Home » SB (Page 30)
Category Archives: SB
द्विट् mNs
Today we will look at the form द्विट् mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.3.24.
तत्ते निरीक्ष्यो न पितापि देहकृद्दक्षो मम द्विट्तदनुव्रताश्च ये । यो विश्वसृग्यज्ञगतं वरोरु मामनागसं दुर्वचसाकरोत्तिरः ।। ४-३-२४ ।।
यदि व्रजिष्यस्यतिहाय मद्वचो भद्रं भवत्या न ततो भविष्यति । सम्भावितस्य स्वजनात्पराभवो यदा स सद्यो मरणाय कल्पते ।। ४-३-२५ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तत्तस्मात्त्वया न निरीक्ष्यः । देहकृदपीति पोषकत्वादिभिरौपचारिकपितृत्वव्यावृत्त्यर्थम् । द्विट् शत्रुः । तदेवाह । हे वरोरु, यो दक्षो विश्वसृजां यज्ञगतं मां निरपराधं तिरोऽकरोत्तिरस्कृतवान् ।। २४ ।। विपक्षे दोषमाह – यदीति । मद्वचोऽतिहायातिक्रम्य । यतः संभावितस्य सुप्रतिष्ठितस्य यदा पराभवो भवति तदा स पराभवस्तस्य मरणाय कल्पते ।। २५ ।।
Gita Press translation – Therefore, you should never look at the face of Dakṣa – even though he is your father, your very procreator – nor of those who are devoted to him, because he bears ill-will to me and offered indignity to me by abusing me, O charming lady, when I visited the sacrifice performed by the lords of created beings, even though I did no wrong to him (24). If you ignore my advice and go there, no good will come to you thereby. For, when a man who is held in high esteem suffers indignity at the hands of a relation, the affront forthwith causes his death (25).
द्वेष्टीति द्विट् ।
“द्विष्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √द्विष् (द्विषँ अप्रीतौ, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ३).
The प्रातिपदिकम् “द्विष्” is derived as follows:
(1) द्विष् + क्विँप् । By the 3-2-76 क्विप् च – (In addition to the affixes mentioned in the सूत्रम् 3-2-74) the affix “क्विँप्” may also be used (following any verbal root with or without the presence of a उपपदम्।)
(2) द्विष् + व् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) द्विष् । By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य – The वकारः which is अपृक्तः (a single letter प्रत्ययः), takes लोपः। As per 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्यय:, herevthe वकारः has अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: The affix क्विँप् is a कित्। This enables 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च to stop 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।
“द्विष्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(4) द्विष् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(5) द्विष् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.
(6) द्विष् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”। Note: “द्विष्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
(7) द्विड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter that occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.
(8) द्विट्/द्विड् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च (used in step 1) been used in the last ten verses of Chapter Six of the गीता?
2. The काशिका gives the वृत्ति: of the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च as follows – सर्वधातुभ्यः सोपपदेभ्यो निरुपपदेभ्यश्च छन्दसि भाषायां च क्विप् प्रत्ययो भवति। Commenting on the term निरुपपदेभ्यश्च used in the वृत्ति:, the पदमञ्जरी says – एतदपिशब्दस्य सर्वोपाधिव्यभिचारार्थस्यानुवृत्तेर्लभ्यते, न तु सुपीत्यस्य निवृत्ते:, उत्तरसूत्रे ‘सुप्युपसर्गेऽपीति वर्तते’ इति वक्ष्यमाणत्वात्। Please explain.
3. Can you spot an augment “तुँक्” in the verses?
4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the लकारादेश: in the form कल्पते? (We have not studied this सूत्रम् in the class but have used it in a prior post.)
5. Which कृत्य-प्रत्यय: has been used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us bow to the creator of the universe.” Use the verbal root √नम् (णमँ प्रह्वत्वे शब्दे च १. ११३६) for “to bow to.”
Easy questions:
1. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः apply between द्विट् + तदनुव्रता: in the verses?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् been used in the verses?
देहभृताम् mGp
Today we will look at the form देहभृताम् mGp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.4.11.
श्रीदेव्युवाच
न यस्य लोकेऽस्त्यतिशायनः प्रियस्तथाप्रियो देहभृतां प्रियात्मनः । तस्मिन्समस्तात्मनि मुक्तवैरके ऋते भवन्तं कतमः प्रतीपयेत् ।। ४-४-११ ।।
दोषान्परेषां हि गुणेषु साधवो गृह्णन्ति केचिन्न भवादृशो द्विज । गुणांश्च फल्गून्बहुलीकरिष्णवो महत्तमास्तेष्वविदद्भवानघम् ।। ४-४-१२ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
निन्दामेवाह – न यस्येति त्रयोदशभिः । मुक्तवैरके त्यक्तविरोधे तस्मिन् शिवे भवन्तमृते विना कतमः प्रतीपयेत्प्रतिकूलमाचरेत् । वैराभावे हेतवः – यस्य लोके अतिशायनोऽतिशयितो नास्ति । तथा प्रियश्चाप्रियश्च नास्ति । समासपाठेऽतिशयेन प्रियो नास्ति । देहभृतां प्रियोऽयमात्मा तस्य । समस्तस्यात्मनि कारणभूते समस्तरूप इति वा ।। ११ ।। तस्य च प्रतिकूलकरणं द्वेधा । महत्तमद्रोहेण साक्षात्तद्रोहेण च । तत्र पुरुषाणां चातुर्विध्यं वदन्ती महत्तमद्रोहमाह – दोषानिति द्वाभ्याम् । हे द्विजेत्यधिक्षेपः । भवादृशास्त्वद्विधा असूयकाः परेषां गुणेषु दोषानेव गृह्णन्ति नतु गुणान् । केचिन्मध्यस्था गुणेषु दोषान्न गृह्णन्ति किन्तु यथास्थितान्गुणदोषान्विवेकेन गृह्णन्ति ते तु महान्त उच्यन्ते । साधवस्तु केवलं गुणानेव गृह्णन्ति न दोषांस्ते तु महत्तरा उच्यन्ते । महत्तमास्तु दोषान्न गृह्णन्त्येव ते च प्रत्युत फल्गूंस्तुच्छानपि गुणान्बहुलीकुर्वन्तीति करिष्णवो भवन्ति, तेषु भवानघमविदत् विदितवान्, कल्पितवानित्यर्थः। तच्च ब्रह्मिष्ठानभिभूयेत्यनेन सूचितम् ।। १२ ।।
Gita Press translation – The worshipful goddess said: None other than you would antagonize Him (Lord Śiva), who is unsurpassed in this world, to whom no one is dear or hateful, who is beloved Self of all embodied beings, nay, who is the cause of all and is free from enmity (11). People like you, O Brāhmaṇa, discover faults even in the virtues of others; but there are some pious souls who never do so. The greatest of all are they who are wont to magnify even the most trifling virtues (of others). You, however, have found fault even with such people (12).
देहं बिभर्तीति देहभृत् ।
“भृत्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √भृ (डुभृञ् धारणपोषणयोः, # ३. ६).
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “देहभृत्” is derived as follows:
(1) देह + ङस् + भृ + क्विँप् । By the 3-2-76 क्विप् च – (In addition to the affixes mentioned in the सूत्रम् 3-2-74) the affix “क्विँप्” may also be used (following any verbal root with or without the presence of a उपपदम्।)
Note: The term सुपि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च from the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “देह + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।
(2) देह + ङस् + भृ + व् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) देह ङस् + भृ । By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य – The वकारः which is अपृक्तः (a single letter प्रत्ययः), takes लोपः। As per 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्यय:, here the वकारः has अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: The affix क्विँप् is a कित्। This enables 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च to stop 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
(4) देह ङस् + भृ तुँक् । By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has पकारः as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment “तुँक्”। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “तुँक्”-आगम: joins after the ऋकारः।
(5) देह ङस् + भृत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
We form a compound between “देह ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “भृत्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “देह ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “भृत्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “देह ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “देह ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“देह ङस् + भृत्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(6) देह + भृत् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
= देहभृत् ।
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्।
(7) देहभृत् + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “आम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
= देहभृताम्
Questions:
1. Where has देहभृताम् been used in the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च (used in step 1), the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – ‘सत्सूद्विष..’ इति त्वस्यैव प्रपञ्च:। Please explain. Hint: The reference is to the सूत्रम् 3-2-61 सत्सूद्विषद्रुहदुहयुजविदभिदच्छिदजिनीराजामुपसर्गेऽपि क्विप्।
3. Where has the गणसूत्रम् (in the चुरादि-गणः of the धातु-पाठः) – तत्करोति तदाचष्टे been used in the verses?
4. In the commentary, can you spot a term from the कण्ड्वादि-गण:?
5. In which compound in the commentary has the कृत् affix ‘क’ been used?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Happiness as well as sorrow is experienced by all embodied beings.” Use the verbal root √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) with the उपसर्ग: “अनु” for “to experience.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च been used in the verses?
2. In the commentary, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which is used only in the dual number?
उरगः mNs
Today we will look at the form उरगः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.59.7.
पाञ्चजन्यध्वनिं श्रुत्वा युगान्ताशनिभीषणम् । मुरः शयान उत्तस्थौ दैत्यः पञ्चशिरा जलात् ।। १०-५९-६ ।।
त्रिशूलमुद्यम्य सुदुर्निरीक्षणो युगान्तसूर्यानलरोचिरुल्बणः । ग्रसंस्त्रिलोकीमिव पञ्चभिर्मुखैरभ्यद्रवत्तार्क्ष्यसुतं यथोरगः ।। १०-५९-७ ।।
आविध्य शूलं तरसा गरुत्मते निरस्य वक्त्रैर्व्यनदत्स पञ्चभिः । सरोदसी सर्वदिशोऽम्बरं महानापूरयन्नण्डकटाहमावृणोत् ।। १०-५९-८ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
युगान्ताशनेर्ध्वनिवद्भीषणम् । परिखाया जलात् ।। ६ ।। ७ ।। आविध्य आतोल्य स महान्नाद इत्यन्वयः ।। ८ ।।
Gita Press translation – Hearing the blast of Pāñcajanya, terrific as the clap of thunder (heard) at the end of a Kalpa (marking the dissolution of the universe,) the five-headed demon Mura rose from under the water (of the moat), where he has been lying asleep (6). Lifting up his trident, the terrible demon, who shone like the sun and fire appearing at the end of a Kalpa and (as such) was difficult to gaze at, darted at the Lord, even as a serpent would rush at Garuḍa (son of the sage Kaśyapa), devouring as it were (all) the three worlds with his five (gaping) mouths (7). Brandishing his trident and hurling it with force at Garuḍa, the demon roared with (all) his five mouths. Filling the horizon and the atmosphere as well as the four quarters, the great roar covered the entire cosmos (8).
उरसा गच्छतीति उरग:।
“ग” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७).
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “उरग” is derived as follows:
(1) उरस् + टा + गम् + ड । By the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः) उरसो लोपश्च – The affix “ड” may be used after the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) when in composition with “उरस्” and simultaneously there is an elision of (the final letter of) “उरस्”।
(2) उर + टा + गम् + ड । By the same वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः) उरसो लोपश्च । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter (सकार:) of ‘उरस्’ takes लोपः।
(3) उर + टा + गम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) उर + टा + ग् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter. Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having डकार: as a इत् in “ड”। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।
= उर टा + ग ।
We form a compound between “उर टा” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ग” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “उर टा”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ग”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “उर टा” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “उर टा” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“उर टा + ग” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(4) उर + ग । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
= उरग ।
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(5) उरग + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(6) उरग + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(7) उरगः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः) उरसो लोपश्च been used in Chapter Eleven of the गीता?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः been used in the verses?
3. Commenting on the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भीषण’ (used in the commentary), the धातुवृत्ति: says – नन्द्यादित्वात् ण्यन्ताल्ल्यु:। Please explain.
4. Can you spot the affix ‘श्नु’ in the verses?
5. From which verbal root is the form अभ्यद्रवत् derived?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All the serpants are afraid of Garuḍa.” Use पञ्चमी विभक्ति: with “Garuda.”
Easy questions:
1. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् apply in the form पञ्चभिः?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used to perform the operation यथा + उरगः = यथोरगः?
धनञ्जयः mNs
Today we will look at the form धनञ्जयः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.7.50.
सूत उवाच
धर्म्यं न्याय्यं सकरुणं निर्व्यलीकं समं महत् । राजा धर्मसुतो राज्ञ्याः प्रत्यनन्दद्वचो द्विजाः ।। १-७-४९ ।।
नकुलः सहदेवश्च युयुधानो धनञ्जयः । भगवान्देवकीपुत्रो ये चान्ये याश्च योषितः ।। १-७-५० ।।
तत्राहामर्षितो भीमस्तस्य श्रेयान्वधः स्मृतः । न भर्तुर्नात्मनश्चार्थे योऽहन्सुप्ताञ्शिशून्वृथा ।। १-७-५१ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
धर्म्यमित्यादयो वचस: षड्गुणा: पूर्वश्लोकषट्के द्रष्टव्या: । तत्र धर्म्यं धर्मादनपेतं मुच्यतां मुच्यतामिति । न्याय्यं न्यायादनपेतं सरहस्य इत्यादि । सकरुणं तस्यात्मनोऽर्धमिति । निर्व्यलीकं तद्धर्मज्ञेति । समं मा रोदीदिति दुःखसाम्योक्तेः । महत् यैः कोपितमिति निष्ठुरोक्त्या हितोपदेशात् । एवंभूतं राज्ञ्या वचो हे द्विजाः, राजा प्रत्यनन्ददनुमोदितवान् ।। ४९ ।। नकुलादयश्च प्रत्यनन्दन् । युयुधानः सात्यकिः ।। ५० ।। तस्य तथाविधस्य द्रौणेर्वध एव श्रेष्ठः । अन्यथाऽस्य नरकपातप्रसङ्गात् । तदाह – न भर्तुरिति । अहन् जघान ।। ५१ ।।
Gita Press translation – Sūta went on: King Yudhiṣṭhira, the son of Dharma (the god of virtue,) O holy Brāhmaṇas, greeted the queen’s words, which were pious and fair, compassionate, guileless, impartial and noble (49). Nakula and Sahadeva, Yuyudhāna (Sātyaki), Arjuna, the divine Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the son of Devakī) Himself and all other men and women (who happened to be there) endorsed what she said (50). On that occasion Bhīma indignantly (intervened and) said, “For him who wantonly murdered sleeping youngsters without any gain either to himself or to his master, death has been declared as a boon.” (51)
धनं जयतीति धनंजय:/धनञ्जय:।
“जय” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √जि (जि अभिभवे, # १. १०९६).
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “धनंजय/धनञ्जय” is derived as follows:
(1) धन + ङस् + जि + खच् । By 3-2-46 संज्ञायां भृतॄवृजिधारिसहितपिदमः – To derive a word which is a proper name, the affix “खच्” may be used after the following verbal roots – √भृ (डुभृञ् धारणपोषणयोः, # ३. ६), √तॄ (तॄ प्लवनतरणयोः, # १. ११२४), √वृ (वृञ् वरणे, # ५. ८ and वृङ् सम्भक्तौ, # ९. ४५), √जि (जि अभिभवे, # १. १०९६), √धारि (causative form of धृञ् धारणे, # १. १०४७), √सह् (षह मर्षणे, # १. ९८८), √तप् (तपँ सन्तापे, # १. ११४०) and √दम् (दमुँ उपशमे, # ४. १००) – when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) or a पदम् which ends in a सुप् affix (ref. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…) as the case may be.
Note: In the cases where the meaning of the derived compound follows the meaning of its constituents, the उपपदम् is a कर्म-पदम्। For example विश्वं बिभर्तीति विश्वंभरा (पृथिवी)। In the cases where the the meaning of the derived compound does not follow the meaning of its constituents, the उपपदम् may be any सुबन्तं पदम्। For example रथेन रथे वा तरतीति रथन्तरं (साम)।
Note: The term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-46 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “धन + ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of जयति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।
(2) धन + ङस् + जि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) धन + ङस् + जे + अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or a आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.
(4) धन + ङस् + जय् + अ । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
= धन ङस् + जय
We form a compound between “धन ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “जय” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “धन ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “जय”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “धन ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “धन ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“धन ङस् + जय” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) धन + जय । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(6) धन मुँम् + जय । By 6-3-67 अरुर्द्विषदजन्तस्य मुम् – When followed by a उत्तरपदम् (latter member of a compound) which ends in a खित् (having खकार: as a इत्) affix, the पूर्वपदम् (prior member of a compound) takes the augment मुँम् provided the following two conditions are satisfied:
(i) the पूर्वपदम् is either “अरुस्”, “द्विषत्” or ends in a अच् (vowel)
(ii) the पूर्वपदम् is not a अव्ययम्
As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the मुँम् augment joins after the last vowel (अकार:) of the “धन”।
(7) धनम् + जय । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(8) धनं जय । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
(9) धनञ्जय/धनंजय । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(10) धनञ्जय + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(11) धनञ्जय + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(12) धनञ्जयः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where has 3-2-46 संज्ञायां भृतॄवृजिधारिसहितपिदमः (used in step 1) been used for the last time in the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-46 संज्ञायां भृतॄवृजिधारिसहितपिदमः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – सज्ञायां किम्? कुटुम्बं बिभर्तीति कुटुम्बभारः।
3. In which word in the verses has the तकार: of the affix तिप् taken लोप:?
4. In which word in the commentary has the सकार: of the affix सिँच् taken लोप:?
5. Can you spot an affix तृच् in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Śrī Kṛṣṇa became Arjuna’s charioteer.”
Easy Questions:
1. Can you spot an augment आट् in the verses?
2. In the commentary can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in a षकार:?
अरुन्तुदम् mAs
Today we will look at the form अरुन्तुदम् mAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.23.49.
मनोवशेऽन्ये ह्यभवन्स्म देवा मनश्च नान्यस्य वशं समेति । भीष्मो हि देवः सहसः सहीयान्युञ्ज्याद्वशे तं स हि देवदेवः ।। ११-२३-४८ ।।
तं दुर्जयं शत्रुमसह्यवेगमरुन्तुदं तन्न विजित्य केचित् । कुर्वन्त्यसद्विग्रहमत्र मर्त्यैर्मित्राण्युदासीनरिपून्विमूढाः ।। ११-२३-४९ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
नन्वितरेन्द्रियजयः प्रयोजनं स्यान्नेत्याह – मनोवश इति । देवा इन्द्रियाणि तदधिष्ठातारो वा । भीष्मो योगिनामपि भयंकरो मनोलक्षणो देवः । कुतः । सहसो बलादपि बलिनोऽपि वा सहीयान्बलवान् । अतस्तं यो वशवर्तिनं कुर्यात्स एव देवदेवः सर्वेन्द्रियजेता भविता नान्यः । तथा च श्रुतिः – ‘मनसो वशे सर्वमिदं बभूव नान्यस्य मनो वशमन्वियाय ।। भीष्मो हि देवः सहसः सहीयान् ।।’ इति ।। ४८ ।। अतोऽसह्या रागादयो वेगा यस्य तम्, अत एवारुन्तुदं – अरुर्मर्म तत्तुदति व्यथयतीत्यरुन्तुदस्तम् । तत् नेति च्छेदः । तं न विजित्याजित्वा तत् ततो ये केचिन्मर्त्यैः कैश्चिदसद्विग्रहं कुर्वन्ति । तत्र चानुकूलप्रतिकूलादीनन्यान्मित्रादीन्कुर्वन्ति ते मूढा इत्यर्थः ।। ४९ ।।
Gita Press translation – Indeed others, i.e., the senses (or even the gods presiding over them – viz., Brahmā and others) are under the control of the mind. But the mind does not readily come under the control of anyone else; for the god (of a mind) is redoubtable (being the cause of the manifold worldly sufferings) and more powerful than the powerful, so that he who is able to bring it under control is adorable even to the gods (48). Unable to conquer that enemy (in the guise of the mind), of irrestible tempo, which is (so) difficult to conquer (otherwise than by the Lord’s grace), and which torments the (very) vitals, some deluded persons thereupon make friends, neutrals and enemies of men and wage a wicked warfare in this world (49).
अरुः (मर्मस्थानं) तुदति (पीडयति) इति अरुन्तुदः।
“तुद” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √तुद् (तुदादि-गणः, तुदँ व्यथने, धातु-पाठः #६. १).
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “अरुन्तुद” is derived as follows:
(1) अरुस् + ङस् + तुद् + खश् । By 3-2-35 विध्वरुषोस्तुदः – The affix “खश्” may be used after the verbal root √तुद् (तुदँ व्यथने ६. १) when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) which is either “विधु” or “अरुस्”। (We have not studied this सूत्रम् in the class.)
Note: The term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-35 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “अरुस् ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of तुदति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।
(2) अरुस् + ङस् + तुद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) अरुस् + ङस् + तुद् + श + अ । By 3-1-77 तुदादिभ्यः शः – The श-प्रत्यय: is placed after the verbal roots belonging to the तुदादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. This सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्।
Note: The affix खश् (which has the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्) is used कर्तरि (to signify the agent) as per 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत् – The affixes designated as कृत् are used to denote the agent. This allows 3-1-77 to apply here.
(4) अरुस् + ङस् + तुद् + अ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: By 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित्, the “श”-प्रत्यय: becomes ङिद्वत् (behaves like having a ङकारः as an इत्)। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents the गुणादेशः for the उकार: (of the अङ्गम् “तुद्”) which would have been done by 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।
(5) अरुस् + ङस् + तुद । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।
We form a compound between “अरुस् + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “तुद” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “अरुस् + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “तुद”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “अरुस् + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “अरुस् + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“अरुस् + ङस् + तुद” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(6) अरुस् + तुद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(7) अरु मुँम् स् + तुद । By 6-3-67 अरुर्द्विषदजन्तस्य मुम् – When followed by a उत्तरपदम् (latter member of a compound) which ends in a खित् (having खकार: as a इत्) affix, the पूर्वपदम् (prior member of a compound) takes the augment मुँम् provided the following two conditions are satisfied:
(i) the पूर्वपदम् is either “अरुस्”, “द्विषत्” or ends in a अच् (vowel)
(ii) the पूर्वपदम् is not a अव्ययम्
As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the मुँम् augment joins after the last vowel (उकार:) of “अरुस्”।
(8) अरुम् स् + तुद । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। “अरुम् स्” has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः to apply in the next step.
(9) अरुम् तुद । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः।
(10) अरुंतुद । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
(11) अरुन्तुद/अरुंतुद । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।
(12) अरुन्तुद + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “अम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
(13) अरुन्तुदम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has the affix ‘श’ (used in step 3) been used?
2. Commenting on the form ‘अरुन्तुद’, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – मुमि कृते संयोगान्तस्य लोप:। Please explain.
3. Can you spot an affix अच् in the verses?
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-78 अभ्यासस्यासवर्णे been used in the commentary?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Rāhu (is) the one who torments the moon.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “one who torments the moon.”
Advanced question:
1. In the अष्टाध्यायी, the section which prescribes the affix खच् runs from 3-2-38 प्रियवशे वदः खच् up to 3-2-47 गमश्च। In this section can you find a सूत्रम् (which we have not studied in the class) which is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भयंकर’ (used in the commentary)?
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the augment अट् been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot a नकारान्त-नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् (a neuter प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in the letter ‘न्’) used in the commentary?
जनमेजयः mNs
Today we will look at the form जनमेजयः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.20.2.
श्रीबादरायणिरुवाच
पूरोर्वंशं प्रवक्ष्यामि यत्र जातोऽसि भारत । यत्र राजर्षयो वंश्या ब्रह्मवंश्याश्च जज्ञिरे ।। ९-२०-१ ।।
जनमेजयो ह्यभूत्पूरोः प्रचिन्वांस्तत्सुतस्ततः । प्रवीरोऽथ नमस्युर्वै तस्माच्चारुपदोऽभवत् ।। ९-२०-२ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on these verses.
Gita Press translation – Śrī Śuka resumed : I shall (now) give a detailed account of the line Pūru, in which you were born, O scion of Bharata, and in which (many) royal sages and Brāhmaṇas, each propagating his line, appeared (1). Now, Janamejaya was born of Pūru and Janamejaya’s son was Pracinvān, from whose loins appeared Pravīra. From him indeed followed Namasyu (and) to him was born Cārupada (2).
जनमेजयतीति जनमेजय:।
“एजय” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the causative form of the verbal root √एज् (एजृँ कम्पने, # १. २६७).
(1) एज् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
(2) एज् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= एजि । “एजि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “जनमेजय” is derived as follows:
(3) जन + ङस् + एजि + खश् । By 3-2-28 एजेः खश् – The affix “खश्” may be used after the causative form of the verbal root √एज् (एजृँ कम्पने, # १. २६७) when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action.)
Note: The term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-28 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “जन ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of एजयति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।
(4) जन + ङस् + एजि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) जन + ङस् + एजि + शप् + अ । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. Note: The affix खश् (which has the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्) is used कर्तरि (to signify the agent) as per 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत् – The affixes designated as कृत् are used to denote the agent. This allows 3-1-68 to apply here.
(6) जन + ङस् + एजि + अ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(7) जन ङस् + एजे + अ + अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or a आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.
(8) जन ङस् + एजय् + अ + अ । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
(9) जन ङस् + एजय । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।
We form a compound between “जन ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “एजय” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “जन ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “एजय”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “जन ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “जन ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“जन ङस् + एजय” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(10) जन + एजय । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(11) जन मुँम् + एजय । By 6-3-67 अरुर्द्विषदजन्तस्य मुम् – When followed by a उत्तरपदम् (latter member of a compound) which ends in a खित् (having खकार: as a इत्) affix, the पूर्वपदम् (prior member of a compound) takes the augment मुँम् provided the following two conditions are satisfied:
(i) the पूर्वपदम् is either “अरुस्”, “द्विषत्” or ends in a अच् (vowel)
(ii) the पूर्वपदम् is not a अव्ययम्
As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the मुँम् augment joins after the last vowel (अकार:) of “जन”।
(12) जनम् + एजय । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= जनमेजय
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(13) जनमेजय + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(14) जनमेजय + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(15) जनमेजयः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Commenting on the affix खश् prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-28 एजेः खश् (used in step 1) the काशिका says – खकारो मुमर्थः।Please explain.
2. Commenting further on the same affix the काशिका says – शकारः सार्वधातुकसंज्ञार्थः। Please explain.
3. The form जज्ञिरे can be derived from which two verbal roots? Which one has been used in the verses?
4. The form प्रवक्ष्यामि can be derived from which two verbal roots? Which one has been used in the verses?
5. Where has लुँङ् been used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The lion’s roar made the deer tremble.” Paraphrase to “The lion’s roar became one that makes the deer tremble.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “one that makes the deer tremble.”
Easy Questions:
1. Where has लँङ् been used in the verses?
2. Where has लँट् been used in the verses?
भास्करः mNs
Today we will look at the form भास्करः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.70.15.
गृहीत्वा पाणिना पाणी सारथेस्तमथारुहत् । सात्यक्युद्धवसंयुक्तः पूर्वाद्रिमिव भास्करः ।। १०-७०-१५ ।।
ईक्षितोऽन्तःपुरस्त्रीणां सव्रीडप्रेमवीक्षितैः । कृच्छ्राद्विसृष्टो निरगाज्जातहासो हरन्मनः ।। १०-७०-१६ ।।
सुधर्माख्यां सभां सर्वैर्वृष्णिभिः परिवारितः । प्राविशद्यन्निविष्टानां न सन्त्यङ्ग षडूर्मयः ।। १०-७०-१७ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पाणी कृताञ्जली गृहीत्वा ।। १५ ।। सव्रीडप्रेमवीक्षितैरीक्षितः क्षणं स्थितस्ताभिरेव वीक्षितैः कृच्छ्राद्विसृष्टो निरगादिति ।। १६ ।। एवं सर्वगृहेभ्यः पृथक्पृथङ्निर्गत्यानन्तरमेक एव सन्सुधर्मां प्राविशत् । यन्निविष्टानां यत्र प्रविष्टानाम् ।। १७ ।।
Gita Press translation – Holding the charioteer’s hands in His own hand, Śrī Kṛṣṇa would then (proceed to) mount the chariot accompanied by Sātyaki and Uddhava, even as the sun ascends the eastern hills (15). Watched with bashful and affectionate glances by the ladies of the gynaeceum and reluctantly permitted by them to go, the Lord would smile at them (for a moment) and, thus captivating their heart, would sally forth (to the Council Hall) (16). Parīkṣit, surrounded by all the Yadus, Śrī Kṛṣṇa would (then) enter the Hall bearing the name of Sudharmā, the inmates of which would not experience (for the time being) the six waves of existence (viz., hunger and thirst, grief and delusion, old age and death) (17).
भासं करोतीति भास्करः ।
“कर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०).
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “भास्कर” is derived as follows:
(1) भास् + ङस् + कृ + ट । By 3-2-21 दिवाविभानिशाप्रभाभास्कारान्तानन्तादिबहुनान्दीकिंलिपिलिबिबलिभक्तिकर्तृचित्रक्षेत्रसंख्याजङ्घाबाह्वहर्यत्तद्धनुररुष्षु – The affix ‘ट’ may employed after the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) when in composition with one of the following – ‘दिवा’ “by day”, ‘विभा’ “light”, ‘निशा’ “night”, ‘प्रभा’ “splendor”, ‘भास्’ “light”, ‘कार’ “work”, ‘अन्त’ “end”, ‘अनन्त’ “endless”, ‘आदि’ “beginning”, ‘बहु’ “much”, ‘नान्दी’ “benediction”, ‘किम्’ “what”, ‘लिपि’ “writing”, ‘लिबि’ “writing”, ‘बलि’ “oblation”, ‘भक्ति’ “devotion”, ‘कर्तृ’ “agent”, ‘चित्र’ “painting”, ‘क्षेत्र’ “field”, words denoting numerals, ‘जङ्घा’ “thigh”, ‘बाहु’ “hand”, ‘अहर्’ “day”, ‘यत्’ “what”, ‘तत्’ “that”, ‘धनुस्’ “bow” and ‘अरुस्’ “wound”.
Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-21 the term दिवाविभानिशाप्रभाभास्कारान्तानन्तादिबहुनान्दीकिंलिपिलिबिबलिभक्तिकर्तृचित्रक्षेत्रसंख्याजङ्घाबाह्वहर्यत्तद्धनुररुष्षु ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “भास् + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।
(2) भास् + ङस् + कृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) भास् + ङस् + कर् अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
= भास् + ङस् + कर
We form a compound between “भास् + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “कर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “भास् + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “कर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “भास् + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “भास् + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“भास् + ङस् + कर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(4) भास् + कर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
= भास्कर । See questions 2 and 3 and also advanced question.
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(5) भास्कर + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(6) भास्कर + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(7) भास्करः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. In which verse of the गीता has the प्रातिपदिकम् “भास्” been used twice?
2. Why doesn’t 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः apply after step 4? The काशिका gives the following reasoning – सकारस्य निपातनाद् विसर्जनीयजिह्वामूलीयौ न भवतः। Please explain.
3. Could we have used 8-3-46 अतः कृकमिकंसकुम्भपात्रकुशाकर्णीष्वनव्ययस्य for the सकारादेश: in भास्करः? In answer to this the धातुवृत्ति: says – ‘8-3-46 अतः कृकमि..’ इति सत्वं तपरनिर्देशान्न प्राप्नोति। Please explain.
4. The verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) has been used in which तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?
5. Why is आरुहत् a आर्ष-प्रयोग:? What would be the grammatically correct form?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The Sun has infinite rays.” Paraphrase to “Infinite rays of the Sun exist.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अनन्त” for “infinite (endless.)”
Advanced question:
1. Commenting on the सकार: in भास्करः, the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – कस्कादित्वात्स:। Please explain. Hint: The reference is to the सूत्रम् 8-3-48 कस्कादिषु च। (We have not studied this सूत्रम् in the class.)
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः been used in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution “ना” in the form पाणिना?
शङ्करः mNs
Today we will look at the form शङ्करः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.4.1.
मैत्रेय उवाच
एतावदुक्त्वा विरराम शङ्करः पत्न्यङ्गनाशं ह्युभयत्र चिन्तयन् । सुहृद्दिदृक्षुः परिशङ्किता भवान्निष्क्रामती निर्विशती द्विधास सा ।। ४-४-१ ।।
सुहृद्दिदृक्षाप्रतिघातदुर्मनाः स्नेहाद्रुदत्यश्रुकलातिविह्वला । भवं भवान्यप्रतिपूरुषं रुषा प्रधक्ष्यतीवैक्षत जातवेपथुः ।। ४-४-२ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
चतुर्थे तु पतिं हित्वा गता पित्रावमानिता ।। रुषा निर्भर्त्स्य तं यज्ञे जहौ देहमितीर्यते ।। १ ।। उभयत्रानुज्ञाने बलान्निवारणे च । सुहृद्दिदृक्षुर्निष्क्रामन्ती भवात्परिशङ्किता पुनर्निर्विशन्ती च तदा सा सती द्विधा आस बभूव । न गता न च स्थिता आन्दोलावद्गतिरभवत् ।। १ ।। सुहृदां दिदृक्षायाः प्रतिघातेन दुर्मनाः । अश्रूणां कलाभिर्लेशैरतिविह्वला व्याकुला । अप्रतिपूरुषं स्वसमानपुषान्तररहितम् । प्रधक्ष्यतीव भस्मीकरिष्यतीव रुषा जातो वेपथुः कम्पो यस्याः ।। २ ।।
Maitreya continued: Having said this much, Lord Śaṅkara (the Bestower of happiness) became silent; for He thought the death of His consort was inevitable in either case (whether she proceeded to her father’s house or stayed behind.) (As for the latter) she swung like a pendulum, (now) sallying forth in her eagerness to see her relations and (now) returning for fear of Lord Śiva (the Source of the universe) (1). Vexed at the thwarting of her desire to see her relations and overpowered with emotion, she burst into tears and wept. Shaking with anger, Satī (the spouse of Lord Bhava) looked at her peerless lord, Bhava, as if she would burn Him (2).
शं करोतीति शङ्करः ।
“कर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०).
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “शङ्कर” is derived as follows:
(1) शम् + कृ + अच् । By 3-2-14 शमि धातोः संज्ञायाम् – To derive a word which is a proper name, the affix ‘अच्’ may employed after any verbal root when in composition with शम्। (We have not discussed this सूत्रम् in the class.) Note: शम् is a अव्ययम् meaning “welfare/happiness.”
Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-14 शमि धातोः संज्ञायाम् the term शमि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence शम् gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
(2) शम् + कृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) शम् + कर् अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
= शम् + कर
We form a compound between “शम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “कर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “शम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “कर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, शम् is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here शम् is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“शम् + कर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) शं + कर । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
(6) शङ्कर/शंकर । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(6) शङ्कर + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(7) शङ्कर + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(8) शङ्करः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-14 शमि धातोः संज्ञायाम् been used in the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-14 शमि धातोः संज्ञायाम्, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – पुनर्धातुग्रहणं बाधकविषयेऽपि प्रवृत्त्यर्थम्। कृञो हेत्वादिषु टो मा भूत्। Please explain. (Hint: Refer to the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु।)
3. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a परस्मैपदम् affix in the form विरराम?
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-90 आटश्च been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?
5. In the verses, can you spot a अव्ययम् which is a तिङन्त-प्रतिरूपकम् (mimics a तिङन्तम्)?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lord Śaṅkara bears a trident in (his) hand and a digit of the moon on (his) forehead.”
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the affix “ङसिँ” been used in the verses?
2. In the commentary, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in a ऋकार:?
विधिकरीः fAp
Today we will look at the form विधिकरीः fAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.31.8.
प्रणतदेहिनां पापकर्शनं तृणचरानुगं श्रीनिकेतनम् । फणिफणार्पितं ते पदाम्बुजं कृणु कुचेषु नः कृन्धि हृच्छयम् ।। १०-३१-७ ।।
मधुरया गिरा वल्गुवाक्यया बुधमनोज्ञया पुष्करेक्षण । विधिकरीरिमा वीर मुह्यतीरधरसीधुनाप्याययस्व नः ।। १०-३१-८ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अविशेषेण प्रणतानां देहिनां पापकर्शनं पापहन्तृ तृणचरान्पशूनप्यनु गच्छति कृपयेति तथा सौभाग्येन श्रियो निकेतनं वीर्यातिरेकेण फणिनः फणास्वर्पितं ते पदाम्बुजं नः कुचेषु कृणु कुरु । किमर्थम् । हृच्छयं कामं कृन्धि छिन्धि ।। ७ ।। हे पुष्करेक्षण, तवैव मधुरया गिरा वल्गूनि वाक्यानि यस्यां तया बुधानां मनोज्ञया हृद्यया गम्भीरयेत्यर्थः । मुह्यतीरिमा नो विधिकरीः किङ्करीरधरसीधुना आप्याययस्व संजीवयेति ।। ८ ।।
Gita Press translation – Set on our bosom Your lotus-feet – which dissipate the sins of (all) embodied beings that bow down to You, which follow (out of affection even) animals that live on grass, (nay,) which are the abode of beauty and prosperity and which were (dauntlessly) placed on the hoods of a (terrible) snake (Kāliya) – and thereby soothe the pangs of love pent up in our heart (7). (Pray,) revive with the nectar of Your lips O valiant one, these women, in the person of ourselves, who are ready to do Your bidding and who are getting charmed, O Lord with lotus eyes, by Your melodious speech, consisting of delightful expressions and pleasing (even) to the learned (8).
विधिं करोत्यनुलोमा विधिकरी (गोपी)।
“कर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०).
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “विधिकर” is derived as follows:
(1) विधि + ङस् + कृ + ट । By 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु – When in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action), the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) may take the affix “ट” to express the meaning of a cause or habitual/natural action or amiability (going with the grain.)
Note: The term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “विधि ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of करोति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।
(2) विधि + ङस् + कृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) विधि ङस् + कर् अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
= विधि ङस् + कर
We form a compound between “विधि ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “कर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “विधि ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “कर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “विधि ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “विधि ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“विधि ङस् + कर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(4) विधि + कर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “विधिकरी” is derived as follows:
(5) विधिकर + ङीप् । By 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः – To denote the feminine gender, the affix ङीप् is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् which satisfies the following conditions:
(i) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in a अकार:
(ii) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in a non-secondary affix which is either टित् (has टकार: as a इत्) or is one of the following – ‘ढ’, ‘अण्’, ‘अञ्’, ‘द्वयसच्’, ‘दघ्नच्’, ‘मात्रच्’, ‘तयप्’, ‘ठक्’, ‘ठञ्’, ‘कञ्’ or ‘क्वरप्’।
(6) विधिकर + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। ‘विधिकर’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।
(7) विधिकर् + ई । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When a ईकारः or a तद्धित-प्रत्यय: follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (इकारः or ईकारः) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (अकारः or आकारः) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending अकार: takes लोपः।
= विधिकरी ।
The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्।
(8) विधिकरी + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(9) विधिकरी + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “शस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(10) विधिकरीस् । 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)
(11) विधिकरीः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where has 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु (used in step 1) been used in the first five verses of Chapter Five of the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इह प्रसिद्धतरत्वाद्द्व्यनुबन्धोऽपि करोतिरेव गृह्यते, न तु कृञ् हिंसायामिति।
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः been used in the commentary?
4. From which verbal root is the form कृन्धि derived?
5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the उकारादेश: in the form कुरु (used in the commentary)?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lack of knowledge (is) the cause of sorrow.” Use the feminine (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “अविद्या” for “lack of knowledge.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “the cause of sorrow.” (शोकस्य हेतु:)।
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्” been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot an augment तुँक् in the commentary?
निशाचरी fNs
Today we will look at the form निशाचरी fNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.6.13.
तस्याः स्वनेनातिगभीररंहसा साद्रिर्मही द्यौश्च चचाल सग्रहा । रसा दिशश्च प्रतिनेदिरे जनाः पेतुः क्षितौ वज्रनिपातशङ्कया ।। १०-६-१२ ।।
निशाचरीत्थं व्यथितस्तना व्यसुर्व्यादाय केशांश्चरणौ भुजावपि । प्रसार्य गोष्ठे निजरूपमास्थिता वज्राहतो वृत्र इवापतन्नृप ।। १०-६-१३ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
रसाः रसातलानि च ।। १२ ।। व्यादाय मुखं विवृत्य । निजरूपमास्थिता मरणसमये कपटमयुक्तमितीव ।। १३ ।।
Gita Press translation – As a result of her very deep and violent roar the earth with its mountains and heaven with its planets shook, the subterranean worlds as well as the (four) quarters echoed and people toppled down on the ground under the apprehension of a thunderbolt (12). Thus tormented at her breasts and reverting (in her helpless state) to her own (demoniac) form, she (sprang and) fell dead in (the outskirts of) Vraja, opening her mouth and flinging about her hair and stretching her legs and arms too (even) like the demon Vṛtra knocked down by the thunderbolt (of Indra), O protector of men! (13)
निशायां चरतीति निशाचरी (राक्षसी)।
“चर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०).
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “निशाचर” is derived as follows:
(1) निशा + ङि + चर् + ट । By 3-2-16 चरेष्टः – The affix “ट” may be used after the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०) when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the locus (of the action.)
Note: The term अधिकरणे (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 from the prior सूत्रम् 3-2-15 अधिकरणे शेतेः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “निशा ङि” (which is the locus (अधिकरणम्) of चरति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
(2) निशा + ङि + चर् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
We form a compound between “निशा + ङि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “चर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “निशा + ङि”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “चर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “निशा + ङि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “निशा + ङि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“निशा + ङि + चर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(3) निशाचर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “निशाचरी” is derived as follows:
(4) निशाचर + ङीप् । By 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः – To denote the feminine gender, the affix ङीप् is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् which satisfies the following conditions:
(i) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in a अकार:
(ii) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in a non-secondary affix which is either टित् (has टकार: as a इत्) or is one of the following – ‘ढ’, ‘अण्’, ‘अञ्’, ‘द्वयसच्’, ‘दघ्नच्’, ‘मात्रच्’, ‘तयप्’, ‘ठक्’, ‘ठञ्’, ‘कञ्’ or ‘क्वरप्’।
(5) निशाचर + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। ‘निशाचर’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।
(6) निशाचर् + ई । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When a ईकारः or a तद्धित-प्रत्यय: follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (इकारः or ईकारः) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (अकारः or आकारः) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending अकार: of the अङ्गम् takes लोपः।
= निशाचरी ।
The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(7) निशाचरी + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(8) निशाचरी + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(9) निशाचरी । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”।
Questions:
1. In Chapter Eleven of the गीता can you spot a word wherein 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः (used in step 4) has applied on the basis of there being a टकार: as a इत्? Hint: In Chapter Eleven there are very few words which contain the feminine affix ङीप्। One of them must be the answer to this question (because 4-1-15 prescribes the feminine affix ङीप्।)
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 चरेष्टः (used in step 1) the काशिका says – प्रत्ययान्तरकरणं ङीबर्थम्। Please explain.
3. In the absence of 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः, which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 4?
4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the एकारादेश: in the form पेतु:?
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः been used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“An ogress by the name Trijaṭā consoled Sītā.” Use the verbal root √सान्त्व् (षान्त्वँ सामप्रयोगे १०. ५१) for to “console.” Use the अव्ययम् “नाम” for “by the name.”
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the औकारादेश: (substitute “औ”) in the form द्यौ:?
Recent Comments