Today we will look at the form भजामि 1As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg4-11

ये यथा मां प्रपद्यन्ते तांस्तथैव भजाम्यहम् |
मम वर्त्मानुवर्तन्ते मनुष्याः पार्थ सर्वशः || ४-११||

Gita Press translation “Arjuna, howsoever men seek Me, even so do I respond to them; for all men follow MY path in everyway.”

भजामि is derived from the धातुः √भज् (भ्वादि-गणः, भजँ सेवायाम्,  धातु-पाठः #१.११५३ )

The विवक्षा is वर्तमान-काले, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, उत्तम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the भज्-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the जकार:। This इत् letter has a स्वरित-स्वर:। Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the भज्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the भज्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “भज्” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, भज्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

Since the विवक्षा is उत्तम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “मिप्”।

(1) भज् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) भज् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भज् + मिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “मिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “मिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) भज् + शप् + मिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(5) भज् + अ + मि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(6) भजामि । By 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि -the ending अकार: of a अङ्गम् is elongated if it is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the यञ्-प्रत्याहार:।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a place in Chapter 9 of the गीता where the भज्-धातुः has taken a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय:?

2. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in the verse? Was an alternate form possible?

3. Which terms used in the verse have the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः?

4. Can you spot a नकारान्तं (ending in a नकार:) प्रातिपदिकम् in the verse?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-2 नलोपः सुप्स्वरसंज्ञातुग्विधिषु कृति been applied in the verse?

6. What kind of सूत्रम् is 8-2-2 नलोपः सुप्स्वरसंज्ञातुग्विधिषु कृति?
a) निषेध-सूत्रम् – A rule which negates (stops the application of) another rule
b) अपवाद-सूत्रम् – A rule which is an exception to another rule
c) नियम-सूत्रम् – A rule which limits the application of another rule
d) विधि-सूत्रम् – A rule which prescribes an operation

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Why don’t you worship the Lord?” Use the अव्ययम् “कस्मात्” for “why” and the भज्-धातु: for “to worship.”

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I sleep (literally “I resort to sleep”) only at night.” Use the भज्-धातु: for “to resort to” and the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “निद्रा” for “sleep.”

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of तांस्तथैव and mention the relevant rules.

2. Derive the form ये (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “यद्”।

Today we will look at the form चरति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg2-71।

विहाय कामान्यः सर्वान्पुमांश्चरति निःस्पृहः ।
निर्ममो निरहङ्कारः स शान्तिमधिगच्छति ।। २-७१ ।।

Gita Press translation “He who has given up all desires, and moves free from attachment, egoism and thirst for enjoyments attains peace.”

चरति is derived from the धातुः √चर् (भ्वादि-गणः, चरँ गत्यर्थ:, धातु-पाठः #१. ६४०)

The विवक्षा is वर्तमान-काले, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the चर्-धातुः has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the रेफ:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the चर्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the चर्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So चर्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) चर् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) चर् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) चर् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have शकारः as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the “धातो:” अधिकार:।

(4) चर् + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(5) चर् + अ + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) चरति ।

Questions:

1. Where else (besides in verse 2-71) has the form “चरति” been used in the गीता?

2. What does प्रथम-पुरुषः correspond to in English grammar?
a) First person
b) Third person
c) Either First person or Third person
b) Neither First person nor Third person

3. Can you spot a सकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् in the verse?

4. Which term in the verse gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by the सुत्रम् 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः?

5. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the काशिका says “शकारः सार्वधातुकसंज्ञार्थः।” Please explain.

6. Which तिङ्-प्रत्यय: consists of only one letter – एकाल्? (इत् letters, if any, are not to be counted.)

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Blessed are those who practice धर्म:।” Use the चर्-धातु: for “to practice” and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “धन्य” for “blessed.”

8. Please list the two synonyms for “शान्ति:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “शान्ति” feminine, meaning “calmness”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
शमथस् तु शमः शान्ति: ॥३-२-३॥
(इति त्रीणि “कामक्रोधाद्यभावस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि been used?

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of पुमांश्चरति and mention the relevant rules.

Today we will look at the form आश्चर्यवत् -ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg2-29.

आश्चर्यवत्पश्यति कश्चिदेनमाश्चर्यवद्वदति तथैव चान्यः |
आश्चर्यवच्चैनमन्यः शृणोति श्रुत्वाप्येनं वेद न चैव कश्चित्‌ || २-२९||

Gita Press translation “Hardly anyone perceives this soul as marvellous , scarce another likewise speaks therof as marvellous, and scarce another hears of it as marvellous, while there are some who know it not even on hearing of it.”

“आश्चर्यवत्” is formed by adding the वतिँ-प्रत्ययः to the प्रातिपदिकम् “आश्चर्य”। (using the सूत्रम् 5-1-115 तेन तुल्यं क्रिया चेद्वतिः)।

“आश्चर्यवत्” gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आश्चर्यवत्’।
“आश्चर्यवत्‌” gets अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः – the words ending in a तद्धित-प्रत्यय:, after which it is not possible to introduce all of the सुँप्-affixes, are also designated as indeclinables. Since ‘आश्चर्यवत्‌’ is an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

आश्चर्यवत्‌ + सुँ (default) ।

आश्चर्यवत्‌ । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Where has the वतिँ-प्रत्ययः been used in Chapter 6 of the गीता?

2. What is the प्रातिपदिकम् in the form “एनम्” (पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्, अन्वादेशे)?
a) The प्रातिपदिकम् can only be “इदम्”।
b) The प्रातिपदिकम् can only be “एतत्”।
c) The प्रातिपदिकम् can be either “इदम्” or “एतत्”।
d) The प्रातिपदिकम् can be neither “इदम्” nor “एतत्”।

3. In this verse, can you spot another term (besides आश्चर्यवत्‌) that gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः?

4. Which terms from the सर्वादि-गण: (ref. 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि) have been used in this verse?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः been used?

6. Derive the form वदति (प्रथम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, कर्तरि, लँट्) from the “वद्”-धातु: (वदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ११६४)।

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Everyone looks at the अष्टाध्यायी as marvelous.” Use a verb from the verse for “looks at.”

8. Please list the three synonyms for आश्चर्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “आश्चर्य” neuter (can also be used an an adjective), meaning “wonder”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
विस्मयोऽद्भुतमाश्चर्यं चित्रमपि ।।१-७-१९।।
(इति चत्वारि “अद्भुतस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of श्रुत्वाप्येनम् and mention the relevant rules.

2. Derive the form क: (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्”।

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form भवतः 3Ad-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg14-17।

सत्त्वात्सञ्जायते ज्ञानं रजसो लोभ एव च |
प्रमादमोहौ तमसो भवतोऽज्ञानमेव च ||१४-१७||

Gita Press translation “Wisdom follows from Sattva, and greed, undoubtedly, from Rajas; likewise obstinate error, stupor and also ignorance follow from Tamas.”

भवतः is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१.१)

The विवक्षा is वर्तमान-काले, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, द्विवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the भू-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the भू-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So भू-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुष-द्विवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: will be “तस्”।

(1) भू + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भू + तस् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तस्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तस्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) भू + शप् + तस् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(5) भो + शप् + तस् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः , an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(6) भो + अ + तस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः । 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्मा: prevents the ending सकारः of तस् from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । See easy question 3.

(7) भवतस् । “अव्”-आदेश: by 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(8) भवतः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Which other तिङ्-प्रत्यया: (besides “तस्”) end in a सकार:?

2. In another context, भवतः could also be a सुबन्तं पदम्। What would be the प्रातिपदिकम्? What are the possibilities for the विभक्ति:/वचनम्?

3. Can you find an example of भवतः as a सुबन्तं पदम् in the गीता?

4. Can you recall a सूत्रम् that is an अपवाद: for 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः? Why did that सूत्रम् not apply in this example (in step 7)? (Which condition was not satisfied?)

5. Which terms from the प्रादि-गण: have been used in this verse?

6. By which सूत्रम् does एव get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Fear is born out of ignorance.” Use a verb from the verse for “is born”

8. Please list the two synonyms for “अज्ञानम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अज्ञान” neuter, meaning “ignorance”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
अथाज्ञानमविद्याऽहंमतिः स्त्रियाम् ।।१-५-७।।
(इति त्रीणि “अज्ञानस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-104 नादिचि been used in this verse?

2. Why didn’t 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि apply between लोभ एव?

3. By which सूत्रम् does the तस्-प्रत्यय: get the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा? (The विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा is required for using the सूत्रम् 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्मा: in step 6.)

Today we will look at the form सम्भवामि 1As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg4-8।

परित्राणाय साधूनां विनाशाय च दुष्कृताम् ।
धर्मसंस्थापनार्थाय सम्भवामि युगे युगे ।। ४-८ ।।

Gita Press translation “For the protection of the virtuous, for the extirpation of the evil-doers and for establishing Dharma (righteousness) on a firm footing, I manifest myself from age to age.”

भवामि is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)

“सम्” has been used as an उपसर्ग: – ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, उत्तम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

In the धातु-पाठः, the भू-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the भू-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, takes the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So भू-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। Since the विवक्षा is उत्तम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: is “मिप्”।

(1) भू + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भू + मिप् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्। ‘मिप्’ gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) भू + शप् + मिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. The शप्-प्रत्यय: which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(5) भो + शप् + मिप् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः , an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(6) भो + अ + मि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।

(7) भव + मि । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(8) भवामि । By 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि – the ending अकार: of a अङ्गम् is elongated if it is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the यञ्-प्रत्याहार:।

Questions:

1. The अनुवृत्ति: of the entire सूत्रम् 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि goes into a सूत्रम् that we have studied. Which one is it?

2. Where has that सूत्रम् (answer to question 1) been used in this verse?

3. In which other places (besides in भवामि) does the सूत्रम् 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि apply in the conjugation table of the भू-धातु: in लँट्?

4. Where else (besides in the eight verse) has the form सम्भवामि been used in Chapter 4 of the गीता?

5. To which अधिकार: does the सूत्रम् 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् belong?
a) अङ्गस्य
b) एकः पूर्वपरयोः
c) ङ्याप्प्रातिपदिकात्‌
d) धातोः

6. Which other terms (besides “सम्”) from the प्रादिगण: have been used in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Anger arises from greed.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “लोभ” for “greed.” Use the भू-धातु: along with the “प्र”-उपसर्ग: for “arise.”

Advanced question:

1. Which सुत्रम् is required for replacing the सकार: of “दुस्” by a षकार: in the word “दुष्कृताम्”? Start from 8-3-37 कुप्वोः ≍क≍पौ च (which is rule that would have applied in this situation) and then look a few rules below to see if there is one that can give us the desired form.

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form साधूनाम् (पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “साधु”।

2. Where has the ङि-प्रत्यय: been used in the verse?

3. List the letters that belong to the यञ्-प्रत्याहार:।

Today we will look at the form सर्वथा-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg6-31.

सर्वभूतस्थितं यो मां भजत्येकत्वमास्थितः ।
सर्वथा वर्तमानोऽपि स योगी मयि वर्तते ।। ६-३१ ।।

Translation – “The Yogī who is established in union with Me, and worships Me as residing in all beings (as their very Self), abides in Me; even though performing his duties in every way.”

सर्वथा is formed by adding the थाल्-प्रत्ययः to the प्रातिपदिकम् “सर्व”। (using the सूत्रम् 5-3-23 प्रकारवचने थाल्)।

‘सर्वथा’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सर्वथा’।
‘सर्वथा’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः – the words ending in a तद्धित-प्रत्यय:, after which it is not possible to introduce all of the सुँप्-affixes, are also designated as indeclinables.

(1) सर्वथा + सुँ (default) ।

(2) सर्वथा । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. In which chapter of the गीता is the थाल्-प्रत्ययः used in the first verse?

2. In which section of तद्धिता: does the सूत्रम् 5-3-23 प्रकारवचने थाल् occur?
a) तसिलादयः प्राक् पाशपः ।
b) शस्प्रभृतयः प्राक् समासान्तेभ्यः ।
c) कृत्वोऽर्थाः ।
d) None of the above.

3. Which of the following is an अपवाद: for the थाल्-प्रत्यय:?
a) थमुँ-प्रत्यय: – 5-3-24 इदमस्थमुः ।
b) दा-प्रत्यय: – 5-3-15 सर्वैकान्यकिंयत्तदः काले दा ।
c) त्रल्-प्रत्यय: – 5-3-10 सप्तम्यास्त्रल् ।
d) तसिँल्-प्रत्यय: – 5-3-7 पञ्चम्यास्तसिल् ।

4. Which of the following is NOT in the meaning of “प्रकारवचने”?
a) कथम्
b) क्व
c) इत्थम्
d) तथा

5. Can you spot a नकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse?

6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः been used?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Nothing exists forever.” Use a verb from the verse for “exists”, use “शाश्वतम्” as an adverb for “forever.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्” with the अव्ययम् “चित्/चन”।

8. Please list the thirteen synonyms for “सर्वम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “सर्व” pronoun, meaning “all”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
अथ समं सर्वम् ।।३-१-६४।।
विश्वमशेषं कृत्स्नं समस्तनिखिलाऽखिलानि निःशेषम् ।
समग्रं सकलं पूर्णमखण्डं स्यादनूनके ।।३-१-६५।।
(इति चतुर्द्श “समग्रस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a यण्-आदेश: in the verse?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-132 एतत्तदोः सुलोपोऽकोरनञ्समासे हलि been used?

Today we will look at the form अमुत्र-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg6-40.

श्रीभगवानुवाच ।
पार्थ नैवेह नामुत्र विनाशस्तस्य विद्यते ।
न हि कल्याणकृत्कश्चिद्‌ दुर्गतिं तात गच्छति ।। ६-४० ।।

Gita Press translation “Śrī Bhagavān said: Dear Arjuna, there is no fall for him either here or hereafter. For none who strives for self-redemption (i.e., God-realization) ever meets with evil destiny.”

अमुत्र is formed by adding त्रल्-प्रत्ययः to अदस्-प्रातिपदिकम् (using the सूत्रम् 5-3-10 सप्तम्यास्त्रल्)।

‘अमुत्र’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अमुत्र’।
‘अमुत्र’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः – the words ending in a तद्धित-प्रत्यय:, after which it is not possible to introduce all of the सुँप्-affixes, are also designated as indeclinables.

(1) अमुत्र + सुँ ।

(2) अमुत्र । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. In which section of तद्धिता: does the सूत्रम् 5-3-10 सप्तम्यास्त्रल् occur?
a) तसिलादयः प्राक् पाशपः ।
b) शस्प्रभृतयः प्राक् समासान्तेभ्यः ।
c) कृत्वोऽर्थाः ।
d) None of the above.

2. Can you spot another word used in the verse, which gets the अव्यय-सज्ञा by 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः?

3. Which term from the स्वरादिगण: (ref. 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्) has been used in the verse?

4. Which one from the चादिगण: (ref. 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे) has been used?

5. The त्रल्-प्रत्ययः has been used in the last verse of which chapter of the गीता?

6. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् been used in the verse?

7. How would you say this in the Sanskrit?
“This सूत्रम् is not there in the first chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी ।”
Use a verb from the verse for “is there.”

8. The अमरकोश: gives three synonyms for the word “नरक:/नरकम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “नरक” masculine/neuter, meaning “hell.”) One of them is दुर्गति: (प्रातिपदिकम् “दुर्गति” feminine) used in this verse. Please list the other two.
स्यान्नारकस्तु नरको निरयो दुर्गतिः स्त्रियाम् ।।१-९-१।।

Easy question:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि been used in the verse?

2. Where has the ङस्-प्रत्यय: been used?

Today we will look at the form सहस्रकृत्वः-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg11-39.

वायुर्यमोऽग्निर्वरुणः शशाङ्कः प्रजापतिस्त्वं प्रपितामहश्च ।
नमो नमस्तेऽस्तु सहस्रकृत्वः पुनश्च भूयोऽपि नमो नमस्ते ।। ११-३९ ।।

Gita Press translation “You are Vāyu (the wind-god), Yama (the god of death), Agni (the god of fire), Varuṇa (the god of water), the moon-god, Brahmā (the Lord of creation), nay, the father of Brahmā himself. Hail, hail to You a thousand times; salutations, repeated salutations to You once again.”

“सहस्रकृत्वस्” is formed from adding कृत्वसुँच्-प्रत्ययः to the संख्या-वाचक-शब्दः “सहस्र”, using the सूत्रम् 5-4-17 संख्यायाः क्रियाऽभ्यावृत्तिगणने कृत्वसुच्।

‘सहस्रकृत्वस्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सहस्रकृत्वस्’।
By 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः, the words ending in a तद्धित-प्रत्यय:, after which it is not possible to introduce all of the सुँप्-affixes, are also designated as indeclinables. Since ‘सहस्रकृत्वस्’ is an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) सहस्रकृत्वस् + सुँ ।

(2) सहस्रकृत्वस् । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision. “सहस्रकृत्वस्” gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(3) सहस्रकृत्व: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Why does the कृत्वसुँच्-प्रत्ययः only apply to numbers from “पञ्चन्” (five) onwards?

2. Why doesn’t the गकार: in the word अग्नि: becomes an अनुनासिक: (ङकार:) by 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा? (Which condition is not satisfied?)

3. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says “तद्धितः किम्? एकः। द्वौ। त्रयः।” Please explain.

4. Which one of the following does not come under the domain of 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः?
a) अत:
b) यत्र
c) पुन:
d) तदा

5. From which सूत्रम् up to which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: run the “तद्धिताः” अधिकार: in the अष्टाध्यायी? The “तद्धिताः” अधिकार: is contained within which अधिकार:?

6. By which सूत्रम् does “नमस्” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Salutations to the God, by whom this universe was created.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “निर्मित” for “was created.”

8. Please list the four synonyms of the word “वरुण:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वरुण” masculine, meaning “presiding deity of the ocean and the western quarter”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
प्रचेता वरुणः पाशी यादसांपतिरप्पतिः ।।१-१-६१।।
(इति पञ्च “वरुणस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Which terms used in the verse have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा? (Ref. 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि)।

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of वायुर्यमोऽग्निर्वरुणः and mention the relevant rules.

Today we will look at the form विज्ञातुम्-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg11-31.

आख्याहि मे को भवानुग्ररूपो नमोऽस्तु ते देववर प्रसीद |
विज्ञातुमिच्छामि भवन्तमाद्यं न हि प्रजानामि तव प्रवृत्तिम्‌ || ११-३१||

Gita Press translation “Tell me who You are with a form so terrible? My obeisance to You, O best of gods; be kind to me. I wish to know You, the Primal Being, in particular; for I know not Your purpose.”

विज्ञातुम् is a तुमुँन्-प्रत्ययान्त-शब्दः formed (using the सूत्रम् 3-3-158 समानकर्तृकेषु तुमुन्) from the धातुः “ज्ञा” along with उपसर्गः “वि”। It gives the meaning of “to comprehend.”

‘विज्ञातुम्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विज्ञातुम्’।
By 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः, the words formed from कृत्-affixes ending in the मकारः or एच् are also designated as indeclinables. Since ‘विज्ञातुम्’ is an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) विज्ञातुम् + सुँ ।

(2) विज्ञातुम् । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Which section (from which सूत्रम् up to which सूत्रम्) of the अष्टाध्यायी contains the कृत्-प्रत्यया:?

2. Which अव्ययम् used in the verse has been translated to “for”?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः been used?

4. In which verse (in Chapter 11) of the गीता is the तुमुँन्-प्रत्यय: used three times?

5. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used? Is it an alternate form?

6. Which of the following is true of कृत्-प्रत्यया: ending in एच् (ए, ओ, ऐ, औ)? (These are referred to in the सूत्रम् 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः)।
a) They are used only भाषायाम् (in Classical Sanskrit)
b) They are used only छन्दसि (in the वेद:)
c) They are used both भाषायाम् and छन्दसि
d) They are used neither भाषायाम् nor छन्दसि

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I want to go to India in the coming month.” Use a verb from the verse for “I want”, use the अव्ययम् “गन्तुम्” for “to go”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आगामिन्” for “coming” and use the masculine noun “भारत-देश” for “India.”

8. Please state the one synonym of the word “उग्रम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “उग्र” adjective, meaning “fierce”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
रौद्रं तूग्रम् ।।१-७-२०।।
(इति द्वे “रौद्ररसस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-113 अतो रोरप्लुतादप्लुते been used?

2. Derive the form “भवन्तम्” (पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “भवत्”। (Use 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः)।

Today we will look at the form कस्मात्-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg11-37.

कस्माच्च ते न नमेरन्महात्मन्‌ गरीयसे ब्रह्मणोऽप्यादिकर्त्रे |
अनन्त देवेश जगन्निवास त्वमक्षरं सदसत्तत्परं यत्‌ || ११-३७ ||

Gita Press translation “O Great soul, why should they not bow to you, who are the progenitor of Brahmā himself and the greatest of the great? O infinite Lord of celestials, Abode of the universe, You are that which is existent (Sat), that which is non-existent (Asat) and also that which is beyond both, viz., the indestructible Brahma.”

Here in this example ‘कस्मात्’ is used as an अव्ययम्। By the गणसूत्रम् उपसर्ग-विभक्ति-स्वर-प्रतिरूपकाश्च, words which mimic an उपसर्ग: or a word ending in a विभक्ति: or a vowel, may also be included in the चादि-गणः। ‘कस्मात्’ mimics the पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्”। By 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे, ‘कस्मात्’ gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा, since 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे comes under the अधिकारः of 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः। Then, by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्, it gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा।

‘कस्मात्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कस्मात्’ । Since ‘कस्मात्’ is used as an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) कस्मात् + सुँ ।

(2) कस्मात् । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a word in the गीता Chapter 11, verse 36, where the गणसूत्रम् “उपसर्ग-विभक्ति-स्वर-प्रतिरूपकाश्च” can be applied?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-8 न ङिसम्बुद्ध्योः been used in this verse?

3. Where has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used?

4. The term “रीश्वर” (referred to in the सूत्रम् 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः) occurs in which सूत्रम्?

5. By which सूत्रम् does “च” get the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा? By which one does it get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Why did you not listen to what I told you?” Paraphrase “what I told you” to “what was told to you by me.” Use the adjective passive प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्त” for “told.” Similarly paraphrase “Why did you not listen” to “Why was that not listened to by you.” Use the adjective passive प्रातिपदिकम् “श्रुत” for “was listened.” Use यत्/तत्।

7. Please list the four synonyms of the word “जगत्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “जगत्” neuter, meaning “universe”) as given in the अमरकोश:। We’ve already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “जगत्”)।

Advanced question:

1. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः, the काशिका says “प्राग्वचनं संज्ञासमावेशार्थम्। गत्युपसर्गकर्मप्रवचनीयसंज्ञाभिः सह निपातसंज्ञा समाविशति।” Please explain what this means.

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः been used in the verse?

2. Please derive the form “ब्रह्मण:” (पुंलिङ्गे पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “ब्रह्मन्”। (Remember to use the सूत्रम् 6-4-137 न संयोगाद्वमन्तात्‌)।