AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form शतधन्वा-mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10-57-18

प्रत्याख्यातः स तेनापि शतधन्वा महामणिम् ।
तस्मिन्न्यस्याश्वमारुह्य शतयोजनगं ययौ ।। १०-५७-१८ ।।

Gita Press translation “Refused help even by Akrūra, Śatadhanvā deposited the valuable gem with him and, riding a horse capable of traversing (in a single journey) one hundred Yojanas (eight hundred miles), left (Dwārakā).”

‘शतधन्वन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(1) शतधन्वन् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…।

(2) शतधन्वान् + सुँ । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्। See easy question 3.

(3) शतधन्वान् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) शतधन्वान् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् शतधन्वान् gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(5) शतधन्वा । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य, the ending letter न् of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम् ।

Questions:

1. Which of the terms listed in the प्रादि-गण: (reference 1-4-58 प्रादयः) have been used in this verse?

2. Out of these (from question 1) which have the उपसर्ग-सञ्ज्ञा (reference 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)?

3. By which सूत्रम् do the प्रादय: get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. Which of the following is true?
a) All the terms which have the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा, but not vice-versa.
b) All the terms which have the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा get the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा, but not vice-versa.
c) The निपात-सञ्ज्ञा is just another name for the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा।
d) There is no relationship between the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा। (They are disjoint sets.)

5. Can you spot a word in the first ten verses of Chapter 5 of the गीता which will follow the same steps as those used in this example? (Look for a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “अन्” which is declined पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।

6. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:| (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्)। Which are the two words in this verse that end in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:? Who is the common doer? Which is the later action of the common doer?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The boy’s request was refused by his mother.” Use a प्रातिपदिकम् from the verse for “was refused” and use the feminine noun प्रार्थना for “request.”

Similarly, how would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This वार्त्तिकम् has been refuted in the महाभाष्यम्।” Use the same प्रातिपदिकम् from the verse for “has been refuted.”

8. The अमरकोश: gives thirteen words that mean “horse.” One of them is अश्व: (प्रातिपदिकम् “अश्व” masculine) used in this verse. Please list the remaining twelve.
घोटके वीति (पीति) तुरगतुरङ्गाश्वतुरङ्गमाः ।।२-८-४३।।
वाजिवाहार्वगन्धर्वहयसैन्धवसप्तयः।
(इति त्रयोदश “घोटकस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “तेन” (पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्”। (Use 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः and 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः)।

2. Similarly, derive the form “तस्मिन्” (पुंलिङ्गे सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्”। (Use 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः and 7-1-15 ङसिङ्योः स्मात्स्मिनौ)।

3. By which सूत्रम् did the सुँ-प्रत्यय: get the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा (required to apply 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ) in step 2?

Today we will look at the form तपस्वी -mNs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

तपःस्वाध्यायनिरतं तपस्वी वाग्विदां वरम् |
नारदं परिपप्रच्छ वाल्मीकिर्मुनिपुङ्गवम् || १-१-१||

Gita Press translation “The ascetic Vālmīki put the following question direct to Nārada, the chief of hermits, (nay) the foremost of those skilled in expression, who remains (ever) engaged in askesis and self-study (the study of the Vedas):-“

‘तपस्विन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च । The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तपस्विन्’ ।

(1) तपस्विन् + सुँ ।

(2) तपस्वीन् + सुँ । By 6-4-13 सौ च, the penultimate letter of words ending in इन्, हन्, पूषन् and अर्यमन् is lengthened when the सुँ affix – which is not सम्बुद्धि: – follows.

(3) तपस्वीन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) तपस्वीन् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्, a single letter affix सुँ, ति or सि is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ङी or आप्। तपस्वीन् gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(5) तपस्वी । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य, the ending letter न् of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “तपस्विन्” used in Chapter 6 of the गीता?

2. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. Where has the आम्-प्रत्यय: been used?

4. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च, the काशिका says “असम्बुद्धौ इति किम्? हे दण्डिन्।” Please explain.

5. Why is the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च required? Why not just use 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ?

6. Which term from the प्रादि-गण: (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) has been used in this verse? Does it have the उपसर्ग-सञ्ज्ञा?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“What (is) the purpose of this सूत्रम्?” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रयोजन” for “purpose.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “स्वाध्याय:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्वाध्याय” masculine, meaning “self-study (the study of the Vedas)”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्वाध्यायः स्याज्जपः ।।२-७-४७।।
(इति द्वे “वेदाध्ययनस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “नारदम्” (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “नारद”। (Declined like राम-शब्द:)।

2. Why didn’t the ending मकार: of “वरम्” change to an अनुस्वार: by 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः? Which condition was not satisfied?

Today we will look at the form चर्म-nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 9-15-28

घोरमादाय परशुं सतूणं चर्म कार्मुकम् ।
अन्वधावत दुर्धर्षो मृगेन्द्र इव यूथपम् ।। ९-१५-२८ ।।

Gita Press translation “Taking his terrible axe, shield and bow with a quiver, the formidable hero pursued the king like a lion (the king of beasts) chasing the leader of a herd of elephants.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चर्मन्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चर्मन्’ ।

(1) चर्मन् + अम् ।

(2) चर्मन् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision. “चर्मन्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(3) चर्म । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य, the ending letter न् of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:| (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्)। In this verse the word “आदाय” ends in ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:। Which is the later action of the common doer?

2. Which term used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-17 भोभगोअघोअपूर्वस्य योऽशि been used?

4. In a prior example we looked at a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “अन्” which is used both in the masculine and the neuter (in different meanings.) Can you recall which one it is?

5. Can you spot where an अपवाद: for 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ has been used in this verse?

6. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य been used in the first two verses of the गीता?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A guard chased the thief who had stolen many very valuable things.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the प्रतिपदिकम् “रक्षक” (in the masculine) for “guard” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “महार्ह” for “very valuable”, and “चोरित” for “stolen.” Make the second part of the sentence passive – “by whom many very valuable things had been stolen.”

8. Please list the two synonyms for the word “चर्म” (प्रातिपदिकम् “चर्मन्” neuter, meaning “shield”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
फलकोऽस्त्री फलं चर्म ।।२-८-९०।।
(इति त्रीणि “चर्मण:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 6-1-114 हशि च has been used?

2. Derive the form “परशुम्” (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “परशु”।

Today we will look at the form सम्यक्-nAs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

तस्य तद्वचनं श्रुत्वा सम्यक्सत्यं सुभाषितम् |
जानकी बहु मेनेऽथ वचनं चेदमब्रवीत् || ५-३९-१८||

Gita Press translation “Hearing the aforesaid reply of Hanuman, which was reasonable, truthful and beautifully worded, the daughter of Janaka held him in great estimation and proceeded to speak as follows.”

To get the form “सम्यक्”, we have to start with the धातु: “अन्च्” preceded by the उपसर्ग: “सम्” ।

By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च, “सम् अन्च्” gets the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। क्विन् takes सर्वापहारलोपः। The ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

Now, since क्विन् is a कित्-प्रत्ययः, 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति applies. The meaning of 6-4-24 is – the penultimate नकारः of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have इकारः as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has ककारः or ङकारः as a marker. Thus the उपधा-नकारः of अन्च् takes लोपः to give “सम् अच्”।

By 6-3-93 समः समि, सम् gets समि as its replacement when it is followed by the verb अन्चुँ that ends in a affix having a वकार:, to give the form “समि अच्”।

The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “समि अच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(1) समि अच् + अम् ।

(2) समि अच् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) सम्यच् । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि। सम्यच् has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् and 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(4) सम्यक् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(5) सम्यग् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, when a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(6) सम्यक्/सम्यग् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. What would have been the final form in the example, if the gender had been masculine?

2. Which noun is being qualified by the adjective सम्यक्?

3. Where has the form सम्यक् been used in the गीता? (It has been used as an adverb – hence declined नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।

4. Which सूत्रम् could have been used between steps 5 and 6? (It won’t change the form.)

5. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:| (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले)। In this verse the word “श्रुत्वा” ends in the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:। Who is the समानकर्ता/समानकर्त्री and which is his/her later action?

6. Where else (besides in the form “सम्यक्”) has the सूत्रम् 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ been used in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This (is) the seventh question. The eighth question (is) the last.” Use the adjective “चरम” for “last.”

8. Please list the eleven synonyms of the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “बहु” (meaning “abundant/great”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
प्रभूतं प्रचुरं प्राज्यमदभ्रं बहुलं बहु ।
पुरुहं पुरु भूयिष्ठं स्फिरं भूयश्च भूरि च ।।३-१-६३।।
(इति द्वादश “अनल्पस्य” नामानि)

Note: Some editions of the अमरकोश: have “स्फारम्” instead of “स्फिरम्”।

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “तस्य” (पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” (सर्वनाम-शब्द:)। (Use 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः and 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः।)

2. Which सूत्रम् has been used to get च + इदम् = चेदम् ?

3. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति has been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form व्योम्नि-nLs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-20-44

अखण्डमण्डलो व्योम्नि रराजोडुगणैः शशी ।
यथा यदुपतिः कृष्णो वृष्णिचक्रावृतो भुवि ।। १०-२०-४४ ।।

Gita Press translation “The full moon shone in the firmament with the host of stars (even) as on the earth did Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Protector of the Yadus, surrounded by the circle of Vṛṣṇis.”

The neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्योमन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्योमन्’।

(1) व्योमन् + ङि ।

(2) व्योमन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The अङ्गम् “व्योमन्” gets भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(3) व्योम्नि । By 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः, the अकारः of the अन् in the अङ्गम् when a स्वादि-प्रत्यय: that follows is not सर्वनामस्थानम् and which either begins with a यकारः or a vowel (अच्), is elided only optionally when the प्रत्यय: that is following is “ङि” or “शी”।

Questions:

1. Which is the other (optional) final form possible in this example?

2. In Chapter 8 of the गीता, can you spot a सप्तमी-एकवचनम् (just like in this example) of a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “अन्”?

3. Which entire सूत्रम् comes as अनुवृत्ति: into 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः?

4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says “शीति ‘नपुंसकाच्च’ इति विहितो गृह्यते, न तु ‘जश्शसोः शिः’। तस्मिन्नभत्वात्।” Please explain what this means.

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च been used?

6. Can you spot an उवँङ्-आदेश: in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama shone, sitting along with Sita, on the throne.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आसीन” for sitting and the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “सिंहासन” for “throne.”

8. Please give the five synonyms for the word “उडु/उडु:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “उडु” neuter/feminine, meaning “star”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
नक्षत्रमृक्षं भं तारा तारकाऽप्युडु वा स्त्रियाम् ।।१-३-२१।।
(इति षड् “नक्षत्रसामान्यस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Does “पति” – used in the compound “यदुपति” – get the घि-सञ्ज्ञा? Does it get the घि-सञ्ज्ञा when it is not part of a compound?

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get रराज + उडुगणै: = रराजोडुगणै:?

Today we will look at the form चत्वारि-nNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 3-11-19

चत्वारि त्रीणि द्वे चैकं कृतादिषु यथाक्रमम् ।
सङ्ख्यातानि सहस्राणि द्विगुणानि शतानि च ।। ३-११-१९ ।।

Gita Press translation “The Kṛtayuga and the succeeding Yugas severally consist of four, three, two and one thousand celestial years plus twice as many hundred years (representing the Sandhyā and Sandhyāṁśa of each Yuga).”

‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्’.

(1) चतुर् + जस् ।

(2) चतुर् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) चतु आम् र् + शि । By 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, चतुर् and अनडुह् get the आम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the आम्-आगम: will attach itself after the last vowel in “चतुर्” which is the उकार:।

(4) चतु आ र् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) चत्वारि । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

Questions:

1. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः used in the Tenth Chapter of the गीता?

2. What would have been the final form in this example, if the gender had been feminine?

3. In the declension table of “चतुर्” in the neuter, where is there a विकल्प: (option – two forms.)

4. Which सर्वनाम-शब्द: has been used in the verse?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च been used?

6. Under the सूत्रम् 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः, the काशिका gives an example “अनड्वान्”। Please give the steps required to derive “अनड्वान्”।

7. We have studied one अपवाद-सूत्रम् for 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः। Which one is it?

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Four bulls, eating grass in the field, were seen by us.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अनडुह्” for “bull”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दृष्ट” for “were seen” and the adjective शतृँ-प्रत्ययान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् “अश्नत्” for “eating.”

Easy questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does the शि-प्रत्यय: get the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा (required to apply 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः in step 3)?

2. Derive the form त्रीणि (नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “त्रि”। (Use 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः and 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ)।

Today we will look at the form नामानि-nAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 6-6-10

सङ्कल्पायास्तु सङ्कल्पः कामः सङ्कल्पजः स्मृतः ।
वसवोऽष्टौ वसोः पुत्रास्तेषां नामानि मे शृणु ।। ६-६-१० ।।

Gita Press translation “Of Saṇkalpā, again, was born Saṇkalpa (the deity presiding over thoughts); (and) Kāma (the god of love) has been declared the progeny of Saṇkalpa. The eight Vasus (another group of gods) are the sons of Vasu; (now) hear their names from me;–“

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नामन्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नामन्’ ।

(1) नामन् + शस् ।

(2) नामन् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) नामन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) नामानि । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

Questions:

1. Derive the form अष्टौ (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “अष्टन्”। Is there an alternate form?

2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Hear that which was told to me by my teacher in school yesterday.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the pronoun प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” for “that” and “यद्” for “which.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्त” for “was told”, the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “पाठशाला” for “school” and the अव्ययम् “श्वस्” for “yesterday.”

3. Can you spot a सुँट्-आगम: in the verse?

4. How about a याट्-आगम:?

5. Try to find five नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकानि in the गीता which (like “नामन्”) end in “अन्”। (Hint: The way to find these is to look for a प्रथमा/द्वितीया-एकवचनम् (like “नाम”) which ends in an अकार: (no विसर्ग:)।)

6. In which of the 21 forms in the declension table of “नामन्” is there a विकल्प: (option – giving two alternate forms)?

7. Which विभक्ति: has been used in the word “मे” in this verse? (Reference: 8-1-22 तेमयावेकवचनस्य)। (Use the translation for help.)
a) Here मे is short for मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्)।
b) Here मे is short for मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।
c) Here मे could be short for either मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) or मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।
d) Here मे is short for neither मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) nor मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।

8. Please list the eighteen synonyms for the word “काम:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “काम” masculine, meaning “god of love”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
मदनो मन्मथो मारः प्रद्युम्नो मीनकेतनः ।
कंदर्पो दर्पकोऽनङ्गः कामः पञ्चशरः स्मरः ।।१-१-२५।।
शम्बरारिर्मनसिजः कुसुमेषुरनन्यजः ।
पुष्पधन्वा रतिपतिर्मकरध्वज आत्मभूः ।।१-१-२६।।
(इति एकोनविंशति: “कामस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “वसो:” (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “वसु”। (Use 7-3-111 घेर्ङिति and 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च)।

2. Where has a प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् been used in the verse? (The word has been declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form तिर्यक्-nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4-29-29

क्वचित्पुमान्क्वचिच्च स्त्री क्वचिन्नोभयमन्धधीः ।
देवो मनुष्यस्तिर्यग्वा यथाकर्मगुणं भवः ।। ४-२९-२९ ।।

Gita Press translation “The deluded Jīva is sometimes (born as) a male, now (as) a female, and now it is (born) without gender either as a god or as a human being or in the sub-human species, the birth being determined by its past actions and the mode of Pakṛti (predominating in at the time of death preceding that birth).”

To get the form “तिर्यक्”, we have to start with the धातु “अन्च्” preceded by “तिरस्” । “तिरस् + अन्च्” means “moving horizontally” (hence “sub-human”.)

By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च, “तिरस् अन्च्” gets the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। क्विन् takes सर्वापहारलोपः। The ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

Now, since क्विन् is a कित्-प्रत्ययः, by 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति, the penultimate नकारः of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have इकारः as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has ककारः or ङकारः as a marker. The उपधा-नकारः of अन्च् takes लोपः to give “तिरस् अच्”।

The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “तिरस् अच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(1) तिरस् अच् + सुँ ।

(2) तिरस् अच् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) तिरि अच् । By 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे, तिरस् gets तिरि as its replacement, when it is followed by the verb अन्चुँ that ends in a affix having a वकार:। This substitution does not take place when the अकारः of अन्चुँ takes लोपः। See question 3.

(4) तिर्यच् । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि। तिर्यच् has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(5) तिर्यक् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(6) तिर्यग् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, when a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(7) तिर्यक्/तिर्यग् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे, the काशिका says “अलोपे इति किम्? तिरश्चा।” Please explain what this means.

2. What would have been the final form in this example if the gender were to be masculine?

3. In step 3, we could use 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे because the अकार: of अन्चुँ had not taken लोप:। Which सूत्रम् is used to do the अकार-लोप:? Why did that सूत्रम् not apply in this example?

4. Can you spot an असुँङ्-आदेश: in the verse?

5. Where is the सूत्रम् 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा used?

6. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in the त्रिपादी section in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This is the longest सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी।” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दीर्घतम” for “longest.”

8. Please list the ten synonyms for the word “स्त्री” (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्त्री” feminine, meaning “woman”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्त्री योषिदबला योषा नारी सीमन्तिनी वधूः ।
प्रतीपदर्शिनी वामा वनिता महिला तथा ।।२-६-२।।
(इति एकादश “नार्या:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used to get न + उभयम् = नोभयम्?

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of क्वचिच्च and mention the relevant rules.

Today we will look at the form धनुषी from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

ततः शुभतरे तूणी धनुषी चायतेक्षणा |
ददौ सीता तयोर्भ्रात्रोः खड्गौ च विमलौ ततः || ३-८-१८ ||

Gita Press translation “Then Sītā, possessed of large eyes, handed to those two brothers very excellent quivers, (two) bows and polished swords.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ is formed from धन्-धातुः with the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्‌”। “धनुस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-विभक्तिः द्विवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ ।

(1) धनुस् + औट् ।

(2) धनुस् + शी । By 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च, the affixes औ and औट् take शी as their replacement when following a neuter अङ्गम्।

(3) धनुस् + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) धनुषी । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः, the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष् when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्)। This substitution only takes place if the स् is an आदेश: or part of a प्रत्यय:। (Here the सकारः is a part of the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्”)।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः been used?

2. The अनुवृत्ति: of “शी” comes into 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च from a सूत्रम् that we’ve studied. Which one is that?

3. The सूत्रम् 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च has been used in the first word of a verse in the Second Chapter of the गीता। Which verse is it?

4. पाणिनि: mentions the उणादि-प्रत्यया: in the first सूत्रम् of a पाद: (quarter) in the अष्टाध्यायी। Which पाद: is it? (For a good brief description of “उणादि” please see Prof. Abhyankar’s “Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar.” The answer to this question can also be found there.)

5. Can you spot a ऋकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a ऋकार:) used in the verse?

6. Similar to the प्रातिपदिकम् “धनुस्”, there is a नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “उस्” used in the first ten verses of Chapter 11 of the गीता। Can you find it?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama gave his (two) sandals to Bharata.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “पादुका” for “sandal.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with Bharata.

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “आयतम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “आयत” adjective, meaning “long/large”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
दीर्घमायतम् ।।३-१-६९।।
(इति द्वे “विस्तृतस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + आयतेक्षणा = चायतेक्षणा?

2. Derive the form खड्गौ (द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “खड्ग” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form महान्ति-nAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 12-7-22

एवंलक्षणलक्ष्याणि पुराणानि पुराविदः ।
मुनयोऽष्टादश प्राहुः क्षुल्लकानि महान्ति च ।। १२-७-२२ ।।

Gita Press translation “Sages well-versed in the antiquities tell us of eighteen Purāṇas, big and small (in volume), distinguished by the aforesaid characteristics.”

‘महत्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महत्’।

Note: By the उणादि-सूत्रम् “वर्तमाने पृषद्-बृहन्महज्जगद् शतृँवच्च।” the प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” will undergo the same operations as a शतृँ-प्रत्ययान्त-शब्द:। This makes it उगित् (one that has an उक् letter as an इत्) and hence 7-1-70 can apply.

(1) महत् + शस् ।

(2) महत् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) मह नुँम् त् + शि । By either 7-1-70 or 7-1-72, we get the नुँम् augmentation. By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः, a non-verbal base with an उक् (उ, ऋ, ऌ) as a marker and the verbal base अञ्चुँ whose नकारः has taken elision takes the नुँम् augment when followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix. By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, an augment with मकारः as the इत् letter attaches itself after last vowel of the term to which it is prescribed. In the present case, the नुँम्-आगम: will come after the latter अकार: (the one following the हकार:) in महत्।

(4) महन्त् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) महान्ति । By 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix other than a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the letter preceding the नकारः of a base that ends in a सान्त-संयोग: (a conjunct ending in a सकार:) or of the word महत् is elongated.
See question 6.

Questions:

1. “महान्ति” is an adjective. Which noun is it qualifying in the verse?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-22 षड्भ्यो लुक् been used?

3. In which verse of Chapter 1 of the गीता has the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used नपुंसकलिङ्गे?

4. In step 3, both 7-1-70 and 7-1-72 are applicable and they give the same result (prescribe the नुँम्-आगम:)। In the commentary on 7-1-72, the काशिका gives the following opinion on this issue – “उगितो झलन्तस्य नपुंसकस्य परत्वादनेन एव नुम् भवति।” Please explain.

5. In this example, we could have managed without making the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् “शतृँ-वत्” (hence उगित्) by the उणादि-सूत्रम् “वर्तमाने पृषद्-बृहन्महज्जगद् शतृँवच्च।” We just use 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः (which does not require उगित्)। 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः (which requires उगित्) is not necessary. This being the case, what is the point of making the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् “शतृँ-वत्” (hence उगित्)?

6. Which two rules (from the त्रिपादी section) should be applied after step 5? (The final form will be the same – महान्ति)।

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The गीता has been studied by many great scholars.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “विद्वस्” for “scholar” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अधीत (अधीता feminine)” for “has been studied.”

8. Please list the eight synonyms of the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” (meaning “large/great”) as given in the अमरकोश:। We have already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “महत्”)।

Easy questions:

1. In this example the नुँम्-आगम: was used. After removing the इत् letters (by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्) only the नकार: remains. Can you recall another आगम: that we have studied which (after removing the इत् letters) is also a नकार:?

2. Derive the form “मुनय:” (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “मुनि”। (Use 7-3-109 जसि च)।