Today we will look at the form देव्यै from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

दत्ता चास्मीष्टवद्देव्यै ज्येष्ठायै पुण्यकर्मणे |
तया सम्भाविता चास्मि स्निग्धया मातृसौहृदात् ||२-११८-३३||

Gita Press translation “I was further given over, like a coveted issue, to the senior most queen, who was given to meritorious deeds; and I was brought up by that tender lady through motherly affection.”

‘देवी’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देवी’।

(1) देवी + ङे । ‘देवी’ gets नदी-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-3 यू स्त्र्याख्यौ नदी।

(2) देवी + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(2) देवी + आट् ङे । By 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः , the ङित् affixes (here ङे) that follow the अङ्गम् ending in a term having the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा, get the आट् augment.

(3) देवी + आ ए । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) देवी + ऐ । वृद्धि-आदेश: (ऐकारः) by 6-1-90 आटश्च ।

(5) देव्यै । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि ।

Questions:

1. The अमर-कोश: gives four words in the meaning of “mother.” One of them is माता (प्रातिपदिकम् “मातृ”) used in this verse. Please list the other three.
जनयित्री प्रसूर्माता जननी ।।२-६-२९।।
(इति चत्वारि “जनन्या:” नामानि)

2. Which word(s) in the verse have समानाधिकरणम् with “देव्यै”?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used in this verse?

4. In the last verse of the गीता which term has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The eldest (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “ज्येष्ठ” from this verse) among the four sons of the King (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “नृपति”) Dasaratha.”

6. The सूत्रम् 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः is used in the सूत्रम् 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः itself. How is that?

7. Which two अधिकारौ exert their influence on the सूत्रम् 6-1-90 आटश्च ?

8. Which one of the following is not a विधि-सूत्रम् (a rule which prescribes an operation)?
a) 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः।
b) 6-1-90 आटश्च।
c) 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्।
d) 6-1-77 इको यणचि।
e) 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Easy questions:

1. Find three places in this verse where the सूत्रम् 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः has been used.

2. From where does the अनुवृत्ति: of “वृद्धि:” come in to the सूत्रम् 6-1-90 आटश्च ?

Today we will look at the form कतरस्मिन् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

सर्वतश्चार्यतां दृष्टिः कानने निपुणो ह्यसि |
आश्रमः कतरस्मिन् नो देशे भवति संमतः || ३-१५-३||

Gita Press translation “Since you are a man of insight, cast an eye all around in the forest. At which place will a hermitage be acceptable to us?”

‘कतर’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कतर’।

(1) कतर + ङि । ‘कतर’ ends in the डतर-प्रत्यय: which is listed in the सर्वादि-गण:। Hence ‘कतर’ gets the सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि ।

(2) कतरस्मिन् । By 7-1-15 ङसिङ्योः स्मात्स्मिनौ , following a pronoun ending in अ, the affixes ङसि and ङि are replaced respectively by स्मात् and स्मिन् ।

Questions:

1. Where does the declension of कतर-शब्द: differ from that of सर्व-शब्द: ?

2. Where is the कतर-शब्द: used in the गीता?

3. Please use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“You are skilled in finance.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अर्थ-शास्त्र” for finance.

4. The अमर-कोश: gives five synonyms for the word “अरण्यम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अरण्य” neuter) meaning “forest.” One of them is काननम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “कानन” neuter) used in this verse. Can you list the other four?
अटव्यरण्यं विपिनं गहनं काननं वनम् ।।२-४-१।।
(इति षट् “अरण्यस्य” नामानि)

5. In the absence of 7-1-15 ङसिङ्योः स्मात्स्मिनौ , which सूत्रम् would have applied to give which undesired result?

6. Which word in the verse has समानाधिकरणम् with the word आश्रम: ?

7. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-114 हशि च been used in this verse?

8. In the form कानने (कानन + ङि), the ङि-प्रत्यय: was not replaced by “स्मिन्” . Which condition required by 7-1-15 was not satisfied?

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् has been used in the following?
हि + असि = ह्यसि।

2. Which word in the verse translates to “since”?

Today we will look at the form चतुर्षु from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्

ते चास्य हयमुख्येषु तूर्णमुत्पत्य वानराः |
चतुर्षु सुमहावीर्या निपेतुर्भीमविक्रमाः || ६-८९-४९||

Gita Press translation “Nay, springing up rapidly, the aforesaid monkeys, who were endowed with remarkable valor and terrible prowess, fell on the four excellent horses of Indrajit.”

‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्’.

(1) चतुर् + सुप् ।

(2) चतुर् + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः

(3) चतुर्षु । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः ,the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष्.

Questions:

1. The term “चतुर्” has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनमस्थाने। After step 2, why didn’t the ending रेफ: become a विसर्ग: by 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ?

2. The अनुवृत्ति: of इण्कोः comes into the सूत्रम् 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः from 8-3-57. So in order for the following सकार: to change to a षकार: there must be a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: preceding. Here we have the रेफ: preceding the सकार: . The रेफ: is not a part of the क-वर्ग: . Is the रेफ: included in the इण्-प्रत्याहार: ? (Or does the इण्-प्रत्याहार: include only the letters इ and उ from the first माहेश्वर-सूत्रम् – अ इ उ ण् । ?)

3. The अमरकोश: gives thirteen words that mean “horse.” One of them is हय: (used in this verse as part of a compound.) Please list any five of the remaining twelve.
घोटके वीति ( पीति) तुरगतुरङ्गाश्वतुरङ्गमाः ।।२-८-४३।।
वाजिवाहार्वगन्धर्वहयसैन्धवसप्तयः।
(इति त्रयोदश “घोटकस्य” नामानि)

4. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “हय” used in the गीता?

5. Just like we had the optional forms चतुर्णाम्/चतुर्ण्णाम् in the षष्ठी-बहुवचनम् , is there an optional final form (using 8-4-46 अचो रहाभ्यां द्वे) possible in this example?

6. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: . (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् ) . Please identify the word ending in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय: in this verse. Who are the common doers and which is their later action?

7. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी used in this verse? How about 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् ?

8. What is the purpose of having the पकार: as an अनुबन्ध: in the सुप्-प्रत्यय:?

9. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Three monkeys on the branch of a tree.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “शाखा” for branch, and “तरु” for tree. (The English word tree may have come from “तरु”)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + अस्य = चास्य ?

2. Which word in the verse translates to “monkeys”?

Today we will look at the form कामधुक् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्

एवमुक्ता वसिष्ठेन शबला शत्रुसूदन |
विदधे कामधुक्कामान्यस्य यस्य यथेप्सितं यथा || १-५३-१||

Gita Press translation “Thus instructed by Vasiṣṭha, O destroyer of foes, Śabalā, a cow of plenty (as she was), yielded all luxuries as desired by each particular individual (of Viśwāmitra’s camp)”

‘कामदुह्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च. The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् “कामदुह्“।

(1) कामदुह् + सुँ ।

(2) कामदुह् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कामदुह् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् ।

(4) कामदुघ् । कामदुह् gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् and hence by 8-2-32 दादेर्धातोर्घः,the हकारः of the धातु: “दुह्” (which begins with a दकारः) gets घकारः as its replacement.

(5) कामधुघ् । By 8-2-37 एकाचो बशो भष् झषन्तस्य स्ध्वोः , the part of a धातुः, which ends in a झष् letter and has only one vowel, gets its बश् letter replaced by भष् when followed by a सकारः, the term “ध्व” or at the end of a पदम् ।

(6) कामधुग् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते , a झल् letter occuring at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(7) कामधुग् / कामधुक् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. 8-2-32 दादेर्धातोर्घः is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम् ?

2. Where does the word कामधुक् come in the गीता?

3. Which word in the श्लोक: translates to “luxuries”?

4. Identify the places where the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः has been used in this verse.

5. The अमरकोश: gives eleven synonyms for the word “इच्छा”. One of them is काम: (used in this verse). Can you list the other ten?
अथ दोहदम् ।
इच्छा काङ्क्षा स्पृहेहा तृड् वाञ्छा लिप्सा मनोरथः ।।१-७-२७।।
कामोऽभिलाषस्तर्षश्च ।
(इति द्वादश “इच्छाया:” नामानि)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Man’s many desires.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “मनुष्य” for man.

7. Which सूत्रम् (among the ones that we have studied) is an अपवाद: for 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते ?

8. Which सूत्रम् will help us ascertain that the word “कामान्” is masculine?

Easy questions:

1. List the letters in each of the following:
a) बश्-प्रत्याहार:
b) भष्-प्रत्याहार:
c) झष्-प्रत्याहार:

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get यथा + ईप्सितम् = यथेप्सितम् ?

Today we will look at the form चतुर्णाम् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्

चतुर्णामात्मजानां हि प्रीतिः परमिका मम || १-२०-११|| – second half

ज्येष्ठे धर्मप्रधाने च न रामं नेतुमर्हसि || १-२०-१२|| – first half

Gita Press translation “Of (all) the four sons my supreme affection is truly speaking fastened on the eldest, in whom piety is predominant. (Hence) you ought not to take away Rāma.”

‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्‘.

(1) चतुर् + आम् ।

(2) चतुर् + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-55 षट्चतुर्भ्यश्च, the आम् affix gets नुँट् as an augment.

(3) चतुर् + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.

(4) चतुर्णाम् । By 8-4-1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे , a नकारः that (immediately) follows a रेफः or a षकारः in a single पदम्, gets णकारः as a replacement.

Questions:

1. Which प्रातिपदिकम् among the ones that we’ve studied so far, has the षट्-सञ्ज्ञा ?

2. In the सूत्रम् 8-4-1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे what is the प्रातिपदिकम् in “न:” ? Which विभक्ति: has been used? How about in “णः” ?

3. Why didn’t पाणिनि: give the षट्-सञ्ज्ञा to “चतुर्” also? That way he wouldn’t have to mention it separately in the सूत्रम् 7-1-55 षट्चतुर्भ्यश्च।
The answer is given in the काशिका as follows – “रेफान्तायाः सङ्ख्यायाः षट्संज्ञा न विहिता, षड्भ्यो लुक् ७।१।२२ इति लुग् मा भूत्।” – Please explain.

4. The अमरकोश: gives 12 words that mean “आनन्द:” . One of them is प्रीति: (used in this verse.) Can you list five others?
मुत्प्रीतिः प्रमदो हर्षः प्रमोदाऽऽमोदसम्मदाः ।।१-४-२४।।
स्यादानन्दथुरानन्दशर्मशातसुखानि च ।
(इति द्वादश “आनन्दस्य” नामानि)

5. Which word in the verse translates to “on the eldest”?

6. Using some words from this verse, can you construct the following sentence in Sanskrit?
“You ought to take the two cows.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “गो” for cow.

7. Which is the other (optional) final form (besides चतुर्णाम्) that is possible in this example?

8. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-3 नामि been used in this verse?

9. Which other सूत्रम् have we studied that prescribes the नुँट्-आगम: for the आम्-प्रत्यय:? Why couldn’t we use that in this example?

Easy questions:

1. By which परिभाषा-सूत्रम् did the नुँट्-आगम: attach to the beginning (and not in the end or in the middle) of the term “आम्” is step 2?

2. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 7-2-99 त्रिचतुरोः स्त्रियां तिसृचतसृ apply in this example?

Today we will look at the form चत्वारः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्

पुत्राश्चास्य भविष्यन्ति चत्वारोऽमितविक्रमाः |
वंशप्रतिष्ठानकराः सर्वभूतेषु विश्रुताः || १-११-१०||

Gita Press translation “And (as a result of that sacrifice) there will be born to him (as many as) four sons possessed of immense prowess, and well-known among all created beings, who will bring honor to their line.”

‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्‘.

(1) चतुर् + जस् ।

(2) चतुर् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः stops the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा (which would have come by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् ) for the ending सकार:

(3) चतु आम् र् + अस् । By 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः चतुर् gets the आम् augment, since जस् follows which is a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix.

(4) चतु आ र् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.

(5) चत्वारस् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि

(6) चत्वारः । Applying रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः.

Questions:

1. Which other सर्वनामस्थान-प्रत्यया: can come after the प्रातिपदिकम् “चतुर्” ?

2. Where does the word “चत्वारः” come in the गीता?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत्‌ been used in this verse?

4. The अमरकोश: gives four synonyms for the word “पुत्र” . Can you list them along with their genders?
( आत्मजस्तनयः सूनुः सुतः पुत्रः – इति पञ्च पुत्रस्य नामानि)

5. Based on this example, please construct the following sentence in Sanskrit – “Three daughters will be born to the commander-in-chief.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “दुहितृ” for daughter and “सेनापति” for commander-in-chief. In general, the correct order of terms in prose is subject (कर्ता), object (कर्म) and then the verb (क्रियापदम्) . For example, राम: सीतां पश्यति । मारुतिर्लङ्कां दहति । etc. Please use this order when composing sentences.

6. Which word in the verse translates to “well-known”?

7. Please derive the प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “चतुर्” in the feminine.

8. From where does the अनुवृत्ति: of “सर्वनामस्थाने” come into the सूत्रम् 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः ?

9. By which सूत्रम् did the जस्-प्रत्यय: get the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा (which was required to apply 7-1-98) in this example?

Easy questions:

1. Please give the प्रत्याहार: corresponding to each of the following (if possible):
a) All letters (vowels + consonants)
b) All consonants except the यकार:
c) All vowels except the अकार:
d) The two letters – रेफ: and लकार:
e) All consonants except semi-vowels and nasals
f) All consonants except the हकार:
g) Set of five letters containing the first letter of each वर्ग: (क-वर्ग:, च-वर्ग:, ट-वर्ग:, त-वर्ग:, प-वर्ग:)
h) Set of five letters containing the second letter of each वर्ग: (क-वर्ग:, च-वर्ग:, ट-वर्ग:, त-वर्ग:, प-वर्ग:)

2. Which letter is repeated twice in the माहेश्वर-सूत्राणि?

3. Which marker is repeated twice in the माहेश्वर-सूत्राणि?

Today we will look at the form अस्थि from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्

उत्स्मयित्वा महाबाहुः प्रेक्ष्य चास्थि महाबलः ।
पादाङ्गुष्ठेन चिक्षेप सम्पूर्णं दशयोजनम् ।। १-१-६५ ।।

Gita Press translation “Smiling (at this) and gazing on the skeleton, the mighty-armed Rāma, who possessed extraordinary strength, hurled it with his big toe to a distance of full eighty miles. ”

‘अस्थि’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अस्थि‘.

(1) अस्थि + अम् । ‘अस्थि’ is a नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम्

(2) अस्थि । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: . (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ ) . Also as per the व्याख्यानम् “द्विवचनमतन्त्रम्” there may be more than two actions involved. Please identify the word ending in the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: and in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय: in this verse. Who is the common doer and which is his later action?

2. Which word in the verse translates to “full”?

3. What is the विभक्ति: (षष्ठी-द्विवचनम् अथवा सप्तमी-द्विवचनम् ) used in “स्वमो:” in the सूत्रम् 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ ?

4. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः used in this verse?

5. In the word पादाङ्गुष्ठेन why didn’t the नकार: change to a णकार: even though there is a षकार: prior to it in the same पदम् . Which intervening letter blocked the change?

6. One word is said to have समानाधिकरणम् with another word if both of them have the same (समानम्) locus (अधिकरणम्) – they refer to the same item. They will generally have the same gender/number/case. Generally they will be adjectives, except one which may be a noun. When the पदान्वय: (prose order) is done, they will be grouped together with the noun placed last. In this verse महाबाहु: has समानाधिकरणम् with which order word?

7. The सूत्रम् 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ has an अपवाद: . Which one is it? This अपवाद: further has an अपवाद: . Which one is that?

8. Who has composed the वार्त्तिकानि (supplementary rules to the अष्टाध्यायी) ?
1. पाणिनि: 2. पतञ्जलि: 3. भट्टोजि-दीक्षित: 4. कात्यायन: 5. कैयट:

9. Please list the two synonyms for the word “अस्थि” as given in the अमर-कोश: [कीकसं कुल्यमस्थि च ।।२-६-६८।। – (त्रीणि “अस्थिमात्रस्य”)]

Easy questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् do we get च + अस्थि = चास्थि ?

2. By which सूत्रम् does the ending मकार: in सम्पूर्णम् become an अनुस्वार: ?

Today we will look at the form सर्वाणि from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्

स्वर्गोऽस्तु सशरीरस्य त्रिशङ्कोरस्य शाश्वतः ।
नक्षत्राणि च सर्वाणि मामकानि ध्रुवाण्यथ ।। १-६०-२८ ।।

Gita Press translation “Let perpetual heavenly bliss be the lot of this Triśaṅku in his physical body and also let all the lunar mansions created by me be abiding. ”

‘सर्व’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सर्व‘.

(1) सर्व + जस् । ‘सर्व’ gets सर्वनामसंज्ञा as it is listed in 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि.

(2) सर्व + शि । 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः gives शि as आदेशः to जस्. Further, शि gets सर्वनामस्थानसंज्ञा by 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्

(3) सर्व + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.

(4) सर्व नुँम् + इ । When a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment by 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the नुँम्-आगम: is placed after the last अच् (the अकार: after the वकार:) in “सर्व” .

(5) सर्वन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.

(6) सर्वान् + इ । 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ mandates उपधादीर्घः

(7) सर्वाणि । The letter न् is replaced by ण् by 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि.

Questions:

1. Do पदच्छेद: of स्वर्गोऽस्तु – please mention the relevant rules.

2. Generally speaking, the (singular, dual and plural) forms in the द्वितीया-विभक्ति: are the same as those in the प्रथमा-विभक्ति:, for any नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम्। Which rules in the अष्टाध्यायी can we use to support this statement?

3. Since “सर्व” has सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा, why didn’t 7-1-17 जसः शी (वृत्ति: – अदन्तात्सर्वनाम्नो जसः शी स्यात्।) apply after step 1?

4. Which word in the verse translates to “perpetual”?

5. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-3-111 घेर्ङिति used in this verse?

6. How many terms are listed in the सर्वादि-गण:?

7. From where does the अनुवृत्ति: of “दीर्घ:” come in to 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ ?

8. Why did the शि-आदेश: replace the entire स्थानी “जस्” in step 2? Is it because “शि” has the शकार: as an इत्? Or because “शि” is an अनेकाल्-आदेश: (an आदेश: which has more than one letter)? (Reference – 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य)

Easy questions:

1. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-1-77 इको यणचि used in this verse?

2. From where does the अनुवृत्ति: of नपुंसकात् come in to 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः ?

Today we will look at the form मातरि from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्

कौसल्यायां महातेजा यथा मातरि वर्तते |
तथा यो वर्ततेऽस्मासु महात्मा क्व नु गच्छति || २-४१-४||

Gita Press translation “Where goes the high-souled Śrī Rāma, who is endowed with exceptional glory and who behaved with us (in the same way) as he did with his own mother, Kausalyā ? ”

‘मातृ’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मातृ‘.

(1) मातृ + ङि

(2) मातर् + ङि । ‘अर्’ comes in as a आदेशः for ऋ by 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः and 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः

(3) मातरि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.

Questions:

1. Why didn’t 6-1-77 इको यणचि apply after step 1?

2. Which word in the verse translates to “where”?

3. Does “मातृ” get the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः used in this verse?

5. What is the purpose of having the ङकार: as an इत् in the ङि-प्रत्यय:?

6. Who is the author of the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी?
a) वरदराज: b) पाणिनि: c) भट्टोजि-दीक्षित: d) पतञ्जलि: e) नागेशभट्ट:

Easy questions:

1. From where does the अनुवृत्ति: of “गुण:” come into 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः ?

2. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति used in this verse?

3. Which are the two rules which define the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा?

Today we will look at the form दिनाधिपतये from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्

नमः पूर्वाय गिरये पश्चिमायाद्रये नमः ।
ज्योतिर्गणानां पतये दिनाधिपतये नमः ।। ६-१०५-१६ ।।

Gita Press translation "Hail to (you in the form of ) the eastern mountain and hail to you to the western mountain. Hail to the lord of hosts of luminaries, the lord of the day. "

‘दिनाधिपति’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च. The विवक्षा here is चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दिनाधिपति’.

(1) दिनाधिपति + ङे । By 1-4-8 पतिः समास एव ‘पति’ gets the घि-सञ्ज्ञा only when it occurs in a compound.

(2) दिनाधिपते + ङे । गुणादेशः by 7-3-111 घेर्ङिति. When a ङित् सुँप् affix follows, then an अङ्गम् having the घि-संज्ञा takes the गुण: substitution.

(3) दिनाधिपते + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.

(4) दिनाधिपतये । अयादेशः to the एकारः by 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः

Questions:

1. What kind of सूत्रम् is 1-4-8 पतिः समास एव –
a) अपवाद: – Exception to another rule
b) अतिदेश: – Extension of another rule
c) विधि: – A rule which prescribes an operation
d) नियम: – A rule which restricts another rule

2. In the verse, we also have the word पतये which is not part of a compound. How can this form be justified using the rules of पाणिनि: ?

3. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट् used in this verse?

4. The सूत्रम् 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः is part of which अधिकार:?

5. Please do पदच्छेद: of “समास एव” and mention the relevant rules.

6. Which two words in the verse translate to “mountain” ?

7. Which परिभाषा-सूत्रम् did we use to decide to do the गुणादेश: only for the ending इकार: of the अङ्गम् in step 2?

8. Of the 21 सुँप्-प्रत्यया: how many are ङित् ?