Today we will look at the form श्वेतच्छत्रम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.10.43.

पादुके भरतोऽगृह्णाच्चामरव्यजनोत्तमे । विभीषणः ससुग्रीवः श्वेतच्छत्रं मरुत्सुतः ।। ९-१०-४३ ।।
धनुर्निषङ्गाञ्छत्रुघ्नः सीता तीर्थकमण्डलुम् । अबिभ्रदङ्गदः खड्गं हैमं चर्मर्क्षराण्नृप ।। ९-१०-४४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
अयोध्याप्रवेशप्रकारमाह – पादुके इति सार्धैस्त्रिभिः ।। ४३ ।। धनुश्च निषङ्गौ च तान् । ऋक्षराट् जाम्बवान् ।। ४४ ।।

Translation – Bharata took His pair of wooden sandals; Vibhīṣaṇa along with Sugrīva (who stood severally on His right and left), a cowrie and an excellent fan (respectively); and Hanumān (son of the wind-god, who stood behind the Lord) held the white umbrella (over Him) (43). Śatrughna (the youngest brother of Śrī Rāma) bore His bow and the pair of quivers; Sītā held the Kamaṇḍalu (water-pot of coconut-shell) containing the water of sacred lakes and rivers; Aṅgada carried His sword and Jāmbavān (the king of the bears), His shield of gold, O protector of men! (44)

(1) श्वेतं च तच् छत्रम् = श्वेतच्छत्रम् – white umbrella.
श्वेतच्छत्रम् is a कर्मधारयः compound. पाणिनि: defines the term कर्मधारयः by the सूत्रम् 1-2-42 तत्पुरुषः समानाधिकरणः कर्मधारयः – A तत्पुरुषः compound in which both the members refer to the same item – and hence have the same case ending – gets the designation कर्मधारयः।
Note: पाणिनि: has placed this सूत्रम् outside the अधिकार: ‘1-4-1 आ कडारादेका संज्ञा‘ in order to allow the designation कर्मधारयः to co-exist with the designation तत्पुरुषः prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-22 तत्पुरुषः।
Note: It is hard to come up with a satisfactory explanation for the designation कर्मधारयः। One way would be to take कर्म = भेदकक्रिया – the action of differentiating/qualifying. Then the word कर्मधारयः could mean कर्म भेदकक्रिया, तां धारयत्यसौ कर्मधारयः – a compound which gives a specification of the thing at hand.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) श्वेत सुँ + छत्र सुँ । By 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌ – A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting a qualifier (adjective) variously compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes that which is qualified – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘श्वेत सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 (which prescribes the compounding) the term विशेषणम्‌ ends in the nominative case. Hence the adjective ‘श्वेत सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘श्वेत सुँ + छत्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) श्वेत + छत्र । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) श्वेत तुँक् + छत्र । By 6-1-73 छे च – A short vowel (ह्रस्वः) gets the तुँक् augment when the letter ‘छ्’ follows in संहितायाम् (immediate sequence.) As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the तुँक् augment follows the short vowel.

(6) श्वेत त् + छत्र । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) श्वेत च् + छत्र । By 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः – When the letter ‘स्’ or a letter of the त-वर्ग: (‘त्’, ‘थ्’, ‘द्’, ‘ध्’, ‘न्’) comes in contact with either the letter ‘श्’ or a letter of the च-वर्ग: (‘च्’, ‘छ्’, ‘ज्’, ‘झ्’, ‘ञ्’), then it is replaced respectively by ‘श्’, च-वर्ग: (‘च्’, ‘छ्’, ‘ज्’, ‘झ्’, ‘ञ्’)।
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, the substitutions take place respectively.

= श्वेतच्छत्र ।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘श्वेतच्छत्र’ is neuter since the latter member ‘छत्र’ of the compound is neuter here.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् ।

(8) श्वेतच्छत्र + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(9) श्वेतच्छत्र + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(10) श्वेतच्छत्रम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a कर्मधारयः compound in verses 13-18 of Chapter Fifteen of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌ (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – बहुलग्रहणात्‌ क्वचिन्नित्यम्‌। कृष्णसर्प:। क्वचिन्न। रामो जामदग्न्य:। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – जातिशब्दस्य गुणक्रियाशब्दसमभिव्याहारे विशेष्यसमर्पकतैव। तेन नीलोत्पलं पाचकब्राह्मण इति व्यवस्थित एव प्रयोग:। गुणशब्दयोः क्रियाशब्दयोर्गुणक्रियाशब्दयोश्चानियम एव। खञ्जकुब्जः, कुब्जखञ्जः। पाचकपाठकः, पाठकपाचकः। खञ्जपाचकः, पाचकखञ्ज इति। Please explain.

4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शत्रुघ्न’ (used in the form शत्रुघ्नः (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकचवनम्) in the verses)?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One should worship Gaṇeśa with red flowers.” Form a compound for ‘red flowers.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Arjuna’s chariot was yoked with white horses.” Form a compound for ‘white horses.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the सम्प्रसारणम् in the form अगृह्णात्?

2. The form अबिभ्रत् used in the verses is a आर्ष-प्रयोग: (grammatically irregular form.) What is the grammatically correct form?