AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form मघा fNs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.71.24.

मघा ह्यद्य महाबाहो तृतीयदिवसे प्रभो ।
फल्गुन्यामुत्तरे राजंस्तस्मिन्वैवाहिकं कुरु ।
रामलक्ष्मणयोरर्थे दानं कार्यं सुखोदयम् ∥ १-७१-२४ ∥

Translation – “Indeed the constellation Maghā is in the ascendant today, O mighty-armed king! On the third day, when the celebrated Uttarā Phalgunī mansion is in the ascendant, my lord, perform the wedding ceremony. Charity, which is calculated to bring happiness in its wake, should be made for the welfare of Śrī Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa (4).”

अद्य मघा (‘मघया युक्तो मघा कालोऽद्य वर्तते’ इति भावः) – Today is Maghā (meaning that – the time in which the moon is in conjunction with the constellation Maghā, occurs today.)

(1) मघा टा + अण् । By 4-2-3 नक्षत्रेण युक्तः कालः – To denote a time (in which the moon is) in conjunction with a particular constellation, the तद्धित: affix ‘अण्’ (prescribed by 4-1-83 प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण्) may be optionally applied following a syntactically related पदम् in which the सन्धिः operations have been performed, provided the पदम् ends in a third case affix and has a base denoting that particular constellation.

Note: ‘मघा टा + अण्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः to apply in the next step.

(2) मघा + अण् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) मघा । By 4-2-4 लुबविशेषे – To denote a time (in which the moon is) in conjunction with a particular constellation, the तद्धित: affix ‘अण्’ (prescribed by the prior सूत्रम् 4-2-3 नक्षत्रेण युक्तः कालः) takes the लुप् elision, provided the entire 24-hour (60-ghatikā) day is being specified and not any sub-division of it.

Note: The सूत्रम् 1-1-63 न लुमताङ्गस्य prevents the सूत्रम् 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः from applying.

As per the सूत्रम् 1-2-51 लुपि युक्तवद्व्यक्तिवचने – When an affix takes the लुप् elision, then the gender and number of the derived form follows that of the base.

Therefore, the derived प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मघा’ is declined in the feminine singular, complying with the gender and number of the base ‘मघा’। Hence प्रथमा-एकवचनम् is मघा।

Similarly, we can derive the following –
१) अद्य पुष्यः (‘पुष्येण युक्तः पुष्यः कालोऽद्य वर्तते’ इति भावः)।
२) अद्य कृत्तिकाः (‘कृत्तिकाभिर्युक्तः कृत्तिकाः कालोऽद्य वर्तते’ इति भावः)।

Today we will look at the form काषायवासिनी fNs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 7.97.13.

सर्वान्समागतान्दृष्ट्वा सीता काषायवासिनी । अब्रवीत्प्राञ्जलिर्वाक्यमधोदृष्टिरवाङ्मुखी ∥ ७-९७-१३ ∥
यथाहं राघवादन्यं मनसापि न चिन्तये । तथा मे माधवी देवी विवरं दातुमर्हति ∥ ७-९७-१५ ∥

Gita Press Translation – Sītā, wearing a brown garment, having seen all of them arrived, with folded hands, keeping her gaze downwards and face cast down said: (13) “As I have not contemplated about anyone other than the scion of Raghu even in mind, so the goddess Mādhavī (the earth-goddess) may provide space to me (to enter).” (14)

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘काषाय’ used in the form काषायवासिनी is derived as follows –
कषायेण रक्तम् (वस्त्रम्) = काषायम् (वस्त्रम्) – (a garment) colored with brown color

(1) कषाय टा + अण् । By 4-2-1 तेन रक्तं रागात्‌ – To express the sense of ‘colored by that’, the तद्धित: affix ‘अण्’ (prescribed by 4-1-83 प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण्) may be optionally applied following a syntactically related पदम् in which the सन्धिः operations have been performed, provided the पदम् ends in a third case affix and has a base denoting (the name of) a color.

(2) कषाय टा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: ‘कषाय टा + अ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः to apply in the next step.

(3) कषाय + अ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: The affix ‘अण्’ is a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as इत्)। This allows 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः to apply in the next step.

(4) काषाय + अ । By 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः – The first vowel among the vowels of a अङ्गम् which is followed by a तद्धित: affix (ref. 4-1-76 तद्धिताः) which is either a ञित् (has the letter ‘ञ्’ as a इत्) or a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as a इत्) takes the वृद्धि: (ref. 1-1-1 वृद्धिरादैच्) substitute.

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘काषाय’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम् which allows 6-4-148 यस्येति च to apply in the next step.

(5) काषाय् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= काषाय । Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘काषाय’ is an adjective. In the present example, it is qualifying the neuter noun वस्त्रम्।

We can similarly derive the following –
१) कुङ्कुमेन रक्तं कौङ्कुमम् (वस्त्रम्) – (a cloth) colored with red color
२) कुसुम्भेन रक्तं कौसुम्भम् (वस्त्रम्) – (a cloth) colored with saffron color
३) मञ्जिष्ठया रक्तं माञ्जिष्ठम् (वस्त्रम्) – (a cloth) colored with bright red color

Note: काषायवासिनी is a उपपद-समासः explained as –
काषायम् (वस्त्रम्) वस्ते तच्छीला = काषायवासिनी – one who (habitually) wears a brown (garment).

The derivation of the form काषायवासिनी is similar to the derivation of the form मधुरभाषिणी as shown in the following post – मधुरभाषिणी-fns।

Except that after step 2, the सूत्रम् 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः applies to perform the वृद्धिः substitution ‘आ’ in place of the penultimate letter ‘अ’ of the अङ्गम् ‘वस्’, since it is followed by the affix ‘णिनिँ’ which is a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as a इत्)।

काषाय + ङस् + वस् + इन् = काषाय + ङस् + वास् + इन् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः ।
Remaining steps are the same as in the post – मधुरभाषिणी-fns।

Today we will look at the form कुरून्  mAp from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 1.25

सञ्जय उवाच ।
एवमुक्तो हृषीकेशो गुडाकेशेन भारत । सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये स्थापयित्वा रथोत्तमम्‌ ∥ १-२४ ∥
भीष्मद्रोणप्रमुखतः सर्वेषां च महीक्षिताम्‌ । उवाच पार्थ पश्यैतान्समवेतान्कुरूनिति ∥ १-२५ ∥

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
ततः किं प्रवृत्तमित्यपेक्षायां संजय उवाच – एवमिति । गुडाका निद्रा तस्या ईशेन जितनिद्रेणार्जुनेनैवमुक्तः सन् हे भारत धृतराष्ट्र, सेनयोर्मध्ये रथानामुत्तमं रथं हृषीकेशः स्थापितवान् ∥ २४ ∥ भीष्मद्रोणेति । महीक्षितां पितामहद्रोणराज्ञां च प्रमुखतः संमुखे रथं स्थापयित्वा हे पार्थ, एतान्कुरून्पश्येत्युवाच ∥ २५ ∥

Gita Press translation – Sañjaya said: O king, thus addressed by Arjuna, Śrī Kṛṣṇa placed the magnificent chariot between the two armies in front of Bhīṣma, Droṇa and all the kings and said, “Arjuna, behold these Kauravas assembled here.” (24-25).

कुरवो जनपदः, कुरुर्नाम क्षत्रियः। कुरोरपत्यानि (पुमांसः) = कुरवः – (male) descendants of a kṣatriya king Kuru, which is also the name of his territory.
In the verses the विवक्षा is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्। Hence the form is कुरून्।

(1) कुरु ङस् + ण्य । By 4-1-172 कुरुनादिभ्यो ण्यः – To denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant) the तद्धित: affix ‘ण्य’ may be applied optionally following a syntactically related पदम् which ends in a sixth case affix and has as its base ‘कुरु’ or a word beginning with the letter ‘न्’ provided the base denotes the name of a kṣatriya king, as well as the name of his country/territory.
Note: Here, the affix ‘ण्य’ over-rules the affix ‘अण्’ that would have been prescribed by 4-1-170 द्व्यञ्मगधकलिङ्गसूरमसादण्।
As per the सूत्रम् 4-1-92 तस्यापत्यम् – Following a syntactically related पदम् in which the सन्धिः operations have been performed and which ends in a sixth case affix the तद्धिता: affixes already prescribed (by the prior rules 4-1-83 प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण् etc), as well as those that are going to be prescribed (by the following rules 4-1-95 अत इञ् etc), may be optionally applied to denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant.)

(2) कुरु ङस् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘कुरु ङस् + य’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः to apply in the next step.

(3) कुरु + य । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
Note: The affix ‘ण्य’ is a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as इत्)। This allows 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः to apply in the next step.

(4) कौरु + य । By 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः – The first vowel among the vowels of a अङ्गम् which is followed by a तद्धित: affix (ref. 4-1-76 तद्धिताः) which is either a ञित् (has the letter ‘ञ्’ as a इत्) or a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as a इत्) takes the वृद्धि: (ref. 1-1-1 वृद्धिरादैच्) substitute.
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘कौरु’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम् which allows 6-4-146 ओर्गुणः to apply in the next step.

(5) कौरो + य । By 6-4-146 ओर्गुणः – When followed by a तद्धितः affix, the ending letter ‘उ’/’ऊ’ of a अङ्गम् which has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा (ref. 1-4-18 यचि भम्) takes the गुण: substitution (‘ओ’)।

(6) कौरव् + य । By 6-1-79 वान्तो यि प्रत्यये – When followed by an affix which begins with the letter ‘य्’, the letters ‘ओ’ and ‘औ’ are replaced by ‘अव्’ and ‘आव्’ respectively.

= कौरव्य । Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कौरव्य’ declines like राम-शब्दः।

The विवक्षा is बहुवचनम्।
(7) कौरव्य + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।
Note: The affix ‘ण्य’ gets the designation ‘तद्राज’ as per the सूत्रम् 4-1-174 ते तद्राजाः – The affixes ‘अञ्’ etc (prescribed by 4-1-168 जनपदशब्दात्‌ क्षत्रियादञ् etc) get the designation ‘तद्राज’। This allows 2-4-62 to apply in the next step.

Note: These affixes are designated ‘तद्राज’ since (in addition to being used to denote descendants) they are also used to denote the kings of their respective countries/territories.
Note: The word ते in 4-1-174 refers to the affixes prescribed in the prior rules from 4-1-168 to 4-1-173.

(8) कुरु + शस् । By 2-4-62 तद्राजस्य बहुषु तेनैवास्त्रियाम्‌ – In the plural, a ‘तद्राज’ affix takes the लुक् (elision), provided –
i. the gender of the word is not feminine, and
ii. the plurality relates to the meaning of the ‘तद्राज’ affix.

As per the न्यायः ‘निमित्तापाये नैमित्तिकस्याप्यपाय:’ (when a cause is gone, its effect is also gone). Therefore the operations performed in steps 4, 5 and 6 above are reversed, since the affix ‘ण्य’ no longer exists.

(9) कुरु + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘शस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(10) कुरूस् । By 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(11) कुरून् । By 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि – In the masculine gender, when the letter ‘स्’ of the affix ‘शस्’ follows a vowel which has been elongated by 6-1-102 then it is replaced by the letter ‘न्’।

Today we will look at the form कौरव्य mVs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10.42.32.

व्युष्टायां निशि कौरव्य सूर्ये चाद्भ्यः समुत्थिते ।
कारयामास वै कंसो मल्लक्रीडामहोत्सवम् ∥ १०-४२-३२ ∥

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
कष्टेन कथंचित्प्रभातायां पुनः सूर्ये चाद्भ्यः समुत्थित इति । तथा च श्रुतिः – ‘अद्भ्यो वा’ इति – ‘य उदगान्महतोऽर्णवात्, विभ्राजमानः सलिलस्य मध्यात् ∥ स मा वृषभो लोहिताक्षः सूर्यो विपश्चिन्मनसा पुनातु’ इति च ∥ ३२ ∥

Gita Press translation “When the night passed and the sun rose from the (eastern) waters, O scion of Kuru, Kaṁsa actually had a grand festival of wrestling bouts to be celebrated.”

The above verses have previously appeared in the following post – अद्भ्यः-f-ab-s

कुरवो जनपदः, कुरुर्नाम क्षत्रियः। कुरोरपत्यम् (पुमान्) = कौरव्यः – a (male) descendant of a kṣatriya king named Kuru, which is also the name of his territory. Here it refers to king Parīkṣit.
Note: As a convention in the language, words (such as ‘कुरु’) while denoting a territory are always used in the plural.

In the verses the विवक्षा is सम्बुद्धिः। Hence the form is कौरव्य।

(1) कुरु ङस् + ण्य । By 4-1-172 कुरुनादिभ्यो ण्यः – To denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant) the तद्धित: affix ‘ण्य’ may be applied optionally following a syntactically related पदम् which ends in a sixth case affix and has as its base ‘कुरु’ or a word beginning with the letter ‘न्’ provided the base denotes the name of a kṣatriya king, as well as the name of his country/territory.
Note: Here, the affix ‘ण्य’ over-rules the affix ‘अण्’ that would have been prescribed by 4-1-170 द्व्यञ्मगधकलिङ्गसूरमसादण्।
As per the सूत्रम् 4-1-92 तस्यापत्यम् – Following a syntactically related पदम् in which the सन्धिः operations have been performed and which ends in a sixth case affix the तद्धिता: affixes already prescribed (by the prior rules 4-1-83 प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण् etc), as well as those that are going to be prescribed (by the following rules 4-1-95 अत इञ् etc), may be optionally applied to denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant.)

(2) कुरु ङस् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘कुरु ङस् + य’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः to apply in the next step.

(3) कुरु + य । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
Note: The affix ‘ण्य’ is a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as इत्)। This allows 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः to apply in the next step.

(4) कौरु + य । By 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः – The first vowel among the vowels of a अङ्गम् which is followed by a तद्धित: affix (ref. 4-1-76 तद्धिताः) which is either a ञित् (has the letter ‘ञ्’ as a इत्) or a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as a इत्) takes the वृद्धि: (ref. 1-1-1 वृद्धिरादैच्) substitute.
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘कौरु’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम् which allows 6-4-146 ओर्गुणः to apply in the next step.

(5) कौरो + य । By 6-4-146 ओर्गुणः – When followed by a तद्धितः affix, the ending letter ‘उ’/’ऊ’ of a अङ्गम् which has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा (ref. 1-4-18 यचि भम्) takes the गुण: substitution (‘ओ’)।

(6) कौरव् + य । By 6-1-79 वान्तो यि प्रत्यये – When followed by an affix which begins with the letter ‘य्’, the letters ‘ओ’ and ‘औ’ are replaced by ‘अव्’ and ‘आव्’ respectively.

= कौरव्य । Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कौरव्य’ declines like राम-शब्दः।

Today we will look at the form मागधम् mAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.73.33.

गत्वा ते खाण्डवप्रस्थं शङ्खान्दध्मुर्जितारयः । हर्षयन्तः स्वसुहृदो दुर्हृदां चासुखावहाः ∥ १०-७३-३२ ∥
तच्छ्रुत्वा प्रीतमनस इन्द्रप्रस्थनिवासिनः । मेनिरे मागधं शान्तं राजा चाप्तमनोरथः ∥ १०-७३-३३ ∥

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
खाण्डवप्रस्थमिन्द्रप्रस्थम् ∥ ३२ ∥ शान्तं मृतम् । आप्तमनोरथो बभूव ∥ ३३ ∥

Gita Press translation – On reaching the outskirts of the city, the three victorious heroes blew their respective conchs, bringing joy to their friends and sorrow to their enemies (32). The people of Indraprastha were extremely delighted at heart to hear the sound and concluded at once that Jarāsandha had been killed and that King Yudhiṣṭhira had well-nigh achieved his object (33).

The above verses have previously appeared in the following post – दुर्हृदाम्-mgp

मगधा जनपदः, मगधो नाम क्षत्रियः। मगधानां जनपदानां राजा = मागधः – a king of the territory Magadha, which is also the name of a kṣatriya. In the verses it refers to Jarāsandha.
Note: As a convention in the language, words (such as ‘मगध’) while denoting a territory are always used in the plural.

In the verses the विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्। Hence the form is मागधम्।

(1) मगध आम् + अण् । By 4-1-170 द्व्यञ्मगधकलिङ्गसूरमसादण् – To denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant) the तद्धित: affix ‘अण्’ may be applied optionally following a syntactically related पदम् which ends in a sixth case affix and has as its base either ‘मगध’ or ‘कलिङ्ग’ or ‘सूरमस’ or a word that has two vowels (अच् letters), provided the base denotes the name of a kṣatriya king, as well as the name of his country/territory.
Note: The affix ‘अण्’ prescribed by this सूत्रम् is अपवादः to the affix ‘अञ्’ prescribed by 4-1-168 जनपदशब्दात्‌ क्षत्रियादञ्।
As per the वार्तिकम् (under the सूत्रम् 4-1-168 जनपदशब्दात्‌ क्षत्रियादञ्) ’क्षत्रियसमानशब्दाज्जनपदात् तस्य राजन्यपत्यवत्’ – The same तद्धित: affix as is used to denote a descendant, may also be used to denote a king, when applied following a syntactically related पदम् which ends in a sixth case affix and has as its base a word that denotes the name of a country/territory, as well as the name of a kṣatriya.

Note: The सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says, तद्राजमाचक्षाणस्तद्राज इत्यन्वर्थसंज्ञासामर्थ्यात् – The above वार्तिकम् is inferred from the fact that the affixes ‘अञ्’ etc (prescribed by 4-1-168 etc) get the designation तद्राजाः (explained as तेषां राजानस्तद्राजाः) by the सूत्रम् 4-1-174 ते तद्राजाः, which implies that these affixes are also used to denote kings (of those countries/territories).
Note: The तत्वबोधिनी says, इह ‘4-2-125 अवृद्धादपि बहुवचनविषयात्’ इति प्राप्तो वुञ् बाध्यते – Here, the affix ‘अण्’ stops the affix ‘वुञ्’ which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-2-125 अवृद्धादपि बहुवचनविषयात्।

(2) मगध आम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘मगध आम् + अ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः to apply in the next step.

(3) मगध + अ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: The affix ‘अण्’ is a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as इत्)। This allows 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः to apply in the next step.

(4) मागध + अ । By 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः – The first vowel among the vowels of a अङ्गम् which is followed by a तद्धित: affix (ref. 4-1-76 तद्धिताः) which is either a ञित् (has the letter ‘ञ्’ as a इत्) or a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as a इत्) takes the वृद्धि: (ref. 1-1-1 वृद्धिरादैच्) substitute.
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘मागध’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम् which allows 6-4-148 यस्येति च to apply in the next step.

(5) मागध् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= मागध । Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मागध’ declines like राम-शब्दः।

Similarly we can derive the following –
१) अङ्गानां जनपदानां राजा = आङ्गः।
२) कलिङ्गानां जनपदानां राजा = कालिङ्गः।
३) सूरमसानां जनपदानां राजा = सौरमसः।

Today we will look at the form पाञ्चाल mVs from महाभारतम् verse 1-195-19.

व्यास उवाच
अनृतान्मोक्ष्यसे भद्रे धर्मश्चैष सनातनः ।
न तु वक्ष्यामि सर्वेषां पाञ्चाल शृणु मे स्वयम् ॥ १-१९५-१९ ॥

Translation – O blessed one (Kuntī), you shall be saved from untruth. This is eternal virtue. But, O Pāñcāla (Drupada – a king of the territory Pañcāla), I will not speak (about this matter) to all. You alone listen to me (19).

पञ्चाला जनपदः, पञ्चालो नाम क्षत्रियः। पञ्चालानां राजा = पाञ्चालः – king (Drupada) of the territory Pañcāla, which is also the name of a kṣatriya.
Note: As a convention in the language, words (such as ‘पञ्चाल’) while denoting a territory are always used in the plural.

In the verses the विवक्षा is सम्बुद्धिः। Hence the form is (हे) पाञ्चाल।

(1) पञ्चाल आम् + अञ् । By 4-1-168 जनपदशब्दात्‌ क्षत्रियादञ् – To denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant) the तद्धित: affix ‘अञ्’ may be applied optionally following a syntactically related पदम् which ends in a sixth case affix and has as its base a word that denotes the name of a kṣatriya king, as well as the name of his country/territory.
As per the वार्तिकम् (under the सूत्रम् 4-1-168 जनपदशब्दात्‌ क्षत्रियादञ्) ’क्षत्रियसमानशब्दाज्जनपदात् तस्य राजन्यपत्यवत्’ – The same तद्धित: affix as is used to denote a descendant, may also be used to denote a king, when applied following a syntactically related पदम् which ends in a sixth case affix and has as its base a word that denotes the name of a country/territory, as well as the name of a kṣatriya.
Note: The सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says, तद्राजमाचक्षाणस्तद्राज इत्यन्वर्थसंज्ञासामर्थ्यात् – The above वार्तिकम् is inferred from the fact that the affixes ‘अञ्’ etc (prescribed by 4-1-168 etc) get the designation तद्राजाः (explained as तेषां राजानस्तद्राजाः) by the सूत्रम् 4-1-174 ते तद्राजाः, which implies that these affixes are also used to denote kings (of those countries/territories).
Note: The तत्वबोधिनी says, इह ‘4-2-125 अवृद्धादपि बहुवचनविषयात्’ इति प्राप्तो वुञ् बाध्यते – Here, the affix ‘अञ्’ stops the affix ‘वुञ्’ which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-2-125 अवृद्धादपि बहुवचनविषयात्।

(2) पञ्चाल आम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘पञ्चाल आम् + अ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः to apply in the next step.

(3) पञ्चाल + अ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: The affix ‘अञ्’ is a ञित् (has the letter ‘ञ्’ as इत्)। This allows 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः to apply in the next step.

(4) पाञ्चाल + अ । By 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः – The first vowel among the vowels of a अङ्गम् which is followed by a तद्धित: affix (ref. 4-1-76 तद्धिताः) which is either a ञित् (has the letter ‘ञ्’ as a इत्) or a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as a इत्) takes the वृद्धि: (ref. 1-1-1 वृद्धिरादैच्) substitute.
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘पाञ्चाल’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम् which allows 6-4-148 यस्येति च to apply in the next step.

(5) पाञ्चाल् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= पाञ्चाल । Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पाञ्चाल’ declines like राम-शब्दः।

Today we will look at the form वैदेह्या fIs from रघुवंशम् verse 12-20.

रामोऽपि सह वैदेह्या वने वन्येन वर्तयन् ।
चचार सानुजः शान्तो वृद्धेक्ष्वाकुव्रतं युवा ॥ 12-20 ॥

टीका –
सानुजः शान्तः रामोऽपि वैदेह्या सह वने वन्येन वनभवेन कन्दमूलादिना वर्तयन् वृत्तिं कुर्वञ्जीवन् वृद्धेक्ष्वाकूणां व्रतं वनवासात्मकं [वृद्धेक्ष्वाकुव्रतं ] युवा यौवनस्थ एव चचार ।।

Translation – Rāma, too with Sītā, sustaining there in the forest on forest-food, took up with his younger brother, with a mind becalmed even while in youth, the vows that bind the Ikṣvākus in their old age (20).

The above verse has been discussed in detail in the Thursday class on September 8, 2011 –  Video

The above verses have previously appeared in the following post – वैदेह्या-fis

विदेहा जनपदः, विदेहो नाम क्षत्रियः। विदेहस्यापत्यम् (स्त्री) = वैदेही – a (female) descendant of a kṣatriya king named Videha, which is also the name of his territory. It refers to Sītā, daughter of Videha (king Janaka).
In the verses the विवक्षा is तृतीया-एकवचनम्। Hence the form is वैदेह्या।

(1) विदेह ङस् + अञ् । By 4-1-168 जनपदशब्दात्‌ क्षत्रियादञ् – To denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant) the तद्धित: affix ‘अञ्’ may be applied optionally following a syntactically related पदम् which ends in a sixth case affix and has as its base a word that denotes the name of a kṣatriya king, as well as the name of his country/territory.
As per the सूत्रम् 4-1-92 तस्यापत्यम् – Following a syntactically related पदम् in which the सन्धिः operations have been performed and which ends in a sixth case affix the तद्धिता: affixes already prescribed (by the prior rules 4-1-83 प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण् etc), as well as those that are going to be prescribed (by the following rules 4-1-95 अत इञ् etc), may be optionally applied to denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant.)
Note: The affix ‘अञ्’ over-rules the default affix ‘अण्’ (prescribed by 4-1-83 प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण्) as well as the affix ‘इञ्’ (prescribed by 4-1-95 अत इञ्)।

(2) विदेह ङस् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘विदेह ङस् + अ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः to apply in the next step.

(3) विदेह + अ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: The affix ‘अञ्’ is a ञित् (has the letter ‘ञ्’ as इत्)। This allows 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः to apply in the next step.

(4) वैदेह + अ । By 7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः – The first vowel among the vowels of a अङ्गम् which is followed by a तद्धित: affix (ref. 4-1-76 तद्धिताः) which is either a ञित् (has the letter ‘ञ्’ as a इत्) or a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as a इत्) takes the वृद्धि: (ref. 1-1-1 वृद्धिरादैच्) substitute.
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘वैदेह’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम् which allows 6-4-148 यस्येति च to apply in the next step.

(5) वैदेह् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= वैदेह ।

Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वैदेही’ as follows –

(6) वैदेह + ङीप् । By 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः – To denote the feminine gender, the affix ङीप् is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् which satisfies the following conditions:
(i) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in the letter ‘अ’ and
(ii) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in a non-secondary affix which is either टित् (has the letter ‘ट्’ as a इत्) or is one of the following – ‘ढ’, ‘अण्’, ‘अञ्’, ‘द्वयसच्’, ‘दघ्नच्’, ‘मात्रच्’, ‘तयप्’, ‘ठक्’, ‘ठञ्’, ‘कञ्’ or ‘क्वरप्’।

(7) वैदेह + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘वैदेह’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(8) वैदेह् + ई । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= वैदेही । The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वैदेही’ declines like नदी-शब्दः।

Similarly, we can derive the following –
१) पञ्चाला जनपदः, पञ्चालो नाम क्षत्रियः। पञ्चालस्यापत्यम् (स्त्री) = पाञ्चाली – a (female) descendant of a kṣatriya king named Pañcāla, which is also the name of his territory. It generally refers to Draupadī.

Today we will look at the form क्षत्रियाणाम् mGp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् verse 9.15.16.

श्रीराजोवाच
किं तदंहो भगवतो राजन्यैरजितात्मभिः
कृतं येन कुलं नष्टं क्षत्रियाणामभीक्ष्णशः ॥ ९-१५-१६ ॥

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on this verse.

Gita Press Translation – The king (Parīkṣit) submitted: What was the offense which was committed against the glorious sage (Paraśurāma) by Kṣatriyas of uncontrolled mind, for which the (entire) race of the Kṣatriyas was wiped out (by him) time and again? (16)

क्षत्त्रस्यापत्यम् (पुमान्) जातिः = क्षत्त्रियः – the son of one belonging to kṣatriya class (from his kṣatriya wife)
In the verses the विवक्षा is षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्। Hence the form is क्षत्रियाणाम्।

(1) क्षत्त्र ङस् + घ । By 4-1-138 क्षत्त्राद् घः – To denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendent) the तद्धित: affix ‘घ’ may be applied optionally following a syntactically related पदम् which ends in a sixth case affix and has ‘क्षत्त्र’ as its base.
Note: The affix ‘घ’ applies only if the derived form conveys the sense of kṣatriya class.
As per the सूत्रम् 4-1-92 तस्यापत्यम् – Following a syntactically related पदम् in which the सन्धिः operations have been performed and which ends in a sixth case affix the तद्धिता: affixes already prescribed (by the prior rules 4-1-83 प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण् etc), as well as those that are going to be prescribed (by the following rules 4-1-95 अत इञ् etc), may be optionally applied to denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant.)

Note: ‘क्षत्त्र ङस् + घ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः to apply in the next step.

(2) क्षत्त्र + घ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) क्षत्त्र + इय् अ । By 7-1-2 आयनेयीनीयियः फढखछघां प्रत्ययादीनाम्‌ – The letters ‘फ्’, ‘ढ्’, ‘ख्’, ‘छ्’ and ‘घ्’ – when they occur at the beginning of a प्रत्यय: (affix) – are replaced respectively by ‘आयन्’, ‘एय्’, ‘ईन्’, ‘ईय्’ and ‘इय्’।
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, the substitutions take place respectively.

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘क्षत्त्र’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम् which allows 6-4-148 यस्येति च to apply in the next step.

(4) क्षत्त्र् + इय । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= क्षत्त्रिय । Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘क्षत्त्रिय’ declines like राम-शब्दः।

Note: As per the महाभाष्यम् (under the सूत्रम् 7-1-72) – न व्यञ्जनपरस्यैकस्य वानेकस्य वा श्रवणं प्रति विशेषोऽस्ति – In the pronunciation of a conjunct consonant whether the prior member is single or repeated is indistinguishable to the ear. Hence we often see the form ‘क्षत्रिय’ instead of ‘क्षत्त्रिय’।

(5) क्षत्रिय + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of ‘आम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(6) क्षत्रिय + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट्, the affix ‘आम्’ takes the augment नुँट् when it follows a प्रातिपदिकम् which either ends in a short vowel or has the नदी-संज्ञा or ends in the feminine affix ‘आप्’। As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment नुँट् joins at the beginning of ‘आम्’।

(7) क्षत्रिय + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) क्षत्रियानाम् । By 6-4-3 नामि – The ending vowel of an अङ्गम् gets elongated if followed by the term ‘नाम्’।

(9) क्षत्रियाणाम् । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि, the letter ‘न्’ is replaced by the letter ‘ण्’ when either the letter ‘र्’ or ‘ष्’ precedes, even if intervened by a letter of the अट्-प्रत्याहार: or by a letter of the क-वर्ग: or प-वर्गः or the term ‘आङ्’ or ‘नुँम्’ (अनुस्वारः) either singly or in any combination.

Today we will look at the form राजन्याः mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् verse 10.83.34.

तेऽन्वसज्जन्त राजन्या निषेद्धुं पथि केचन ।
संयत्ता उद्धृतेष्वासा ग्रामसिंहा यथा हरिम् ॥ १०-८३-३४ ॥

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अन्वसज्जन्त पृष्ठतः सक्ता बभूवुः । निषेद्धुं प्रतिबन्धं कर्तुं केचन पुरतो गत्वा पथि संयत्ता बभूवुरित्यर्थः । उद्धृतेष्वासा ऊर्ध्वकृतचापाः । ग्रामसिंहाः श्वानो हरिं सिंहं यथेति ॥ ३४ ॥

Gita Press Translation – Lifting up their bows and prepared for a battle, some of those kings pursued my Lord with a view to obstructing Him on the way; but their attempt was no more successful than that of dogs to check the lion (34).

राज्ञोऽपत्यम् (पुमान्) जातिः = राजन्यः – the son of a kṣatriya king (from his kṣatriya wife)
In the verses the विवक्षा is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। Hence the form is राजन्याः।

(1) राजन् ङस् + यत् । By 4-1-137 राजश्वशुराद्यत्‌ – To denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendent), the तद्धित: affix ‘यत्’ may be applied optionally following a syntactically related पदम् which ends in a sixth case affix and has either ‘राजन्’ or ‘श्वशुर’ as its base.
Note: The affix ‘यत्’ prescribed by this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to the default affix ‘अण्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-1-83 प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण्) in the case of ‘राजन्’ as well as the affix ‘इञ्’ (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-1-95 अत इञ्) in the case of ‘श्वशुर’।
As per the सूत्रम् 4-1-92 तस्यापत्यम् – Following a syntactically related पदम् in which the सन्धिः operations have been performed and which ends in a sixth case affix the तद्धिता: affixes already prescribed (by the prior rules 4-1-83 प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण् etc), as well as those that are going to be prescribed (by the following rules 4-1-95 अत इञ् etc), may be optionally applied to denote the sense of अपत्यम् (descendant.)

(2) राजन् ङस् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The letter ‘त्’ in the affix ’यत्’ is for the purpose of indicating the intonation (ref: 6-1-185 तित्स्वरितम्)।

Note: ‘राजन् ङस् + य’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः to apply in the next step.

(3) राजन् + य । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। Note: The अङ्गम् ‘राजन्’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(4) राजन्य । By 6-4-168 ये चाभावकर्मणोः – When followed by a तद्धितः affix beginning with the letter ‘य्’, the term ‘अन्’ remains unchanged, provided the affix denotes neither the action (भावः) nor the object (कर्म)।
Note: In the absence of 6-4-168 the सूत्रम् 6-4-144 नस्तद्धिते would have applied to elide the ‘टि’-portion ‘अन्’ of the अङ्गम् ‘राजन्’।

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘राजन्य’ declines like राम-शब्दः।

(5) राजन्य + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(6) राजन्य + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘जस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(7) राजन्यास् । By 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः – When a अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(8) राजन्याः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।