Today we will look at the form अम्बुदस्य mGs from शिशुपालवधम् 14-46.

निर्गुणोऽपि विमुखो न भूपतेर्दानशौण्डमनसः पुरोऽभवत् ।
वर्षुकस्य किमपः कृतोन्नतेरम्बुदस्य परिहार्यमूषरम् ।। १४-४६ ।।

टीका –
निर्गुण इति ।। दानशौण्डमनसो दानशूरचित्तस्य । बहुप्रदस्येत्यर्थः । ‘स्युर्वदान्यस्थूललक्ष्यदानशौण्डा बहुप्रदे । मत्ते शौण्डोत्कटक्षीबाः’ इत्यमरः । भूपतेः पुरोऽग्रे निर्गुणस्तपोविद्यादिगुणहीनोऽपि विमुखो निष्फलो नाभवत्, किन्तु पूर्णकाम एवाभवत् । भूरिदाने सर्वस्यापि पात्रत्वादिति भावः । अत एव तेनापात्रवर्षदोषोऽपि न करुणवृत्तेरित्याशयेन दृष्टान्तमाह – वर्षुकस्येति । अपो जलानि । ‘2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌’ इत्यादिना षष्ठीप्रतिषेधः । वर्षुकस्य वर्षणशीलस्य । ‘3-2-154 लषपतपदस्थाभूवृषहनकमगमशॄभ्य उकञ्’ इत्यादिना उकञ्प्रत्यये लघूपधगुणः। कृतोन्नतेः कृतोदयस्याम्बुदस्य । अम्बुदेनेत्यर्थः । ‘2-3-71 कृत्यानां कर्तरि वा’ इति षष्ठी । ‘स्यादूषः क्षारमृत्तिका’ इत्यमरः । तद्वत्क्षेत्रमूषरम् । ‘ऊषवानूषरो द्वावप्यन्यलिङ्गौ स्थलं स्थली’ इत्यमरः । ‘5-2-107 ऊषसुषिमुष्कमधो रः’ इति र-प्रत्ययः । परिहार्यं त्याज्यं किम् । नेत्यर्थः । अत्र पर्जन्यभूपालयोर्वाक्यभेदेन बिम्बप्रतिबिम्बितया समानधर्माभिधानाद् दृष्टान्तालङ्कारः ।।

Translation – In front of the king (Yudhiṣṭhira), whose mind was skilled in charity, even a person devoid of good qualities was not disappointed. (Just like) for a cloud, which has risen high and is pouring down water, is a barren spot with saline soil to be forsaken? (Indeed no.)

अम्बुदस्य is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अम्बुद’।

(1) अम्बुद + ङस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per the सूत्रम् 2-3-71 कृत्यानां कर्तरि वा – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is optionally used to denote कर्ता (the doer) of an action denoted by a word ending in a ‘कृत्य’ affix (prescribed in the अधिकार: of 3-1-95 कृत्याः।) Note: When the sixth case affix is not used, a third case affix is used as per 2-3-18 कर्तृकरणयोस्तृतीया।
In the present example ‘अम्बुद’ (‘cloud’) is the doer of the action (of abandoning) denoted by the word ‘परिहार्य’ (which ends in the affix ण्यत् prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-1-124 ऋहलोर्ण्यत्‌।) Hence ‘अम्बुद’ optionally takes a sixth case affix.

(2) अम्बुदस्य । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affixes ‘टा’, ‘ङसिँ’ and ‘ङस्’ are replaced respectively by ‘इन’, ‘आत्’ and ‘स्य’। As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire affix ‘ङस्’ is replaced.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-71 कृत्यानां कर्तरि वा been used between verses 20-25 of Chapter Three of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-3-71 the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अत्र योगो विभज्यते। कृत्यानाम्। उभयप्राप्ताविति नेति चानुवर्तते। तेन नेतव्या व्रजं गाव: कृष्णेन। तत: कर्तरि वा। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-3-71 the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘कर्तृकर्मणो: -‘ इति नित्ये प्राप्ते विभाषेयम्। Please explain.

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ been used in the verse?

5. Consider the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘बहुप्रद’ used in the commentary. Can you find the सूत्रम् (which we have seen in a prior comment) that justifies the use of the affix ‘क’ in the derivation of ‘बहुप्रद’? Note that 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः cannot be used here because the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ is present. Hint: The अनुवृत्ति: of ‘क’ goes from 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः down to 3-2-7 समि ख्यः।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All of us ought to study the Gīta.” Paraphrase to “The Gīta ought to be studied by all of us.” Use the verbal root √इ (इङ् अध्ययने – नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१) with the उपसर्ग: ‘अधि’ for ‘to study.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the letter ‘इ’ in the form अभवत्?

2. In the verse can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which is used only in the plural (no singular or dual)?

Today we will look at the form राक्षसैः mIp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.94.3.

सन्दश्य दशनैरोष्ठं क्रोधसंरक्तलोचनः । राक्षसैरपि दुर्दर्शः कालाग्निरिव मूर्तिमान् ।। ६-९५-३ ।।
उवाच च समीपस्थान्राक्षसान्राक्षसेश्वरः । क्रोधाव्यक्तकथस्तत्र निर्दहन्निव चक्षुषा ।। ६-९५-४ ।।
महोदरं महापार्श्वं विरूपाक्षं च राक्षसम् । शीघ्रं वदत सैन्यानि निर्यातेति ममाज्ञया ।। ६-९५-५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Nipping his lips with his teeth, his eyes crimson with wrath, the king of ogres, who looked like the fire of dissolution incarnate, and whose sight was difficult to endure even for the ogres, commanded the ogres standing near on that spot, viz., Mahodara, Mahāpārśwa and the ogre Virūpākṣa (as follows), in words indistinct through anger, as though consuming them with his glance – “Speedily instruct the troops at my command, as follows :- ‘March out (to the battlefield)!'” (3-5)

राक्षसैः is तृतीया-बहुवचनम् of the compound पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘राक्षस’।

(1) राक्षस + भिस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। As per 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is not used (to denote कर्ता (the doer) or कर्म (the object)) of an action denoted by any one of the following –
(i) (a word ending in a substitute in place of) the affix ‘ल्’ (लँट्, लिँट् etc.)
(ii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उ’ or an affix ending in ‘उ’
(iii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उक’
(iv) an indeclinable
(v) (a word ending in) a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा।)
(vi) (a word ending in) the affix ‘खल्’ or any affix having the same meaning as that of ‘खल्’
(vii) (a word ending in) an affix from the प्रत्याहार: ‘तृन्’ which is formed starting from ‘तृ’ in 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे down to 3-2-135 तृन्।
राक्षसैर्दुर्दर्शः (whose sight was difficult to endure for the ogres). ‘दुर्दर्श’ ends in the affix ‘खल्’ (prescribed by 3-3-126 ईषद्दुःसुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल्।) Therefore the agent ‘राक्षस’ of the action (of seeing) takes the third case affix ‘भिस्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-18 कर्तृकरणयोस्तृतीया) and not the sixth case affix ‘आम्’ (which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति)।

(2) राक्षस + ऐस् । By 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् – Following a अङ्गम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affix ‘भिस्’ is replaced by ‘ऐस्’। As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire affix ‘भिस्’ is replaced by ‘ऐस्’। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘ऐस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(3) राक्षसैस् । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(4) राक्षसैः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In Chapter Six of the गीता can you find a situation where (as in the present example) the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ has prevented a sixth case affix from applying to denote the agent of an action denoted by a word ending in the affix ‘खल्’?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used to perform the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form सन्दश्य?

3. In which sense has the third case affix been used in the form दशनै:?
i) कर्तरि
ii) करणे
iii) हेतौ
iv) none of the above.

4. In the verses can you spot a word in which the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of ‘लँट्’) has been used?

5. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आज्ञा’ (used in the form आज्ञया (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses?)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even the sages find it difficult to restrain the mind.” Paraphrase to “The mind is difficult to be restrained even by the sages.” Use the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘नि’ for ‘to restrain.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘त’ in the form वदत?

2. In the verses can you spot a word in which the affix शप् has taken the लुक् elision?

Today we will look at the form यानि nAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.1.3.

अवतीर्य यदोर्वंशे भगवान् भूतभावनः । कृतवान् यानि विश्वात्मा तानि नो वद विस्तरात् ।। १०-१-३ ।।
निवृत्ततर्षैरुपगीयमानाद् भवौषधाच्छ्रोत्रमनोऽभिरामात् । क उत्तमश्लोकगुणानुवादात् पुमान् विरज्येत विना पशुघ्नात् ।। १०-१-४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
ननूक्तानि ‘जातो गतः पितृगृहाद्व्रजमेधितार्थः’ इत्यादिना, सत्यम्, पुनर्विस्तरेण वदेत्याह – अवतीर्येति ।। ३ ।। अत्र लोके त्रिविधा जनाः मुक्ता मुमुक्षवो विषयिणश्च, तेषां मध्येऽत्र न कस्याप्यलंप्रत्यय इत्याह – निवृत्ततर्षैरिति । गततृष्णैर्मुक्तैरित्यर्थः । मुमुक्षूणामयमेवोपाय इत्याह – भवौषधादिति । विषयिणां परमो विषयोऽयमेवेत्याह – श्रोत्रमनोभिरामादिति । अपगता शुग्यस्मात्तमात्मानं हन्तीत्यपशुघ्नस्तस्मात्, पशुघातिन इति वा ।। ४ ।।

Gita Press translation – (Pray,) narrate to us in detail (all) those deeds which the (said) Lord, the Soul of the universe and the Protector of created beings, performed, appearing in the line of Yadu (3). What man other than the killer of animals would desist from a recital of the excellences of the illustrious Lord – a (sure) remedy for (the malady of) transmigration, (and highly) pleasing to the ear as well as to the mind, and constantly sung (even) by souls from whom the thirst for pleasure has departed (for ever) (4).

यानि is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् of the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘यद्’।

(1) यद् + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। As per 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is not used (to denote कर्ता (the doer) or कर्म (the object)) of an action denoted by any one of the following –
(i) (a word ending in a substitute in place of) the affix ‘ल्’ (लँट्, लिँट् etc.)
(ii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उ’ or an affix ending in ‘उ’
(iii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उक’
(iv) an indeclinable
(v) (a word ending in) a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा।)
(vi) (a word ending in) the affix ‘खल्’ or any affix having the same meaning as that of ‘खल्’
(vii) (a word ending in) an affix from the प्रत्याहार: ‘तृन्’ which is formed starting from ‘तृ’ in 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे down to 3-2-135 तृन्।
In the present example the object ‘यद्’ is associated with the निष्ठा form कृतवान् (‘performed’, प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृतवत्’ पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्), which ends in the affix ‘क्तवतुँ’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-102 निष्ठा।) Therefore ‘यद्’ takes the second case affix ‘शस्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया) and not the sixth case affix ‘आम्’ (which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति)।

Note: As per 1-4-104 विभक्तिश्च the affix ‘शस्’ has the designation विभक्ति:। This allows 7-2-102 to apply in the next step.

(2) य अ + शस् । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः – The ending letter of the pronouns, starting with ‘त्यद्’ and ending with ‘द्वि’, is replaced by ‘अ’ when followed by a विभक्ति: affix. As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter ‘द्’ of the अङ्गम् ‘यद्’ is replaced by the letter ‘अ’।

(3) य + शस् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।

(4) य + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः – The affixes ‘जस्’ and ‘शस्’ get ‘शि’ as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। ‘शि’ gets सर्वनामस्थानसंज्ञा by 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(5) य + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) य नुँम् + इ । By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः – When a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the ‘नुँम्’ augment is placed after the last अच् (the letter ‘अ’ after the letter ‘य्’) in ‘य’।

(7) य न् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) यान् + इ = यानि । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ – The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in the letter ‘न्’ gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ been used in verses 74-75 of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ई’ in the form उपगीयमानात्?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ been used in the verses?

4. Which वार्तिकम् may we use to justify the use of the affix ‘क’ in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पशुघ्न’?

5. Can you spot the affix ‘णिनिँ’ in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I heard what you said.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-105 अतो हेः been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form विरज्येत?

Today we will look at the form हरिणा mIs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.1.40.

जज्ञाते तौ दितेः पुत्रौ दैत्यदानववन्दितौ । हिरण्यकशिपुर्ज्येष्ठो हिरण्याक्षोऽनुजस्ततः ।। ७-१-३९ ।।
हतो हिरण्यकशिपुर्हरिणा सिंहरूपिणा । हिरण्याक्षो धरोद्धारे बिभ्रता सौकरं वपुः ।। ७-१-४० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
धरोद्धारनिमित्ते तत्प्रतिघाती हतः ।। ४० ।।

Gita Press translation – They were born as Hiraṇyakaśipu and Hiraṇyākṣa (the two sons of Diti), the adored of the Daityas and the Dānavas (alike). Hiraṇyakaśipu was the elder; while Hiraṇyākṣa, the younger, was born afterwards (39). Hiraṇyakaśipu was slain by Śrī Hari, who had taken the form of a lion (Lord Nṛsiṁha); and Hiraṇyākṣa was killed by Him even as He assumed the body of a boar for the sake of lifting up the earth (from water) (40).

हरिणा is तृतीया-एकवचनम् of the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हरि’।

(1) हरि + टा । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। As per 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is not used (to denote कर्ता (the doer) or कर्म (the object)) of an action denoted by any one of the following –
(i) (a word ending in a substitute in place of) the affix ‘ल्’ (लँट्, लिँट् etc.)
(ii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उ’ or an affix ending in ‘उ’
(iii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उक’
(iv) an indeclinable
(v) (a word ending in) a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा।)
(vi) (a word ending in) the affix ‘खल्’ or any affix having the same meaning as that of ‘खल्’
(vii) (a word ending in) an affix from the प्रत्याहार: ‘तृन्’ which is formed starting from ‘तृ’ in 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे down to 3-2-135 तृन्।
हरिणा हिरण्यकशिपुर्हतः (Hiraṇyakaśipu was slain by Śrī Hari). ‘हत’ ends in the affix ‘क्त’ (prescribed by 3-2-102 निष्ठा।) The affix ‘क्त’ gets the designation निष्ठा by 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा। Therefore the agent ‘हरि’ of the action (to slay) takes the third case affix ‘टा’ by the सूत्रम् 2-3-18 कर्तृकरणयोस्तृतीया and not the sixth case affix ‘ङस्’ (which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति)।

‘हरि’ gets the घि-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि।

(2) हरि + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) हरिना । By 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् – Following a अङ्गम् having घि-सञ्ज्ञा, the affix ‘आङ्’ is replaced by ‘ना’, but not in the feminine gender. ‘आङ्’ is an ancient name for the (instrumental singular) affix ‘टा’।

(4) हरिणा । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ been used in verses 14-17 of Chapter Sixteen of the गीता?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति been used in the verses?

3. Where has the affix ‘ड’ been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘इ’ in the form बिभ्रता?

5. Derive the compound तत्प्रतिघाती (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तत्प्रतिघातिन्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) used in the commentary.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Rāvaṇa was slain by Śrī Rāma.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च been used in the verses?

2. Derive the form जज्ञाते from the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४).

Today we will look at the form गिरिशम् mAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.1.29.

श्रीशुक उवाच
एकदा गिरिशं द्रष्टुमृषयस्तत्र सुव्रताः । दिशो वितिमिराभासाः कुर्वन्तः समुपागमन् ।। ९-१-२९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
विगतं तिमिरमाभासः प्रकाशश्चान्यस्य यासु तथाभूता दिशः कुर्वन्तः ।। २९ ।।

Gita Press translation – Śrī Śuka continued : Once upon a time sages of sacred vows repaired to that land (Ilāvṛta) in order to see Lord Śiva (who ordinarily lives on Mount Kailāsa), driving away darkness as well as (all other) light from the quarters (by their superior splendor) (29).

गिरिशम् is पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गिरिश’।

(1) गिरिश + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। As per 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is not used (to denote कर्ता (the doer) or कर्म (the object)) of an action denoted by any one of the following –
(i) (a word ending in a substitute in place of) the affix ‘ल्’ (लँट्, लिँट् etc.)
(ii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उ’ or an affix ending in ‘उ’
(iii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उक’
(iv) an indeclinable
(v) (a word ending in) a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा।)
(vi) (a word ending in) the affix ‘खल्’ or any affix having the same meaning as that of ‘खल्’
(vii) (a word ending in) an affix from the प्रत्याहार: ‘तृन्’ which is formed starting from ‘तृ’ in 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे down to 3-2-135 तृन्।
In the present example the object ‘गिरिश’ is associated with the indeclinable द्रष्टुम् (‘to see’), which ends in the affix ‘तुमुँन्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-3-10 तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्‌।) ‘द्रष्टुम्’ gets the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः। Therefore ‘गिरिश’ takes the second case affix ‘अम्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया) and not the sixth case affix ‘ङस्’ (which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति)।

(2) गिरिशम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ been used in verses 34-35 of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दिश्’ (used in the form दिश: (द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) in the verses) ends in which कृत् affix?

3. In which word in the verses has the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in the place of ‘लँट्’) been used?

4. Can you spot the augment अम् in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the letter ‘म्’ in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विगत’ (used in the form विगतम् in the commentary)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Many people come here to see this beautiful temple.”

Easy questions:

1. In which word in the verses has लुँङ् been used?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form सीताम् fAs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.4.4.

सीतां हृत्वा तु तद् यातु क्वासौ यास्यति जीवितः । सीता श्रुत्वाभियानं मे आशामेष्यति जीविते । जीवितान्तेऽमृतं स्पृष्ट्वा पीत्वामृतमिवातुरः ।। ६-४-४ ।।
उत्तराफल्गुनी ह्यद्य श्वस्तु हस्तेन योक्ष्यते । अभिप्रयाम सुग्रीव सर्वानीकसमावृताः ।। ६-४-५ ।।
निमित्तानि च पश्यामि यानि प्रादुर्भवन्ति वै । निहत्य रावणं सीतामानयिष्यामि जानकीम् ।। ६-४-६ ।।

Gita Press translation “Let that ogre for his part return (to his abode) after abducting Sītā; but he cannot escape alive. Hearing (from the mouth of Siddhas and others) of my march (to Laṅkā), Sītā (too) will regain her (lost) hope of survival, even as an ailing man would on touching an immortalizing herb or quaffing the drink of immortality at the close of his life.(4) The constellation of Uttarāphālgunī is actually in the ascendant today, while tomorrow the moon will be in conjunction with the constellation Hasta. Let us (therefore) march (this very day), accompanied by all the troops, O Sugrīva!(5) From the omens which actually appear on my person and which I behold I conclude that, killing Rāvaṇa, I shall bring back Sītā, Janaka’s daughter.(6)”

The above verses have been published previously in the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/03/20/योक्ष्यते-3ps-लृँट्/

सीताम् is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सीता’।

(1) सीता + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। As per 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is not used (to denote कर्ता (the doer) or कर्म (the object)) of an action denoted by any one of the following –
(i) (a word ending in a substitute in place of) the affix ‘ल्’ (लँट्, लिँट् etc.)
(ii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उ’ or an affix ending in ‘उ’
(iii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उक’
(iv) an indeclinable
(v) (a word ending in) a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा।)
(vi) (a word ending in) the affix ‘खल्’ or any affix having the same meaning as that of ‘खल्’
(vii) (a word ending in) an affix from the प्रत्याहार: ‘तृन्’ which is formed starting from ‘तृ’ in 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे down to 3-2-135 तृन्।
In the present example the object ‘सीता’ is associated with the indeclinable हृत्वा (‘after abducting’), which ends in the affix ‘क्त्वा’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले। ‘हृत्वा’ gets the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः। Therefore ‘सीता’ takes the second case affix ‘अम्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया) and not the sixth case affix ‘ङस्’ (which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति)।

(2) सीताम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ been used for the first time in the गीता?

2. In how many other places (besides in सीताम्) has the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ been used in the verses?

3. Can you spot the affix ल्युट् in the verses?

4. Is there an alternate form for निहत्य?

5. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-58 सृजिदृशोर्झल्यमकिति apply in the form स्पृष्ट्वा? (Which condition is not satisfied?)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Seeing (having seen) Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s gentle form Arjuna was at ease again.” Paraphrase to “Seeing (having seen) Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s gentle form Arjuna obtained ease again.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सौम्य’ for ‘gentle’ and the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘स्वास्थ्य’ for ‘ease.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-86 एरुः been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ‘स्य’ in the form यास्यति?

Today we will look at the form तत् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.6.20.

दिदृक्षुस्तदहं भूयः प्रणिधाय मनो हृदि । वीक्षमाणोऽपि नापश्यमवितृप्त इवातुरः ।। १-६-२० ।।
एवं यतन्तं विजने मामाहागोचरो गिराम् । गम्भीरश्लक्ष्णया वाचा शुचः प्रशमयन्निव ।। १-६-२१ ।।
हन्तास्मिञ्जन्मनि भवान्न मां द्रष्टुमिहार्हति । अविपक्वकषायाणां दुर्दर्शोऽहं कुयोगिनाम् ।। १-६-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
हृदि मनः प्रणिधाय स्थिरीकृत्यावितृप्तोऽहमातुर इवाभवमिति शेषः ।। २० ।। गिरामगोचरः संवेदनस्याविषयभूत ईश्वरः ।। २१ ।। हन्तेति सानुकम्पसंबोधने ।। २२ ।।

Gita Press translation – Longing to behold it once more, I fixed the mind on my heart and looked for it, but could not see it. Now I felt miserable like one whose desire had not been sated (20). To me thus struggling in that lonely forest, the Lord, who is beyond words, spoke in sublime yet soft words, as if to soothe my grief: (21) “Alas! in this birth you are unfit to behold Me; for I am difficult of perception for those who have not attained perfection in Yoga (Devotion), and the impurities of whose heart have not yet been wholly burnt (22).

These verses have appeared previously in the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/06/26/प्रणिधाय-ind/

तत्/तद् is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम् of the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तद्’।

(1) तद् + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। As per 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is not used (to denote कर्ता (the doer) or कर्म (the object)) of an action denoted by any one of the following –
(i) (a word ending in a substitute in place of) the affix ‘ल्’ (लँट्, लिँट् etc.)
(ii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उ’ or an affix ending in ‘उ’
(iii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उक’
(iv) an indeclinable
(v) (a word ending in) a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा।)
(vi) (a word ending in) the affix ‘खल्’ or any affix having the same meaning as that of ‘खल्’
(vii) (a word ending in) an affix from the प्रत्याहार: ‘तृन्’ which is formed starting from ‘तृ’ in 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे down to 3-2-135 तृन्।
In the present example the object ‘तद्’ (‘it’) is associated with the word दिदृक्षु: (‘longing to behold’, प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दिदृक्षु’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्), which ends in the affix ‘उ’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-168 सनाशंसभिक्ष उः)। Therefore ‘तद्’ takes the second case affix ‘अम्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया) and not the sixth case affix ‘ङस्’ (which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति)।

(2) तद् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision. Now ‘तद्’ gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।

(3) तत्/तद् । By 8-4-56 वावसाने।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ been used between verses 20-25 of Chapter Three of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – उकारेण कृतो विशेषणात् तदन्तमपि लभ्यते। Please explain.

3. Which वार्तिकम् is used to construct the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वाच्’ (used in the form वाचा (तृतीया-एकवचनम्)) in the verses?

4. Can you spot the augment अम् in the verses?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-175 स्थेशभासपिसकसो वरच् been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Longing to see king Daśaratha, the sage Viśwāmitra came to Ayodhyā.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used to perform the operation अस्मिन् + जन्मनि = अस्मिञ्जन्मनि?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्तिसर्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form वैरम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.61.23.

श्रीशुक उवाच
वृतः स्वयंवरे साक्षादनङ्गोऽङ्गयुतस्तया । राज्ञः समेतान्निर्जित्य जहारैकरथो युधि ।। १०-६१-२२ ।।
यद्यप्यनुस्मरन्वैरं रुक्मी कृष्णावमानितः । व्यतरद्भागिनेयाय सुतां कुर्वन्स्वसुः प्रियम् ।। १०-६१-२३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तत्रोत्तरम् – स्वयंवरे रुक्मवत्या वृतः सन् राज्ञो निर्जित्य जहारेति ।। २२ ।। यद्यपि श्रीकृष्णावमानितस्तथापि वैरमनुस्मरन्नपि व्यतरत्प्रादात् । अन्वमोदतेत्यर्थः ।। २३ ।।

Gita Press translation – Śrī Śuka replied: Pradyumna (who was Love incarnate himself) was elected by Rukmavatī in a choice marriage. Having completely vanquished in battle – with none other to help him beyond the chariot he drove in – the kings assembled (there), he carried her away (22). Though constantly thinking of his hostility towards Śrī Kṛṣṇa, by whom he had been treated with contumely, yet seeking to oblige his sister (Rukmiṇī, who had been instrumental in saving his life), Rukmī gave away his daughter to his sister’s son (23).

वैरम् is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् of the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वैर’।

(1) वैर + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। As per 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is not used (to denote कर्ता (the doer) or कर्म (the object)) of an action denoted by any one of the following –
(i) (a word ending in a substitute in place of) the affix ‘ल्’ (लँट्, लिँट् etc.)
(ii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उ’ or an affix ending in ‘उ’
(iii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उक’
(iv) an indeclinable
(v) (a word ending in) a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा।)
(vi) (a word ending in) the affix ‘खल्’ or any affix having the same meaning as that of ‘खल्’
(vii) (a word ending in) an affix from the प्रत्याहार: ‘तृन्’ which is formed starting from ‘तृ’ in 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे down to 3-2-135 तृन्।
In the present example the object ‘वैर’ (‘hostility’) is associated with the word अनुस्मरन् (‘constantly thinking’, प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनुस्मरत्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्), which ends in the affix ‘शतृँ’ (substituted in place of लँट्)। Therefore ‘वैर’ takes the second case affix ‘अम्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया) and not the sixth case affix ‘ङस्’ (which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति)।

(2) वैर + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement.
Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
Note: 7-1-24 अतोऽम् is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.

(3) वैरम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्व: – In place of a preceding letter ‘अक्’ and the following vowel (‘अच्’) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ been used between verses 47-49 of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-3-69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम्‌ the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – जिघृक्षितरूपविनाशप्रसङ्गात् तृनामित्यत्र णत्वं न कृतम्। Please explain.

3. Can you spot the augment तुँक् in the verses?

4. Where has the verbal root (इण् गतौ २. ४०) been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the fourth case affix used in the form भागिनेयाय?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Going to the temple I see your house on the way.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the augment अट् in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-4-77 गातिस्थाघुपाभूभ्यः सिचः परस्मैपदेषु been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form मे mGs from रघुवंशम् verse 10-39.

विदितं तप्यमानं च तेन मे भुवनत्रयम्।
अकामोपनतेनेव साधोर्हृदयमेनसा।। १०-३९।।

टीका –
किञ्च । [अकामोपनतेन] अकामेनानिच्छयोपनतेन प्रमादादागतेन एनसा पापेन साधोः सज्जनस्य हृदयमिव। तेन रक्षसा तप्यमानं संतप्यमानम्। तपेर्भौवादिकात्कर्मणि शानच्। भुवनत्रयं च मे विदितम्। मया ज्ञायत इत्यर्थः। ‘3-2-188 मतिबुद्धिपूजार्थेभ्यश्च’ इत्यनेन वर्तमाने क्तः। ‘2-3-67 क्तस्य च वर्तमाने’ इति षष्ठी ।।३९।।

Translation – And the three worlds are known to me as being harassed by him, like the heart of a good man by the sin unconsciously committed (39).

मे is षष्ठी-एकवचनम् of the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अस्मद्’।

(1) अस्मद् + ङस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per 2-3-67 क्तस्य च वर्तमाने – A sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is used (to denote कर्ता (the doer)) of an action denoted by (a word ending in) the affix ‘क्त’, provided the affix ‘क्त’ denotes the action in the present tense.
In the present example, as per the सूत्रम् 3-2-188 मतिबुद्धिपूजार्थेभ्यश्च the affix ‘क्त’ used in the form विदितम् denotes the action (of knowing) in the present tense. And since ‘अस्मद्’ (‘I’) denotes the कर्ता (the doer) of the action (of knowing) a sixth case affix is used with ‘अस्मद्’।

Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of ‘कर्तृकर्मणोः’ is coming down from 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति in to this सूत्रम्। But since कर्म (the object) is already expressed by the affix ‘क्त’, the sixth case affix is used to denote only the कर्ता (the doer) and not the कर्म (the object.)

See question 2.

(2) मे । By 8-1-22 तेमयावेकवचनस्य – The प्रातिपदिके ‘युष्मद्’ and ‘अस्मद्’ along with a singular affix of the fourth or sixth case, get ‘ते’ and ‘मे’ as replacements respectively when the following conditions are satisfied:
1. There is a पदम् (which in the present example is तेन) in the same sentence preceding ‘युष्मद्’/’अस्मद्’।
2. ‘युष्मद्’/’अस्मद्’ is not at the beginning of a metrical पाद:।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-67 क्तस्य च वर्तमाने been used between verses 30 and 40 of Chapter Two of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-3-67 क्तस्य च वर्तमाने the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – ‘न लोकाव्यय-’ इति निषेधस्यापवाद:। Please explain.

3. Can you spot the augment मुँक् in the verse?

4. From which verbal root is the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उपनत’ (used in the compound अकामोपनतेन) derived?

5. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रमाद’ (used in the form प्रमादात् in the commentary)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I know the answer to this question.” Paraphrase to “The answer to this question is known to me.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च been used in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix यक् in the form ज्ञायते used in the commentary?