AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form शंसति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4-29-66.

मन एव मनुष्यस्य पूर्वरूपाणि शंसति ।
भविष्यतश्च भद्रं ते तथैव न भविष्यतः ।। ४-२९-६६ ।।

GitaPress translation “The very mind of  a man, God bless you, reveals (the nature of) his former existences as well as the future ones in the case of the man who is going to be reborn and even so (indicates) the liberation of the man who is not going to be so reborn.”

शंसति is derived from the धातुः √शंस् (भ्वादि-गणः, शंसुँ स्तुतौ , धातु-पाठः #१. ८२९ )

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the शंस्-धातुः has one इत् letter – the उकार: following the सकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the शंस्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the शंस्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So शंस्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) शंस् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) शंस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) शंस् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।

(4) शंस् + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(5) शंस् + अ + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) शंसति ।

Questions:

1. In which chapter of the गीता is a लँट् form of √शंस् used in the first verse?

2. Which term in the verse has the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः?

3. Where has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used?

4. Where has 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ been used?

5. Please list the six synonyms for the word “मन:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “मनस्” neuter, meaning “mind”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
चित्तं तु चेतो हृदयं स्वान्तं हृन्मानसं मनः ।।१-४-३१।।
(इति सप्त “मनस:” नामानि)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“God dwells in a pure mind.” Use √वस् (वस निवासे १. ११६०) for “to dwell.”

Easy questions:

1. Why did 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि not apply between मन एव?

2. Derive the form मनुष्यस्य (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “मनुष्य”।

Today we will look at the form भज 2As-लोँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 5-24-33.

अलमश्रुनिपातेन त्यज शोकमनर्थकम् ।
भज प्रीतिं प्रहर्षं च त्यजन्ती नित्यदैन्यताम् ।। ५-२४-३३ ।।

Gita Press translation “Cease from shedding tears. Give up grief, which is of no avail. Shaking off perpetual depression, embrace cheerfulness and experience excessive delight.”

भज is derived from the धातुः √भज् (भ्वादि-गणः, भजँ सेवायाम्, धातु-पाठः #१.११५३ )

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the भज्-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the जकार:। This इत् letter has a स्वरित-स्वर:। Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the भज्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि3-3-162 लोट् च , the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) भज् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भज् + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “सिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) भज् + सि। अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) भज् + हि । By 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च , सि of लोँट् is substituted by हि and it is an अपित्। हि also gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ ।

(6) भज् + शप् + हि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(7) भज् + अ + हि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(8) भज । By 6-4-105 अतो हेः, there is a लुक् elision of the affix हि when it follows an अङ्गम् ending in a अकार:।

Questions:

1. Where is √भज् used in the Fourth Chapter of the गीता with the मिप्-प्रत्यय:?

2. Where else has लोँट् been used in this verse?

3. By which सूत्रम् does “अलम्” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. Which term used in the verse has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा? Which one has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

5. The अमरकोश: gives eleven synonyms for the word “आनन्द:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “आनन्द” masculine, meaning “happiness/joy.”) One of them is प्रीति: (used in this verse.) Please list the remaining ten.
मुत्प्रीतिः प्रमदो हर्षः प्रमोदाऽऽमोदसम्मदाः ।।१-४-२४।।
स्यादानन्दथुरानन्दशर्मशातसुखानि च ।
(इति द्वादश “आनन्दस्य” नामानि)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us worship our Guru.” Use √भज् for “to worship.”

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Stop crying!” Paraphrase this to “Enough with crying.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “रोदन” for “crying.”

8. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“Give up lamentation, which is of no avail.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “विलाप” for “lamentation.”

Easy question:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः been used in the verse?

2. There are five लकारा: which have टकार: as an इत्। One of them is लोँट् used in this example. Which are the other four?

Today we will look at the form यजामि 1As-लँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1-8-2.

चिन्तयानस्य तस्यैवं बुद्धिरासीन्महात्मनः ।
सुतार्थं वाजिमेधेन किमर्थं न यजाम्यहम् ।। १-८-२ ।।

Gita Press translation “While the high-souled king was reflecting (on the matter once), the following idea occured to him: – ‘Why not propitiate the Deity by means of a horse-sacrifice in order to be blessed with a son?'”

यजामि is derived from the धातुः √यज् (भ्वादि-गणः, यजँ देवपूजासङ्गतिकरणदानेषु, धातु-पाठः #१. ११५७ )

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, उत्तम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the √यज्-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the जकार:। Since the इत् letter has a स्वरित-स्वर:, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the यज्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the यज्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “यज्” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, यज्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

Since the विवक्षा is उत्तम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “मिप्”।

(1) यज् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) यज् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) यज् + मिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “मिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “मिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) यज् + शप् + मिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(5) यज् + अ + मि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(6) यजामि । By 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि -the ending अकार: of a अङ्गम् is elongated if it is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the यञ्-प्रत्याहार:।

Questions:

1. Who is the subject (कर्ता) of the verb यजामि?

2. In commenting on the सुत्रम् 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि, the काशिका says – यञि इति किम्? पचतः। पचथः। Please explain.

3. Which term used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-137 न संयोगाद्वमन्तात्‌ been used?

5. Can you spot an अव्ययम् in the first line of the verse?

6. We have studied one सूत्रम् (besides 3-4-78) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the मिप्-प्रत्यय:। Which one is it?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“May you live long.” Use the अव्ययम् “चिरम्” for “long.” Use the धातु: “जीव्” (जीव प्राणधारणे १. ६४३) for “to live.”

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“May you be long-lived.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दीर्घायुष्मत्” for “long-lived.”

Easy questions:

1. Which other terms (besides “मिप्”) in the तिङ्-प्रत्याहार: have पकार: as an इत्?

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to replace the ङस्-प्रत्यय: by “स्य” in चिन्तयानस्य and तस्य?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा been used?

Today we will look at the form क्रीडन्तु 3Ap-लोँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6-8-22.

स्वैरं कुर्वन्तु कार्याणि भवन्तो विगतज्वराः ।। ६-८-२२ ।।
एकोऽहं भक्षयिष्यामि तां सर्वां हरिवाहिनीम् ।
स्वस्थाः क्रीडन्तु निश्चिन्ताः पिबन्तु मधुवारुणीम् || ६-८-२३ ।।

Gita Press translation, “Completely rid of (all) anxiety, discharge your duties without constraint. I shall devour single-handed the whole of that army of monkeys. Divert yourself confidently and drink wine getting free from anxiety.”

क्रीडन्तु is derived from the धातुः √क्रीड् (भ्वादि-गणः, क्रीडृँ विहारे धातु-पाठः #१. ४०५ )

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, √क्रीड् has one इत् letter which is the ऋकार: following the डकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus √क्रीड् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √क्रीड् in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √क्रीड्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-बहुवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “झि”।

(1) क्रीड् + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च , the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) क्रीड् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) क्रीड् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। “झि” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) क्रीड् + झ् उ । by 3-4-86 एरुः , इकारः of a लोँट् is substituted by उकारः ।

(5) क्रीड् + शप् + झ् उ । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(6) क्रीड् + अ + झ् उ। अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(7) क्रीड + अन्त् उ । By 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः ,“अन्त्” comes in as a replacement for the झकारः of a प्रत्यय:।

(8) क्रीडन्तु । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे , in the place of an अकार: which not at the end of a पदम्, and the following गुण: letter, there is single substitute of the latter (the गुण: letter.)

Questions:

1. Can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् in the First Chapter of the गीता, wherein the लकार: is लोँट् and the झि-प्रत्यय: has been used?

2. Which other तिङ्-प्रत्यय: (besides “झि”) has been used in the verse?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः been used?

4. Which terms from the प्रादि-गण: have been used?

5. Which terms from the त्यदादि-गण: have been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I shall devour single-handed all the fruits on this tree.” Use a verb from the verse for “shall devour.”

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Be completely rid of (all) anxiety.” Use a प्रातिपदिकम् from the verse for “completely rid of (all) anxiety.”

8. The अमरकोश: gives ten synonyms for the word सेना (प्रातिपदिकम् “सेना” feminine, meaning “army.”) Which one of these synonyms has been used in the present verse? (We have already seen these in a prior example. Search this web site for “army.”)

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति been used?

2. Derive the form “कार्याणि” (द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) from the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “कार्य”।

Today we will look at the form उपहरन्तु 3Ap-लोँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2-82-8.

उदीच्याश्च प्रतीच्याश्च दाक्षिणात्याश्च केवलाः ।
कोट्यापरान्ताः सामुद्रा रत्नान्युपहरन्तु ते ॥२-८२-८॥

Gita Press translation “Let the rulers of the north and the west as well as of the south and the east and the kings of the western borders near the Sahya mountains, who are without a throne (and therefore not enjoying sovereign rights), as well as seafaring traders bring countless jewels as offerings to you.”

हरन्तु is derived from the धातुः √हृ (भ्वादि-गणः, हृञ् हरणे धातु-पाठः #१. १०४६)

“उप” has been used as an उपसर्ग: – ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the हृ-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the ञकार:। It gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and hence takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोप:। Since ञकार: is an इत्, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the हृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the हृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “हृ” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, हृ-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-बहुवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “झि”।

(1) हृ + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च , the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) हृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) हृ + झि। 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। “झि” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) हृ + झ् उ । by 3-4-86 एरुः , इकारः of a लोँट् is substituted by उकारः ।

(5) हृ + शप् + झ् उ । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(6) हर् + शप् + झ् उ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः , an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (अ, इ, उ) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ letter.

(7) हर् + अ + झ् उ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(8) हर + अन्त् उ । By 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः ,“अन्त्” comes in as a replacement for the झकारः of a प्रत्यय:।

(9) हरन्तु । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे , in the place of the letter अ which not at the end of a पदम्, and the following गुण: letter, there is single substitute of the latter (the गुण: letter.) See easy question 1.

Questions:

1. Where has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in the verse?

2. To which other प्रत्यय: (besides “झि”) does the सूत्रम् 3-4-86 एरुः apply?

3. Where has √हृ been used with the झि-प्रत्यय: in the गीता?

4. Can you spot a नुँम्-आगम: in the verse?

5. If the लकार: in this example had been लँट्, we would have had all the same steps, except for one. Which one is that?

6. In the लोँट्-प्रत्यय:, why is the लकार: not an इत् (by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते)?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let me take away your burden.” Use √हृ for “to take away” and the masculine noun “भार” for “burden.”

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“How many people reside in this house?” Use the धातु: “वस्” (वस निवासे १. ११६०) for “to reside.”

Easy questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define the गुण-सञ्ज्ञा?

2. In classical Sanskrit, which other लकारा: (besides लोँट्) have टकार: as an इत्?

Today we will look at the form भवन्तु 3Ap-लोँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6-67-75.

मया हते संयति कुम्भकर्णे महाबले मुष्टिविशीर्णदेहे ।
विमोचिते वानरपार्थिवे च भवन्तु हृष्टाः प्लवगाः समग्राः ।। ६-६७-७५ ।।

Gita Press translation “When Kumbhakarṇa, who is endowed with extraordinary might, has been killed by me in a duel, his body being shattered with my fist, and the king of monkeys delivered, let all the monkeys feel rejoiced.”

भवन्तु is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the भू-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the भू-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So भू-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-बहुवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “झि”।

(1) भू + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च , the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भू + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। “झि” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) भू + झ् उ । by 3-4-86 एरुः , इकारः of a लोँट् is substituted by उकारः ।

(5) भू + शप् + झ् उ । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(6) भो + शप् + झ् उ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः , an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(7) भो + अ + झ् उ। अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(8) भव + झ् उ । “अव्”-आदेश: by 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(9) भव + अन्त् उ । By 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः -“अन्त्” comes in as a replacement for the झकारः of a प्रत्यय:।

(10) भवन्तु । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, in the place of the letter अ which not at the end of a पदम्, and the following गुण: letter, there is single substitute of the latter (the गुण: letter.)

Questions:

1. Why doesn’t the झकार: of the झि-प्रत्यय: get the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-7 चुटू (and hence take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः)?

2. Can you spot a हलन्तम् (consonant-ending) प्रातिपदिकम् in the verse?

3. Which two rules used in this example belong to the “संहितायाम्” अधिकार:?

4. Where has the झि-प्रत्यय: been used in the first ten verses of the Fifth Chapter of the गीता?

5. Which सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् has been used in the verse?

6. The अमरकोश: gives eight synonyms for the word “वानर:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वानर” masculine, meaning “monkey.”) We’ve already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “monkey.”) Which one of these synonyms has been used in the present verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let all people be happy.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “सुखिन्” for “happy.”

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You ought to wake up before sunrise.” Use the masculine (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “सूर्योदय” for “sunrise”, use the अव्ययम् “प्रबोद्धुम्” for “to wake up” and the अव्ययम् “प्राक्” for “before.” Use the धातु: “अर्ह्” (अर्हँ पूजायाम् १. ८४१) for “ought.”

Easy questions:

1. Which terms are included in the तङ्-प्रत्याहार: (referred to in the सूत्रम् 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्)?

2. In step 10, in the absence of the सूत्रम् 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, which सूत्रम् would have applied to give which (undesired) form?

Today we will look at the form वस 2As-लोँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2-84-16.

निष्कुटश्चैव देशोऽयं वञ्चिताश्चापि ते वयम् ।
निवेदयाम ते सर्वं स्वके दाशगृहे वस ।। २-८४-१६ ।।

Gita Press translation “This territory is but a pleasure-grove attached to your palace and we have been taken in (by our unwariness in failing to know of your visit beforehand and thus being deprived of an opportunity to receive in advance). We (hereby) offer you all (that we have); (pray) dwell in the house of a ferryman, which is your own.”

वस is derived from the धातुः √वस् (भ्वादि-गणः, वसँ निवासे धातु-पाठः #१. ११६०)

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, √वस् has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the सकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus √वस् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, √वस् takes the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √वस् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

(1) वस् + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च , the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) वस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) वस् + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “सिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) वस् + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्,  1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(5) वस् + हि । By 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च – ‘सि’ of लोँट् is substituted by ‘हि’ and it is a अपित्। ‘हि’ also gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ ।

(6) वस् + शप् + हि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(7) वस् + अ + हि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(8) वस । By 6-4-105 अतो हेः – There is an elision of the affix “हि” when it follows an अङ्गम् ending in a अकार:।

Questions:

1. Can you spot another तिङ्-प्रत्यय: (besides the one in वस) used in the verse?

2. In the first verse of which chapter of the गीता has the हि-प्रत्यय: been used?

3. Which सूत्रम् used in the example belongs to the “अङ्गस्य” अधिकार:?

4. Which of the following does NOT belong to the प्रादि-गण:?
a) नि
b) एव
c) अपि
d) निस्

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-111 इदोऽय् पुंसि been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let all the soldiers stay in the camp outside the village.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “शिबिर” for “camp”, use the अव्ययम् “बहिस्” for “outside” and the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “ग्राम” for village. Use पञ्चमी-विभक्ति: with “ग्राम”।

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Stay here for one week.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “सप्ताह” for “week.”
Note: When an action is done for a continuous period of time (or distance) then द्वितीया-विभक्ति: has to be used with the measure of time (or distance.) सूत्रम् is 2-3-5 कालाध्वनोरत्यन्तसंयोगे ।

8. Please list the two synonyms for the word “दाश:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “दाश” masculine, meaning “fisherman”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
कैवर्ते दाशधीवरौ ।।१-१०-१५।।
(इति त्रीणि “धीवरस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot where each of the following rules have been used in the verse?
a) 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति ।
b) 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।
c) 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि ।

2. Where has the ङि-प्रत्यय: been used?

Today we will look at the form वदतु 3As-लोँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1-56-23.

क्षत्रवेदविदां श्रेष्ठो ब्रह्मवेदविदामपि ।। १-५६-२३ ।।
ब्रह्मपुत्रो वसिष्ठो मामेवं वदतु देवताः ।
यद्ययं परमः कामः कृतो यान्तु सुरर्षभाः ।। १-५६-२४ ।।

Gita Press translation “Let Vasiṣṭha, (a mind-born) son of Brahmā (the creator), the foremost among the masters of the science of archery etc., (the sciences mastered by the Kṣatriyas) as well as of those mastered by the Brāhmaṇas (viz., the four Vedas, including the Upaniṣads, that treat of Brahma, the Infinite), call me as such (a Brāhmaṇa), O gods! If this supreme desire of mine is granted by you, depart (then), O jewel among gods!”

वदतु is derived from the धातुः √वद् (भ्वादि-गणः, वदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि धातु-पाठः #१. ११६४)

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the वद्-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the दकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the √वद्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the वद्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So वद्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) वद् + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च , the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) वद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) वद् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) वद् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(5) वद् + तु । By 3-4-86 एरुः, इकारः of a लोँट् affix is substituted by उकारः।

(6) वद् + शप् + तु । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(7) वद् + अ + तु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(8) वदतु

Questions:

1. Where else has the सुत्रम् 3-4-86 एरुः been used in the verse?

2. The सूत्रम् 3-3-162 लोट् च does NOT come in which अधिकार:?
a) “प्रत्ययः”, “परश्च”
b) “धातोः”
c) “लस्य”
d) “कृदतिङ्”

3. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used? Is there an alternate form possible?

4. Which other सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् (besides “अस्मद्”) has been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let all the students read this book.” Use the धातु: “पठ्” (पठँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ३८१) for “to read.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us tell the teacher that this question (is) too difficult.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अतिक्लिष्ट” for “too difficult”, use the अव्ययम् “इति” as an end-quote. Use the चतुर्थी-विभक्ति: with “teacher.”

7. Please list the four synonyms for the word “पुत्र:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पुत्र” masculine, meaning “son”) as given in the अमरकोश:। (We have already seen these in a prior example. Search this web site for “पुत्र”)

Advanced question:

1. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-3-162 लोट् च, the काशिका says – योगविभाग उत्तरार्थः। What does this mean?

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-77 इको यणचि been used? (The way to spot an application of this सूत्रम् is to look for a यण् letter which is preceded by a हल् and followed by a अच्)।

2. The सूत्रम् 6-1-114 हशि च has been used four times in the verse. Can you spot these four places?

Today we will look at the form भवत 2Ap-लोँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2-45-14.

वहन्तो जवना रामं भो भो जात्यास्तुरङ्गमाः ।
निवर्तध्वं न गन्तव्यं हिता भवत भर्तरि  ।। २-४५-१४ ।।

Gita Press translation “Return, O swift steeds, of excellent breed drawing the chariot conveying Śrī Rāma, and be friendly to your master (since by taking Śrī Rāma against our wishes you will be doing a disservice to him); you ought not to proceed further.”

भवत is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the भू-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the भू-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So भू-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is मध्यम-पुरुष-बहुवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “थ”।

(1) भू + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च , the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भू + थ। 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “थ” as the substitute for the लकारः। “थ” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) भू + त । By 3-4-85 लोटो लङ्वत्‌ , लोँट् is treated like लँङ् । लँङ् is a ङित्-लकार: (it has ङकार: as an इत्)। The तिङ्-प्रत्ययाः तस्, थस्, थ and मिप् of a लकारः which is an ङित्, are replaced by ताम्, तम्, त and अम् respectively by  3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः । Since लोँट् is treated like लँङ्, the थ-प्रत्ययः of लोँट् also is replaced by “त”। “त” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। See question 4.

(5) भू + शप् + त । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(6) भो + शप् + त । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः , an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(7) भो + अ + त। अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(8) भवत । “अव्”-आदेश: by 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. Who is the subject of the verb भवत?

2. Why doesn’t the मिप्-प्रत्यय: of लोँट् get replaced by “अम्” as per 3-4-85 लोटो लङ्वत्‌, 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः?

3. In the सूत्रम् 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः there are four items being replaced by four substitutes. Which सूत्रम् tells us that the substitution is to be done “respectively – in order of enumeration”?

4. Why did the entire थ-प्रत्यय: get replaced by “त” in step 4? (Why didn’t 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य apply?)

5. Can you spot a शतृँ-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः been used?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All of you be ready for war.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “सज्ज” for “ready” and the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “युद्ध” (use चतुर्थी-विभक्ति:) for “war.”

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Be attentive!” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “सावधान” for “attentive.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सुत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् been used?

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get राम + अम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) = रामम्?