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राक्षसैः mIp

Today we will look at the form राक्षसैः mIp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.94.3.

सन्दश्य दशनैरोष्ठं क्रोधसंरक्तलोचनः । राक्षसैरपि दुर्दर्शः कालाग्निरिव मूर्तिमान् ।। ६-९५-३ ।।
उवाच च समीपस्थान्राक्षसान्राक्षसेश्वरः । क्रोधाव्यक्तकथस्तत्र निर्दहन्निव चक्षुषा ।। ६-९५-४ ।।
महोदरं महापार्श्वं विरूपाक्षं च राक्षसम् । शीघ्रं वदत सैन्यानि निर्यातेति ममाज्ञया ।। ६-९५-५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Nipping his lips with his teeth, his eyes crimson with wrath, the king of ogres, who looked like the fire of dissolution incarnate, and whose sight was difficult to endure even for the ogres, commanded the ogres standing near on that spot, viz., Mahodara, Mahāpārśwa and the ogre Virūpākṣa (as follows), in words indistinct through anger, as though consuming them with his glance – “Speedily instruct the troops at my command, as follows :- ‘March out (to the battlefield)!'” (3-5)

राक्षसैः is तृतीया-बहुवचनम् of the compound पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘राक्षस’।

(1) राक्षस + भिस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। As per 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is not used (to denote कर्ता (the doer) or कर्म (the object)) of an action denoted by any one of the following –
(i) (a word ending in a substitute in place of) the affix ‘ल्’ (लँट्, लिँट् etc.)
(ii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उ’ or an affix ending in ‘उ’
(iii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उक’
(iv) an indeclinable
(v) (a word ending in) a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा।)
(vi) (a word ending in) the affix ‘खल्’ or any affix having the same meaning as that of ‘खल्’
(vii) (a word ending in) an affix from the प्रत्याहार: ‘तृन्’ which is formed starting from ‘तृ’ in 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे down to 3-2-135 तृन्
राक्षसैर्दुर्दर्शः (whose sight was difficult to endure for the ogres). ‘दुर्दर्श’ ends in the affix ‘खल्’ (prescribed by 3-3-126 ईषद्दुःसुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल्।) Therefore the agent ‘राक्षस’ of the action (of seeing) takes the third case affix ‘भिस्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-18 कर्तृकरणयोस्तृतीया) and not the sixth case affix ‘आम्’ (which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति)।

(2) राक्षस + ऐस् । By 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् – Following a अङ्गम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affix ‘भिस्’ is replaced by ‘ऐस्’। As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire affix ‘भिस्’ is replaced by ‘ऐस्’। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘ऐस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(3) राक्षसैस् । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि

(4) राक्षसैः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः

Questions:

1. In Chapter Six of the गीता can you find a situation where (as in the present example) the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ has prevented a sixth case affix from applying to denote the agent of an action denoted by a word ending in the affix ‘खल्’?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used to perform the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form सन्दश्य?

3. In which sense has the third case affix been used in the form दशनै:?
i) कर्तरि
ii) करणे
iii) हेतौ
iv) none of the above.

4. In the verses can you spot a word in which the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of ‘लँट्’) has been used?

5. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आज्ञा’ (used in the form आज्ञया (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses?)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even the sages find it difficult to restrain the mind.” Paraphrase to “The mind is difficult to be restrained even by the sages.” Use the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘नि’ for ‘to restrain.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘त’ in the form वदत?

2. In the verses can you spot a word in which the affix शप् has taken the लुक् elision?


1 Comment

  1. 1. In Chapter Six of the गीता can you find a situation where (as in the present example) the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ has prevented a sixth case affix from applying to denote the agent of an action denoted by a word ending in the affix ‘खल्’?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ prevents a sixth case affix from applying in the form असंयतात्मना (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘असंयतात्मन्’, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम्) in the following verse –

    असंयतात्मना योगो दुष्प्राप इति मे मतिः |
    वश्यात्मना तु यतता शक्योऽवाप्तुमुपायतः || 6-36||

    असंयतात्मना (योगः) दुष्प्रापः – By one whose mind is not subdued it (Yoga) is difficult to be attained. ‘दुष्प्राप’ ends in the affix ‘खल्’ (prescribed by 3-3-126 ईषद्‌दु:सुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल्।) Therefore 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ prevents the agent ‘असंयतात्मन्’ of the action (of attaining) from taking a sixth case affix (which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति)। Instead ‘असंयतात्मन्’ takes the third case affix ‘टा’ by the सूत्रम् 2-3-18 कर्तृकरणयोस्तृतीया to give the form असंयतात्मना।

    2. Which सूत्रम् is used to perform the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form सन्दश्य?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति is used to perform the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form सन्दश्य – derived from the verbal root √दंश् (दन्शँ दशने १. ११४४) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘सम्’।

    दन्श् + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।
    Note: Here the common agent of the actions सन्दश्य (having nipped) and उवाच (spoke) is राक्षसेश्वरः (Rāvaṇa – the king of ogres). The earlier of the two actions is the action of nipping which is denoted by √दंश् and hence √दंश् takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’।
    Note: अव्ययकृतो भावे (from महाभाष्यम्) – कृत् affixes (such as ‘क्‍त्‍वा’) having the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा are used to denote भाव: (action) – and not the agent (ref. 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्‌) of the action.
    = सम् + दन्श् + क्त्वा । ‘दन्श् + क्त्वा’ is compounded with ‘सम्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
    = सम् + दन्श् + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्‍ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6). The entire term ‘क्त्वा’ is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
    Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation कृत् (by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।)
    = सम् + दन्श् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = सम् + दश् + य । By 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति – The penultimate letter ‘न्’ of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have letter ‘इ’ as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has letter ‘क्’ or letter ‘ङ्’ as a marker.
    = संदश्य । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
    = सन्दश्य/संदश्य । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।

    ‘सन्दश्य/संदश्य’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ।

    सन्दश्य/संदश्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
    = सन्दश्य/संदश्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।

    3. In which sense has the third case affix been used in the form दशनै:?
    i) कर्तरि
    ii) करणे
    iii) हेतौ
    iv) none of the above.
    Answer: The third case affix been used in the form दशनै: (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दशन’, तृतीया-बहुवचनम्) is used in the sense of ii) करणे as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-18 कर्तृकरणयोस्तृतीया – A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भिस्’) is used to denote कर्ता (the doer of the action) as well as करणम् (the instrument of the action) provided the doer/instrument has not been expressed otherwise.
    Note: ‘दशन’ (tooth) is the instrument for the action संदश्य (nipping).

    4. In the verses can you spot a word in which the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of ‘लँट्’) has been used?
    Answer: The substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of ‘लँट्’) occurs in the word निर्दहन् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निर्दहत्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) – derived from the verbal root √दह् (दहँ भस्मीकरणे १. ११४६) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘निर्/निस्’।

    दह् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
    = दह् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = दह् + शतृँ । By 3-2-126 लक्षणहेत्वोः क्रियायाः – ‘शतृँ’/’शानच्’ replaces ‘लँट्’ when it follows a verbal root which denotes an action which constitutes a characteristic (लक्षणम्) or result/cause (हेतु: = फलम्/कारणम्) of another action. As per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् the verbal root √दह् takes परस्मैपदम् affixes (only.) The affix ‘शतृँ’ has the designation परस्मैपदम् as per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्। Hence the affix ‘शतृँ’ is used here (and not ‘शानच्’ which has the designation आत्मनेपदम् by the सूत्रम् 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्)।
    Note: In the present example the action (‘निर्दहत्’ – consuming) constitutes a characteristic (लक्षणम्) of another action (उवाच – commanded.)
    = दह् + अत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = दह् + शप् + अत् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌।
    = दह् + अ + अत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = दहत् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।
    निर्/निस् + दहत् । ‘दहत्’ is compounded with the उपसर्गः ‘निर्/निस्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
    = निर् दहत् = निर्दहत् । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः। अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    ‘निर्दहत्’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

    The derivation of निर्दहन् from the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निर्दहत्’ is similar to the derivation of विदन् from the प्रातिपादिकम् ‘विदत्’ shown in answer to question 2 in the following comment –
    http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/12/31/विद्वान्-mns/#comment-12135

    5. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आज्ञा’ (used in the form आज्ञया (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses?)
    Answer: The कृत् affix ‘अङ्’ is used to derive the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आज्ञा’ – derived from the verbal root √ज्ञा (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘आङ्’।

    आङ् ज्ञा + अङ् । By 3-3-106 आतश्चोपसर्गे – Following a verbal root which ends in the letter ‘आ’ and is in composition with a उपसर्गः (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे), the affix अङ् is used to denote in the feminine gender either (i) the sense of the verbal root as having attained to a completed state or (ii) any कारक: except the agent of the action, provided the word so derived is a proper name.
    = आ ज्ञा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = आ ज्ञ् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च।
    = आज्ञ । ‘ज्ञ’ is compounded with the उपसर्गः ‘आङ्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः। ‘आज्ञ’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

    Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आज्ञा’ by adding the affix टाप्।
    आज्ञ + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ ।
    = आज्ञ + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = आज्ञा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

    6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
    “Even the sages find it difficult to restrain the mind.” Paraphrase to “The mind is difficult to be restrained even by the sages.” Use the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘नि’ for ‘to restrain.’
    Answer: ऋषिभिः अपि मनः दुर्निग्रहम् = ऋषिभिरपि मनो दुर्निग्रहम्।

    Easy questions:
    1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘त’ in the form वदत?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-4-85 लोटो लङ्वत्‌ prescribes the substitution ‘त’ in the form वदत – derived from the verbal root √वद् (वदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ११६४).

    The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
    वद् + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च।
    = वद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = वद् + थ । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात्कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।
    = वद् + त । As per 3-4-85 लोटो लङ्वत्‌ – लोँट् is treated like लँङ्, and hence the following two operations take place in the case of लोँट् as they do in the case of लँङ् –
    i) the substitution by ताम् etc. (ref 3-4-101) and ii) the elision of the letter ‘स्’ (ref 3-4-99).
    By 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः – The तिङ्-प्रत्ययाः ‘तस्’, ‘थस्’, ‘’ and ‘मिप्’ of a लकारः which is a ङित् (has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्), are replaced by ‘ताम्’, ‘तम्’, ‘’ and ‘अम्’ respectively (ref: 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्)।
    = वद् + शप् + त । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌।
    = वद् + अ + त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = वदत ।

    2. In the verses can you spot a word in which the affix शप् has taken the लुक् elision?
    Answer: The affix शप् has taken the लुक् elision in the form निर्यात – derived from the verbal root √या (या प्रापणे २. ४४).

    The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
    या + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च।
    = या + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = या + थ । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात्कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।
    = या + त । By 3-4-85 लोटो लङ्वत्‌।
    = या + शप् + त । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्।
    = या + त । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः – The affix ‘शप्’ takes the ‘लुक्’ elision when following a verbal root belonging to the अदादि-गणः।
    = यात ।

    ‘निर्/निस्’ is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
    निर्/निस् + यात
    = निर्यात । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः। अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

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