अच्”।

By 6-3-93 समः समि, सम् gets समि as its replacement when it is followed by the verb अन्चुँ that ends in a affix having a वकार:, to give the form “समि अच्”।

The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “समि अच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(1) समि अच् + अम् ।

(2) समि अच् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) सम्यच् । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि। सम्यच् has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् and 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(4) सम्यक् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(5) सम्यग् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, when a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(6) सम्यक्/सम्यग् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. What would have been the final form in the example, if the gender had been masculine?

2. Which noun is being qualified by the adjective सम्यक्?

3. Where has the form सम्यक् been used in the गीता? (It has been used as an adverb – hence declined नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।

4. Which सूत्रम् could have been used between steps 5 and 6? (It won’t change the form.)

5. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:| (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले)। In this verse the word “श्रुत्वा” ends in the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:। Who is the समानकर्ता/समानकर्त्री and which is his/her later action?

6. Where else (besides in the form “सम्यक्”) has the सूत्रम् 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ been used in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This (is) the seventh question. The eighth question (is) the last.” Use the adjective “चरम” for “last.”

8. Please list the eleven synonyms of the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “बहु” (meaning “abundant/great”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
प्रभूतं प्रचुरं प्राज्यमदभ्रं बहुलं बहु ।
पुरुहं पुरु भूयिष्ठं स्फिरं भूयश्च भूरि च ।।३-१-६३।।
(इति द्वादश “अनल्पस्य” नामानि)

Note: Some editions of the अमरकोश: have “स्फारम्” instead of “स्फिरम्”।

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “तस्य” (पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” (सर्वनाम-शब्द:)। (Use 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः and 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः।)

2. Which सूत्रम् has been used to get च + इदम् = चेदम् ?

3. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति has been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form व्योम्नि-nLs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-20-44

अखण्डमण्डलो व्योम्नि रराजोडुगणैः शशी ।
यथा यदुपतिः कृष्णो वृष्णिचक्रावृतो भुवि ।। १०-२०-४४ ।।

Gita Press translation “The full moon shone in the firmament with the host of stars (even) as on the earth did Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Protector of the Yadus, surrounded by the circle of Vṛṣṇis.”

The neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्योमन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्योमन्’।

(1) व्योमन् + ङि ।

(2) व्योमन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The अङ्गम् “व्योमन्” gets भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(3) व्योम्नि । By 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः, the अकारः of the अन् in the अङ्गम् when a स्वादि-प्रत्यय: that follows is not सर्वनामस्थानम् and which either begins with a यकारः or a vowel (अच्), is elided only optionally when the प्रत्यय: that is following is “ङि” or “शी”।

Questions:

1. Which is the other (optional) final form possible in this example?

2. In Chapter 8 of the गीता, can you spot a सप्तमी-एकवचनम् (just like in this example) of a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “अन्”?

3. Which entire सूत्रम् comes as अनुवृत्ति: into 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः?

4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says “शीति ‘नपुंसकाच्च’ इति विहितो गृह्यते, न तु ‘जश्शसोः शिः’। तस्मिन्नभत्वात्।” Please explain what this means.

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च been used?

6. Can you spot an उवँङ्-आदेश: in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama shone, sitting along with Sita, on the throne.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आसीन” for sitting and the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “सिंहासन” for “throne.”

8. Please give the five synonyms for the word “उडु/उडु:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “उडु” neuter/feminine, meaning “star”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
नक्षत्रमृक्षं भं तारा तारकाऽप्युडु वा स्त्रियाम् ।।१-३-२१।।
(इति षड् “नक्षत्रसामान्यस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Does “पति” – used in the compound “यदुपति” – get the घि-सञ्ज्ञा? Does it get the घि-सञ्ज्ञा when it is not part of a compound?

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get रराज + उडुगणै: = रराजोडुगणै:?

Today we will look at the form चत्वारि-nNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 3-11-19

चत्वारि त्रीणि द्वे चैकं कृतादिषु यथाक्रमम् ।
सङ्ख्यातानि सहस्राणि द्विगुणानि शतानि च ।। ३-११-१९ ।।

Gita Press translation “The Kṛtayuga and the succeeding Yugas severally consist of four, three, two and one thousand celestial years plus twice as many hundred years (representing the Sandhyā and Sandhyāṁśa of each Yuga).”

‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्’.

(1) चतुर् + जस् ।

(2) चतुर् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) चतु आम् र् + शि । By 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, चतुर् and अनडुह् get the आम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the आम्-आगम: will attach itself after the last vowel in “चतुर्” which is the उकार:।

(4) चतु आ र् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) चत्वारि । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

Questions:

1. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः used in the Tenth Chapter of the गीता?

2. What would have been the final form in this example, if the gender had been feminine?

3. In the declension table of “चतुर्” in the neuter, where is there a विकल्प: (option – two forms.)

4. Which सर्वनाम-शब्द: has been used in the verse?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च been used?

6. Under the सूत्रम् 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः, the काशिका gives an example “अनड्वान्”। Please give the steps required to derive “अनड्वान्”।

7. We have studied one अपवाद-सूत्रम् for 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः। Which one is it?

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Four bulls, eating grass in the field, were seen by us.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अनडुह्” for “bull”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दृष्ट” for “were seen” and the adjective शतृँ-प्रत्ययान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् “अश्नत्” for “eating.”

Easy questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does the शि-प्रत्यय: get the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा (required to apply 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः in step 3)?

2. Derive the form त्रीणि (नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “त्रि”। (Use 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः and 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ)।

Today we will look at the form नामानि-nAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 6-6-10

सङ्कल्पायास्तु सङ्कल्पः कामः सङ्कल्पजः स्मृतः ।
वसवोऽष्टौ वसोः पुत्रास्तेषां नामानि मे शृणु ।। ६-६-१० ।।

Gita Press translation “Of Saṇkalpā, again, was born Saṇkalpa (the deity presiding over thoughts); (and) Kāma (the god of love) has been declared the progeny of Saṇkalpa. The eight Vasus (another group of gods) are the sons of Vasu; (now) hear their names from me;–“

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नामन्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नामन्’ ।

(1) नामन् + शस् ।

(2) नामन् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) नामन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) नामानि । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

Questions:

1. Derive the form अष्टौ (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “अष्टन्”। Is there an alternate form?

2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Hear that which was told to me by my teacher in school yesterday.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the pronoun प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” for “that” and “यद्” for “which.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्त” for “was told”, the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “पाठशाला” for “school” and the अव्ययम् “श्वस्” for “yesterday.”

3. Can you spot a सुँट्-आगम: in the verse?

4. How about a याट्-आगम:?

5. Try to find five नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकानि in the गीता which (like “नामन्”) end in “अन्”। (Hint: The way to find these is to look for a प्रथमा/द्वितीया-एकवचनम् (like “नाम”) which ends in an अकार: (no विसर्ग:)।)

6. In which of the 21 forms in the declension table of “नामन्” is there a विकल्प: (option – giving two alternate forms)?

7. Which विभक्ति: has been used in the word “मे” in this verse? (Reference: 8-1-22 तेमयावेकवचनस्य)। (Use the translation for help.)
a) Here मे is short for मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्)।
b) Here मे is short for मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।
c) Here मे could be short for either मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) or मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।
d) Here मे is short for neither मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) nor मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।

8. Please list the eighteen synonyms for the word “काम:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “काम” masculine, meaning “god of love”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
मदनो मन्मथो मारः प्रद्युम्नो मीनकेतनः ।
कंदर्पो दर्पकोऽनङ्गः कामः पञ्चशरः स्मरः ।।१-१-२५।।
शम्बरारिर्मनसिजः कुसुमेषुरनन्यजः ।
पुष्पधन्वा रतिपतिर्मकरध्वज आत्मभूः ।।१-१-२६।।
(इति एकोनविंशति: “कामस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “वसो:” (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “वसु”। (Use 7-3-111 घेर्ङिति and 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च)।

2. Where has a प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् been used in the verse? (The word has been declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form तिर्यक्-nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4-29-29

क्वचित्पुमान्क्वचिच्च स्त्री क्वचिन्नोभयमन्धधीः ।
देवो मनुष्यस्तिर्यग्वा यथाकर्मगुणं भवः ।। ४-२९-२९ ।।

Gita Press translation “The deluded Jīva is sometimes (born as) a male, now (as) a female, and now it is (born) without gender either as a god or as a human being or in the sub-human species, the birth being determined by its past actions and the mode of Pakṛti (predominating in at the time of death preceding that birth).”

To get the form “तिर्यक्”, we have to start with the धातु “अन्च्” preceded by “तिरस्” । “तिरस् + अन्च्” means “moving horizontally” (hence “sub-human”.)

By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च, “तिरस् अन्च्” gets the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। क्विन् takes सर्वापहारलोपः। The ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

Now, since क्विन् is a कित्-प्रत्ययः, by 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति, the penultimate नकारः of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have इकारः as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has ककारः or ङकारः as a marker. The उपधा-नकारः of अन्च् takes लोपः to give “तिरस् अच्”।

The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “तिरस् अच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(1) तिरस् अच् + सुँ ।

(2) तिरस् अच् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) तिरि अच् । By 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे, तिरस् gets तिरि as its replacement, when it is followed by the verb अन्चुँ that ends in a affix having a वकार:। This substitution does not take place when the अकारः of अन्चुँ takes लोपः। See question 3.

(4) तिर्यच् । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि। तिर्यच् has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(5) तिर्यक् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(6) तिर्यग् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, when a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(7) तिर्यक्/तिर्यग् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे, the काशिका says “अलोपे इति किम्? तिरश्चा।” Please explain what this means.

2. What would have been the final form in this example if the gender were to be masculine?

3. In step 3, we could use 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे because the अकार: of अन्चुँ had not taken लोप:। Which सूत्रम् is used to do the अकार-लोप:? Why did that सूत्रम् not apply in this example?

4. Can you spot an असुँङ्-आदेश: in the verse?

5. Where is the सूत्रम् 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा used?

6. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in the त्रिपादी section in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This is the longest सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी।” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दीर्घतम” for “longest.”

8. Please list the ten synonyms for the word “स्त्री” (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्त्री” feminine, meaning “woman”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्त्री योषिदबला योषा नारी सीमन्तिनी वधूः ।
प्रतीपदर्शिनी वामा वनिता महिला तथा ।।२-६-२।।
(इति एकादश “नार्या:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used to get न + उभयम् = नोभयम्?

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of क्वचिच्च and mention the relevant rules.

Today we will look at the form धनुषी from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

ततः शुभतरे तूणी धनुषी चायतेक्षणा |
ददौ सीता तयोर्भ्रात्रोः खड्गौ च विमलौ ततः || ३-८-१८ ||

Gita Press translation “Then Sītā, possessed of large eyes, handed to those two brothers very excellent quivers, (two) bows and polished swords.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ is formed from धन्-धातुः with the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्‌”। “धनुस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-विभक्तिः द्विवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ ।

(1) धनुस् + औट् ।

(2) धनुस् + शी । By 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च, the affixes औ and औट् take शी as their replacement when following a neuter अङ्गम्।

(3) धनुस् + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) धनुषी । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः, the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष् when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्)। This substitution only takes place if the स् is an आदेश: or part of a प्रत्यय:। (Here the सकारः is a part of the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्”)।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः been used?

2. The अनुवृत्ति: of “शी” comes into 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च from a सूत्रम् that we’ve studied. Which one is that?

3. The सूत्रम् 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च has been used in the first word of a verse in the Second Chapter of the गीता। Which verse is it?

4. पाणिनि: mentions the उणादि-प्रत्यया: in the first सूत्रम् of a पाद: (quarter) in the अष्टाध्यायी। Which पाद: is it? (For a good brief description of “उणादि” please see Prof. Abhyankar’s “Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar.” The answer to this question can also be found there.)

5. Can you spot a ऋकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a ऋकार:) used in the verse?

6. Similar to the प्रातिपदिकम् “धनुस्”, there is a नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “उस्” used in the first ten verses of Chapter 11 of the गीता। Can you find it?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama gave his (two) sandals to Bharata.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “पादुका” for “sandal.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with Bharata.

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “आयतम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “आयत” adjective, meaning “long/large”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
दीर्घमायतम् ।।३-१-६९।।
(इति द्वे “विस्तृतस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + आयतेक्षणा = चायतेक्षणा?

2. Derive the form खड्गौ (द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “खड्ग” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form महान्ति-nAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 12-7-22

एवंलक्षणलक्ष्याणि पुराणानि पुराविदः ।
मुनयोऽष्टादश प्राहुः क्षुल्लकानि महान्ति च ।। १२-७-२२ ।।

Gita Press translation “Sages well-versed in the antiquities tell us of eighteen Purāṇas, big and small (in volume), distinguished by the aforesaid characteristics.”

‘महत्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महत्’।

Note: By the उणादि-सूत्रम् “वर्तमाने पृषद्-बृहन्महज्जगद् शतृँवच्च।” the प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” will undergo the same operations as a शतृँ-प्रत्ययान्त-शब्द:। This makes it उगित् (one that has an उक् letter as an इत्) and hence 7-1-70 can apply.

(1) महत् + शस् ।

(2) महत् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) मह नुँम् त् + शि । By either 7-1-70 or 7-1-72, we get the नुँम् augmentation. By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः, a non-verbal base with an उक् (उ, ऋ, ऌ) as a marker and the verbal base अञ्चुँ whose नकारः has taken elision takes the नुँम् augment when followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix. By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, an augment with मकारः as the इत् letter attaches itself after last vowel of the term to which it is prescribed. In the present case, the नुँम्-आगम: will come after the latter अकार: (the one following the हकार:) in महत्।

(4) महन्त् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) महान्ति । By 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix other than a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the letter preceding the नकारः of a base that ends in a सान्त-संयोग: (a conjunct ending in a सकार:) or of the word महत् is elongated.
See question 6.

Questions:

1. “महान्ति” is an adjective. Which noun is it qualifying in the verse?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-22 षड्भ्यो लुक् been used?

3. In which verse of Chapter 1 of the गीता has the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used नपुंसकलिङ्गे?

4. In step 3, both 7-1-70 and 7-1-72 are applicable and they give the same result (prescribe the नुँम्-आगम:)। In the commentary on 7-1-72, the काशिका gives the following opinion on this issue – “उगितो झलन्तस्य नपुंसकस्य परत्वादनेन एव नुम् भवति।” Please explain.

5. In this example, we could have managed without making the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् “शतृँ-वत्” (hence उगित्) by the उणादि-सूत्रम् “वर्तमाने पृषद्-बृहन्महज्जगद् शतृँवच्च।” We just use 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः (which does not require उगित्)। 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः (which requires उगित्) is not necessary. This being the case, what is the point of making the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् “शतृँ-वत्” (hence उगित्)?

6. Which two rules (from the त्रिपादी section) should be applied after step 5? (The final form will be the same – महान्ति)।

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The गीता has been studied by many great scholars.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “विद्वस्” for “scholar” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अधीत (अधीता feminine)” for “has been studied.”

8. Please list the eight synonyms of the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” (meaning “large/great”) as given in the अमरकोश:। We have already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “महत्”)।

Easy questions:

1. In this example the नुँम्-आगम: was used. After removing the इत् letters (by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्) only the नकार: remains. Can you recall another आगम: that we have studied which (after removing the इत् letters) is also a नकार:?

2. Derive the form “मुनय:” (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “मुनि”। (Use 7-3-109 जसि च)।

Today we will look at the form वाः-nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-82-45

अहं हि सर्वभूतानामादिरन्तोऽन्तरं बहिः ।
भौतिकानां यथा खं वार्भूर्वायुर्ज्योतिरङ्गनाः ।।१०-८२-४५ ।।

Gita Press translation “I am the beginning and end of all beings and pervade them both inside and outside, even as the elements, viz., the earth, water, air, fire and ether constitute the beginning and end of all material objects and pervade them both inside and outside, O fair ones!”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वार्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वार्’ ।

(1) वार् + सुँ ।

(2) वार् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) वाः । By 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः, the letter र् at the end of a पद changes to a विसर्ग: (represented by : ) when it is either followed by a खर् letter or when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a सकारान्तम् (ending in a सकार:) नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse?

2. If we had a situation where a word like “आगच्छति” were to follow the प्रथमा-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्”, what would be the final form?
a) वा आगच्छति (like देवा आगच्छन्ति) ?
or
b) वारागच्छति ?

3. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in the verse? Was there an alternate form possible?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-3 नामि been used?

5. Which word in the verse is ending in the जस्-प्रत्यय:?

6. In the declension table of the प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्” where do we need the सूत्रम् 8-3-16 रोः सुपि ?

7. Please list the twenty-six synonyms for the word “वा:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्” neuter, meaning “water”) as listed in the अमरकोश:।
आपः स्त्री भूम्नि वार्वारि सलिलं कमलं जलं । (Note: भूम्नि means “in the plural”)
पयः कीलालममृतं जीवनं भुवनं वनम् ।।१-१०-३।।
कबन्धमुदकं पाथः पुष्करं सर्वतोमुखम् ।
अम्भोऽर्णस्तोयपानीयनीरक्षीराम्बुशम्बरम् ।।१-१०-४।।
मेघपुष्पं घनरस: ।।१-१०-५।।
(इति सप्तविंशति: “जलस्य” नामानि)

Note: Some editions of अमरकोश: have शंवरम् instead of शम्बरम्।

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In which month were you born?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “जात” for “were born.”

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of अन्तोऽन्तरम् and mention the relevant rules.

2. Derive the form खम् (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “ख” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form इमानि-nAp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

इमानि तु महारण्ये विहृत्य नव पञ्च च |
वर्षाणि परमप्रीत्या स्थास्यामि वचने तव || २-२४-१७ ||

Gita Press translation “Having sported in some great forest during the ensuing nine years and five with supreme delight, I shall (then) continue to be at your beck and call.”

‘इदम्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इदम्’ ।

(1) इदम् + शस् ।

(2) इदम् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। By 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) इद अ + शि । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, the ending letter (see 1-1-52) of the pronouns, starting with “त्यद्” and ending with “द्वि”, is replaced by अ when followed by a विभक्ति: affix.

(4) इद + शि । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे , the अकारः at the end of ‘इद’ and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।

(5) इम + शि। By 7-2-109 दश्च, the दकारः of इदम् gets मकारः as a replacement when a विभक्तिः affix follows.

(6) इमनुँम् + शि । By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, an augment with मकारः as the इत् letter attaches itself after last vowel of the term to which it is prescribed.

(7) इमन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) इमानि । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

Questions:

1. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:| (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्)। In this verse the word “विहृत्य” ends in ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:। (A तुँक्-आगम: has also come in there by 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक्)। Who is the समानकर्ता and which is his/her later action?

2. What would have been the final form in this example, if the usage had been अन्वादेशे (as a second reference to something which has been referred to before)?

3. Where has the टा-प्रत्यय: been used?

4. Can you spot a नकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a नकार:) used in the verse?

5. By which सूत्रम् does “शि” get the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा (required to apply 7-2-102 and 7-2-109)?

6. The इदम्-प्रातिपदिकम् has been used as the first word of which chapter of the गीता?

7. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“I shall stay for five years in school, within the command of my teacher.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “पाठशाला” for “school.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word महारण्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “महारण्य” neuter (compound), meaning “great forest”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
महारण्यमरण्यानी।।२-४-१।।
(इति द्वे “महतो वनस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “वर्षाणि” (प्रथमा/द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “वर्ष” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)। (The steps required are present in the example above. Use 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि as the last step.)

2. Can you spot a सप्तमी-एकवचनम् form in the verse?

Today we will look at the form हविः-nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 9-18-11

अहो निरीक्ष्यतामस्या दास्याः कर्म ह्यसाम्प्रतम् ।
अस्मद्धार्यं धृतवती शुनीव हविरध्वरे ।। ९-१८-११ ।।

Gita Press translation “Oh! just look at the indecorum of this servant-maid in that like a bitch snatching away the oblation in a sacrifice she has put on the clothing which was meant to be put on by us.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हविस्’ is formed from हु-धातुः with the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “इसिँ”। “हविस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-विभक्तिः एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हविस्’ ।

(1) हविस् + अम् ।

(2) हविस् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) हविः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a word in the verse in which सम्प्रसारणम् has been done?

2. Where has the स्याट्-आगम: been used?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः been used?

4. What will be the प्रथमा/द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् form of the प्रातिपदिकम् “हविस्”?

5. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “हविस्” been used in Chapter 4 of the गीता?

6. Which अधिकार-सूत्राणि exert their influence on the सूत्रम् 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌ ?

7. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit.
“Oh! Just look at the beautiful smile of this girl.” Use the neuter noun “हसित” for “smile.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “हवि:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “हविस्” neuter, “oblation”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
सांनाय्यं हविः ।।२-७-२७।।
(इति द्वे “हविष:” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् has been used?

2. Derive the form “कर्म” (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “कर्मन्”। (Use 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य)।