Today we will look at the form अमुत्र-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg6-40.

श्रीभगवानुवाच ।
पार्थ नैवेह नामुत्र विनाशस्तस्य विद्यते ।
न हि कल्याणकृत्कश्चिद्‌ दुर्गतिं तात गच्छति ।। ६-४० ।।

Gita Press translation “Śrī Bhagavān said: Dear Arjuna, there is no fall for him either here or hereafter. For none who strives for self-redemption (i.e., God-realization) ever meets with evil destiny.”

अमुत्र is formed by adding त्रल्-प्रत्ययः to अदस्-प्रातिपदिकम् (using the सूत्रम् 5-3-10 सप्तम्यास्त्रल्)।

‘अमुत्र’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अमुत्र’।
‘अमुत्र’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः – the words ending in a तद्धित-प्रत्यय:, after which it is not possible to introduce all of the सुँप्-affixes, are also designated as indeclinables.

(1) अमुत्र + सुँ ।

(2) अमुत्र । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. In which section of तद्धिता: does the सूत्रम् 5-3-10 सप्तम्यास्त्रल् occur?
a) तसिलादयः प्राक् पाशपः ।
b) शस्प्रभृतयः प्राक् समासान्तेभ्यः ।
c) कृत्वोऽर्थाः ।
d) None of the above.

2. Can you spot another word used in the verse, which gets the अव्यय-सज्ञा by 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः?

3. Which term from the स्वरादिगण: (ref. 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्) has been used in the verse?

4. Which one from the चादिगण: (ref. 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे) has been used?

5. The त्रल्-प्रत्ययः has been used in the last verse of which chapter of the गीता?

6. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् been used in the verse?

7. How would you say this in the Sanskrit?
“This सूत्रम् is not there in the first chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी ।”
Use a verb from the verse for “is there.”

8. The अमरकोश: gives three synonyms for the word “नरक:/नरकम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “नरक” masculine/neuter, meaning “hell.”) One of them is दुर्गति: (प्रातिपदिकम् “दुर्गति” feminine) used in this verse. Please list the other two.
स्यान्नारकस्तु नरको निरयो दुर्गतिः स्त्रियाम् ।।१-९-१।।

Easy question:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि been used in the verse?

2. Where has the ङस्-प्रत्यय: been used?

Today we will look at the form नॄणाम्-mGp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

राक्षसेन्द्रसुतासाधो पारुष्यं त्यज गौरवात् ।
कुले यद्यप्यहं जातो रक्षसां क्रूरकर्मणाम् ।
गुणो यः प्रथमो नॄणां तन्मे शीलमराक्षसम् ।। ६-८७-१९ ।।

Gita Press translation “Give up harshness of speech in view of my seniority, O impious son of Rāvaṇa (the ruler of ogres)! Even though I was born in the race of ogres of cruel deeds, my disposition, consisting as it does of Sattva or goodness, the foremost virtue of human beings, is not ogre-like”

‘नृ’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृ’ ।

(1) नृ + आम् ।

(2) नृ + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट्, the affix “आम्” takes the augment नुँट् when it follows a प्रातिपदिकम् which either ends in a short vowel or has the नदी-संज्ञा or ends in the feminine affix “आप्”। By the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the नुँट्-आगम: will join at the beginning of “आम्”।

(3) नृ + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। See easy question 1.

(4) नॄनाम् । By 6-4-6 नृ च, the ऋकारः of “नृ” is elongated optionally when followed by the affix “नाम्”।

(5) नॄणाम् । By the वार्त्तिकम् (under 8-4-1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे) – ऋवर्णान्नस्य णत्वं वाच्यम्, णकारः shall be ordained in the place of the नकारः after the vowel ऋ also (along-side the रेफः and षकारः).

Questions:

1. In the absence of 6-4-6 नृ च, which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 4?

2. There are two final forms possible in this example. One is “नॄणाम्” as shown above. Which is the other one?

3. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “नृ” used in Chapter 7 of the गीता?

4. Besides the प्रातिपदिकम् “नृ”, there is also another (more common) प्रातिपदिकम् “नर” which also means “a man.” Which form appears in the declension table of both?

5. Can you spot an अव्ययम् in the verse?

6. Why didn’t 6-4-134 अल्लोपोऽनः apply in the form क्रूरकर्मणाम् ?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Pride (is) the cause of downfall, therefore give it up.” Use a verb from the verse for “give up”, use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “गर्व” for “pride” and the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “पतन” for “downfall.” Use the अव्ययम् “तस्मात्” for “therefore.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “पारुष्यम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पारुष्य” neuter, meaning “harshness of speech”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
पारुष्यमतिवादः स्यात् ।।१-६-१४।।
(इति द्वे “अप्रियवचस:” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. In step 3, why didn’t the ending मकार: of the प्रत्यय: get the इत्-सज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् ?

2. Please list the steps in the derivation of असाधु + सुँ (सम्बुद्धि:) = असाधो । The gender here is masculine.

Today we will look at the form तीर्त्वा-ind. from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

ते वनेन वनं गत्वा नदीस्तीर्त्वा बहूदकाः ।। १-१-३० ।।
चित्रकूटमनुप्राप्य भरद्वाजस्य शासनात् ।

Gita Press translation “Going from forest to forest, and crossing streams containing deep water, they (saw the sage Bharadwāja at Prayāga and, dismissing Guha there) later on reached Citrakūṭa according to the instructions of Bharadwāja.”

“तीर्त्वा” is a क्त्वा-प्रत्ययान्त-शब्दः formed from the धातुः “तॄ”। The क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is prescribed by 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।

‘तीर्त्वा’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तीर्त्वा’।
By 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः , the words ending in the affixes क्त्वा, तोसुन् and कसुन्, are also designated as indeclinables. Since ‘तीर्त्वा’ is an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) तीर्त्वा + सुँ ।

(2) तीर्त्वा । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Which two other (besides तीर्त्वा) words used in the verse, get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः?

2. When we discussed this verse in the class, we discovered that the commentators have given two ways of doing पदच्छेद: of “तेवनेन”। One way is shown above as “ते + वनेन”। Geeta Press has also translated according to this पदच्छेद:। Do you recall the other possibility of doing पदच्छेद: here?

3. Which of the following is true of the तोसुन्-प्रत्यय: and the कसुन्-प्रत्यय:? (These are referred to in the सूत्रम् 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः)।
a) They are used only भाषायाम् (in Classical Sanskrit)
b) They are used only छन्दसि (in the वेद:)
c) They are used both भाषायाम् and छन्दसि
d) They are used neither भाषायाम् nor छन्दसि

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः been used?

5. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी-टीका says – “ण्यक्षत्रियार्षे’ति सूत्राल्लुगत्रानुवर्तते”। Please explain what this means.

6. Which terms from the प्रादि-गण: have been used in this verse? Do they have the उपसर्ग-सञ्ज्ञा here? (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः, 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)।

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“According to the instruction of his own father, Sri Rama went to the forest.” Use the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “स्व” to express the meaning of “his own”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “गतवत्” to express the meaning “went.”

8. The अमरकोश: gives five synonyms for the word आज्ञा (प्रातिपदिकम् “आज्ञा” feminine, meaning “command.”) One of them is the word शासनम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “शासन” neuter) used in this verse. Please list the other four.
अववादस्तु निर्देशो निदेशः शासनं च सः ।।२-८-२५।।
शिष्टिश्चाज्ञा च ।।२-८-२६।।
(इति षट् “आज्ञाया:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the forms भरद्वाजस्य (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) and शासनात् (पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) using the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः।

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी been used?

Today we will look at the form सहस्रकृत्वः-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg11-39.

वायुर्यमोऽग्निर्वरुणः शशाङ्कः प्रजापतिस्त्वं प्रपितामहश्च ।
नमो नमस्तेऽस्तु सहस्रकृत्वः पुनश्च भूयोऽपि नमो नमस्ते ।। ११-३९ ।।

Gita Press translation “You are Vāyu (the wind-god), Yama (the god of death), Agni (the god of fire), Varuṇa (the god of water), the moon-god, Brahmā (the Lord of creation), nay, the father of Brahmā himself. Hail, hail to You a thousand times; salutations, repeated salutations to You once again.”

“सहस्रकृत्वस्” is formed from adding कृत्वसुँच्-प्रत्ययः to the संख्या-वाचक-शब्दः “सहस्र”, using the सूत्रम् 5-4-17 संख्यायाः क्रियाऽभ्यावृत्तिगणने कृत्वसुच्।

‘सहस्रकृत्वस्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सहस्रकृत्वस्’।
By 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः, the words ending in a तद्धित-प्रत्यय:, after which it is not possible to introduce all of the सुँप्-affixes, are also designated as indeclinables. Since ‘सहस्रकृत्वस्’ is an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) सहस्रकृत्वस् + सुँ ।

(2) सहस्रकृत्वस् । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision. “सहस्रकृत्वस्” gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(3) सहस्रकृत्व: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Why does the कृत्वसुँच्-प्रत्ययः only apply to numbers from “पञ्चन्” (five) onwards?

2. Why doesn’t the गकार: in the word अग्नि: becomes an अनुनासिक: (ङकार:) by 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा? (Which condition is not satisfied?)

3. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says “तद्धितः किम्? एकः। द्वौ। त्रयः।” Please explain.

4. Which one of the following does not come under the domain of 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः?
a) अत:
b) यत्र
c) पुन:
d) तदा

5. From which सूत्रम् up to which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: run the “तद्धिताः” अधिकार: in the अष्टाध्यायी? The “तद्धिताः” अधिकार: is contained within which अधिकार:?

6. By which सूत्रम् does “नमस्” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Salutations to the God, by whom this universe was created.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “निर्मित” for “was created.”

8. Please list the four synonyms of the word “वरुण:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वरुण” masculine, meaning “presiding deity of the ocean and the western quarter”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
प्रचेता वरुणः पाशी यादसांपतिरप्पतिः ।।१-१-६१।।
(इति पञ्च “वरुणस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Which terms used in the verse have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा? (Ref. 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि)।

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of वायुर्यमोऽग्निर्वरुणः and mention the relevant rules.

Today we will look at the form विज्ञातुम्-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg11-31.

आख्याहि मे को भवानुग्ररूपो नमोऽस्तु ते देववर प्रसीद |
विज्ञातुमिच्छामि भवन्तमाद्यं न हि प्रजानामि तव प्रवृत्तिम्‌ || ११-३१||

Gita Press translation “Tell me who You are with a form so terrible? My obeisance to You, O best of gods; be kind to me. I wish to know You, the Primal Being, in particular; for I know not Your purpose.”

विज्ञातुम् is a तुमुँन्-प्रत्ययान्त-शब्दः formed (using the सूत्रम् 3-3-158 समानकर्तृकेषु तुमुन्) from the धातुः “ज्ञा” along with उपसर्गः “वि”। It gives the meaning of “to comprehend.”

‘विज्ञातुम्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विज्ञातुम्’।
By 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः, the words formed from कृत्-affixes ending in the मकारः or एच् are also designated as indeclinables. Since ‘विज्ञातुम्’ is an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) विज्ञातुम् + सुँ ।

(2) विज्ञातुम् । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Which section (from which सूत्रम् up to which सूत्रम्) of the अष्टाध्यायी contains the कृत्-प्रत्यया:?

2. Which अव्ययम् used in the verse has been translated to “for”?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः been used?

4. In which verse (in Chapter 11) of the गीता is the तुमुँन्-प्रत्यय: used three times?

5. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used? Is it an alternate form?

6. Which of the following is true of कृत्-प्रत्यया: ending in एच् (ए, ओ, ऐ, औ)? (These are referred to in the सूत्रम् 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः)।
a) They are used only भाषायाम् (in Classical Sanskrit)
b) They are used only छन्दसि (in the वेद:)
c) They are used both भाषायाम् and छन्दसि
d) They are used neither भाषायाम् nor छन्दसि

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I want to go to India in the coming month.” Use a verb from the verse for “I want”, use the अव्ययम् “गन्तुम्” for “to go”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आगामिन्” for “coming” and use the masculine noun “भारत-देश” for “India.”

8. Please state the one synonym of the word “उग्रम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “उग्र” adjective, meaning “fierce”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
रौद्रं तूग्रम् ।।१-७-२०।।
(इति द्वे “रौद्ररसस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-113 अतो रोरप्लुतादप्लुते been used?

2. Derive the form “भवन्तम्” (पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “भवत्”। (Use 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः)।

Today we will look at the form सखायौ-mNd from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4-28-54.

हंसावहं च त्वं चार्य सखायौ मानसायनौ ।
अभूतामन्तरा वौकः सहस्रपरिवत्सरान् ।। ४-२८-५४ ।।

Translation – “You and I, O noble one, were swans, who were companions, living  on the bosom of the Mānasa lake and remained there for thousands of years without any shelter.”

“सखि” gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-द्विवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् “सखि”।

(1) सखि + औ । ‘औ’ gets सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य । By 7-1-92 सख्युरसम्बुद्धौ , when following the word “सखि” that has the designation अङ्गम्, the non-vocative affixes that have the designation सर्वनामस्थानम् behave as if they have णकारः as an indicatory letter.

(2) सखै + औ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति, a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter. See easy question 1.

(3) सखायौ । आयादेश: by 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does अन्तरा get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा? (अन्तरा has various possible meanings – see Apte dictionary. As per श्रीधर-स्वामी, the appropriate meaning in this verse is विना – without.)

2. We have studied one सूत्रम् which is an अपवाद: for 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः। Which one is it?

3. Can you recall another सूत्रम् (besides 7-1-92 सख्युरसम्बुद्धौ) wherein पाणिनि: specifically mentions the प्रातिपदिकम् “सखि”?

4. Which विभक्ति:/वचनम् (पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् अथवा षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) has been used in the form “सख्यु:” used in the सूत्रम् 7-1-92 सख्युरसम्बुद्धौ?

5. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-1-92 सख्युरसम्बुद्धौ, the काशिका says “असम्बुद्धौ इति किम्? हे सखे।” Please explain.

6. Where has the सुत्रम् 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि been used in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even though Vali (प्रातिपदिकम् “वालिन्”) and Sugriva (were) brothers, still they became enemies.” Use the अव्ययम् “यद्यपि (= यदि + अपि)” for “even though” and the अव्ययम् “तथापि (= तथा + अपि)” for “still.” Use a verb from the verse for “became.”

8. The अमरकोश: gives five synonyms for the word “कुलीन:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “कुलीन” adjective, meaning “noble, born of a good family.) One of them is आर्य: (प्रातिपदिकम् “आर्य” adjective) used in this verse. Please list the remaining four.
महाकुलकुलीनार्यसभ्यसज्जनसाधवः ।।२-७-३।।
(इति षट् “कुलीनस्य” नामानि)।

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् (from Chapter One of the अष्टाध्यायी) was used to do the वृद्धि-आदेश: only for the ending letter (इकार:) of the अङ्गम् “सखि” in step 2?

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + आर्य = चार्य? Which one for वा + ओक: = वौक:? Which one for हंसौ + अहम् = हंसावहम्?

3. Derive the form (हे) आर्य (सम्बुद्धि:) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “आर्य” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form कतमत्-nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4-25-4.

श्रेयस्त्वं कतमद्राजन्कर्मणात्मन ईहसे ।
दुःखहानिः सुखावाप्तिः श्रेयस्तन्नेह चेष्यते ।। ४-२५-४ ।।

Gita Press translation “What good, O king, do you seek for yourself through rituals? (True) welfare lies in the cessation of sorrow and the attainment of happiness, and such welfare is not expected from them.”

‘कतम’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कतम’ ।

(1) कतम + अम् ।

(2) कतम + अद्ड् । By 7-1-25 अद्ड् डतरादिभ्यः पञ्चभ्यः, the affixes सुँ and अम्, get अद्ड् as their replacement, when following the five pronouns (listed in 1-1-27) beginning with “डतर” when used in the neuter.

(3) कतम + अद् । The डकारः of अद्ड् gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, and takes लोपः by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The अङ्गम् “कतम” gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(4) कतम् + अद् । By 6-4-143 टेः, when the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its “टि” portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter.
As per 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि, that part of a group of sounds which begins with the last vowel of the group (and goes to the end of the group) gets the designation “टि”।
The ending अकारः is the टि-भागः of the अङ्गम् “कतम”। It is dropped by 6-4-143 टेः, since अद्ड् is a डित्-प्रत्ययः।

(5) कतमद् । “कतमद्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्। By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते , the दकारः of अन्यद् gets the जशादेशः, which in this case is दकारः itself.

(6) कतमद्/कतमत् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने , the दकारः gets the चरादेशः optionally yielding two possible final forms.

Questions:

1. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-25 अद्ड् डतरादिभ्यः पञ्चभ्यः used in Chapter 2 of the गीता? Where in Chapter 7?

2. Please list the five terms – “डतर” etc. – referred to in the सूत्रम् 7-1-25 अद्ड् डतरादिभ्यः पञ्चभ्यः।

3. Which two of the five terms (answer to question 2) are affixes (प्रत्ययौ)?

4. Which one of the rules used in this example comes twice in the अष्टाध्यायी?

5. Please identify the टि-भाग: of each of the following terms:
a) राम
b) हविस्
c) ऊर्ज्
d) ओम्

6. Where is the सूत्रम् 8-2-8 न ङिसम्बुद्ध्योः used in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You long for things for yourself, which are actually useless.”
Use a verb from the verse for “long for”, use a word from the verse for “for yourself”, use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “वस्तु” for “thing”, the अव्ययम् “वस्तुत:” for “actually” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “निरर्थक” for “useless.” Use यत्/तत्।

8. The अमरकोश: gives eleven synonyms for the word “आनन्द:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “आनन्द” masculine, meaning “happiness.”) One of them is “सुखम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “सुख” neuter) used in this example. Please list the remaining ten.
We have already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “आनन्द”)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् has been used to get च + इष्यते = चेष्यते? Same one has been used in न + इह = नेह।

2. What kind of सूत्रम् is 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि?
a) निषेध-सूत्रम् – A rule which negates (stops the application of) another rule
b) अपवाद-सूत्रम् – A rule which is an exception to another rule
c) परिभाषा-सूत्रम् – A rule which helps in interpreting/applying other rules
d) सञ्ज्ञा-सूत्रम् – A rule which defines a term

Today we will look at the form कस्मात्-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg11-37.

कस्माच्च ते न नमेरन्महात्मन्‌ गरीयसे ब्रह्मणोऽप्यादिकर्त्रे |
अनन्त देवेश जगन्निवास त्वमक्षरं सदसत्तत्परं यत्‌ || ११-३७ ||

Gita Press translation “O Great soul, why should they not bow to you, who are the progenitor of Brahmā himself and the greatest of the great? O infinite Lord of celestials, Abode of the universe, You are that which is existent (Sat), that which is non-existent (Asat) and also that which is beyond both, viz., the indestructible Brahma.”

Here in this example ‘कस्मात्’ is used as an अव्ययम्। By the गणसूत्रम् उपसर्ग-विभक्ति-स्वर-प्रतिरूपकाश्च, words which mimic an उपसर्ग: or a word ending in a विभक्ति: or a vowel, may also be included in the चादि-गणः। ‘कस्मात्’ mimics the पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्”। By 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे, ‘कस्मात्’ gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा, since 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे comes under the अधिकारः of 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः। Then, by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्, it gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा।

‘कस्मात्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कस्मात्’ । Since ‘कस्मात्’ is used as an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) कस्मात् + सुँ ।

(2) कस्मात् । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a word in the गीता Chapter 11, verse 36, where the गणसूत्रम् “उपसर्ग-विभक्ति-स्वर-प्रतिरूपकाश्च” can be applied?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-8 न ङिसम्बुद्ध्योः been used in this verse?

3. Where has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used?

4. The term “रीश्वर” (referred to in the सूत्रम् 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः) occurs in which सूत्रम्?

5. By which सूत्रम् does “च” get the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा? By which one does it get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Why did you not listen to what I told you?” Paraphrase “what I told you” to “what was told to you by me.” Use the adjective passive प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्त” for “told.” Similarly paraphrase “Why did you not listen” to “Why was that not listened to by you.” Use the adjective passive प्रातिपदिकम् “श्रुत” for “was listened.” Use यत्/तत्।

7. Please list the four synonyms of the word “जगत्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “जगत्” neuter, meaning “universe”) as given in the अमरकोश:। We’ve already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “जगत्”)।

Advanced question:

1. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः, the काशिका says “प्राग्वचनं संज्ञासमावेशार्थम्। गत्युपसर्गकर्मप्रवचनीयसंज्ञाभिः सह निपातसंज्ञा समाविशति।” Please explain what this means.

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः been used in the verse?

2. Please derive the form “ब्रह्मण:” (पुंलिङ्गे पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “ब्रह्मन्”। (Remember to use the सूत्रम् 6-4-137 न संयोगाद्वमन्तात्‌)।

Today we will look at the form मघवतः-mGs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-18-29.

स आहतः सपदि विशीर्णमस्तको मुखाद्वमन्रुधिरमपस्मृतोऽसुरः ।
महारवं व्यसुरपतत्समीरयन्गिरिर्यथा मघवत आयुधाहतः ।। १०-१८-२९ ।।

Gita Press translation “With his head smashed forthwith and deprived of his consciousness when struck (by Balarāma), and vomiting blood, the said demon fell dead, uttering a loud cry, as a mountain struck with the weapon of Indra.”

‘मघवन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is षष्ठी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मघवन्’ ।

(1) मघवन् + ङस् ।

(2) मघवतृँ + ङस् । By 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम्, मघवन् gets “तृँ” replacement optionally. As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending नकार: gets replaced.

(3) मघवतस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of ङस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) मघवतः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Which is the other optional final form in this example? (When the तृँ-आदेश: is not done.)

2. By which सूत्रम् does “सपदि” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. In which other सूत्रम् (besides 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम्) does पाणिनि: mention the प्रातिपदिकम् “मघवन्”। Why didn’t that सूत्रम् apply in this example?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः been used in this verse?

5. Which other विभक्ति:/वचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “मघवन्” will give the form मघवत:?

6. The अमरकोश: gives thirty-four (!) synonyms for “इन्द्र:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “इन्द्र” masculine.) One of the them is मघवा (प्रातिपदिकम् “मघवन्” masculine). Please list the other thirty-three. We have already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “मघवान्”)।

7. Which one of these (answer to question 6) has been used in chapter ten of the गीता?

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Struck by Sri Rama’s arrow, Ravana fell on the ground, instantly.” Use a प्रातिपदिकम् from the verse for “struck”, use a verb from the verse for “fell” and an अव्ययम् from the verse for “instantly.”

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “मुखात्” (पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “मुख” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)।

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form अमुना-mIs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10-56-31.

मणिहेतोरिह प्राप्ता वयमृक्षपते बिलम् ।
मिथ्याभिशापं प्रमृजन्नात्मनो मणिनामुना ।। १०-५६-३१ ।।

Gita Press translation “For the sake of this gem did we (the leading citizens of Dwārakā headed by Myself) arrive at (the mouth of) your cave, O chief of bears; whereas I came here (inside the cave) with a view to wiping off the false imputation against Me through that gem.”

‘अदस्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अदस्’ ।

(1) अदस् + टा ।

(2) अद अ + टा । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, अदस् gets the अकारादेशः । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending सकार: gets replaced.

(3) अद + टा । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, the अकारः at the end of “अद” and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।

(4) अमु + टा । By 8-2-80 अदसोऽसेर्दादु दो मः, there is a substitution of उकार:/ऊकार: in place of the letter (vowel) following the दकार: of “अदस्” and the दकार: gets substituted by मकार:। This rule does not apply when there is a सकार: at the end of “अदस्”।
Note: As per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः, there will be an उकार: substitution if the vowel following the दकार: is ह्रस्व: (short) and there will be an ऊकार: substitution if the vowel following the दकार: is दीर्घ: (long.)

As per 8-2-3 न मु ने, when the “ना”-आदेश: (by 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम्) is to be done or has been done, the “मु”-आदेश: is not असिद्ध:। Therefore, 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः is not applied, because doing so will make 8-2-3 useless. On the same basis 7-3-102 सुपि च also does not apply after the ना-आदेशः by 7-3-120.
See question 8 and advanced question 1.

(5) अमुना । “अमु” gets the घि-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि। By 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् – Following a अङ्गम् having घि-सञ्ज्ञा, the affix “आङ्” is replaced by “ना”, but not in the feminine gender. “आङ्” is an ancient name for the (instrumental singular) affix “टा”।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a word from the स्वरादि-गण: (reference 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्) used in this verse?

2. The अव्ययम् “इह” is derived by adding the तद्धित-प्रत्यय: “ह” to the प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्” using the सूत्रम् 5-3-11 इदमो हः। (इदम् takes the इश्-आदेश: as per 5-3-3 इदम इश्)। By which सूत्रम् does इह get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. “इह” comes as the last word in which chapter of the गीता?

4. Where else (besides in “अमुना”) has the सूत्रम् 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् been used?

5. Which terms from the प्रादि-गण: (reference 1-4-58 प्रादयः) occur in the verse? Which of these have the उपसर्ग-सञ्ज्ञा (reference 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When did the guests arrive here?” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अतिथि” for guest and the अव्ययम् “कदा” for “when.” Use a प्रातिपदिकम् from the verse for “did arrive.”

7. The अमरकोश: gives four words which mean “bear.” One of them is “ऋक्ष:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “ऋक्ष” masculine) used in this verse. Please list the other three.
ऋक्षाच्छभल्लभल्लूका: ।।२-५-४।।
(इति चत्वारि “भल्लूकस्य” नामानि)

Note: Some editions of अमरकोश: have “भालूका:” instead of “भल्लूका:”।

8. Derive the form “ने” used in the सूत्रम् 8-2-3 न मु ने। It is सप्तमी-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “ना”।

Advanced question:

1. The सप्तमी used in “ने” in the सूत्रम् “8-2-3 न मु ने” is treated as a विषय-सप्तमी as well as a पर-सप्तमी (reference 1-1-66 तस्मिन्निति निर्दिष्टे पूर्वस्य)। Please explain.

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of प्रमृजन्नात्मन: and mention the relevant rules.

2. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः been used?