AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form पञ्चजनोदरात् n-Ab-s from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.3.2.

उद्धव उवाच
ततः स आगत्य पुरं स्वपित्रोश्चिकीर्षया शं बलदेवसंयुतः । निपात्य तुङ्गाद्रिपुयूथनाथं हतं व्यकर्षद्व्यसुमोजसोर्व्याम् ।। ३-३-१ ।।
सान्दीपनेः सकृत्प्रोक्तं ब्रह्माधीत्य सविस्तरम् । तस्मै प्रादाद्वरं पुत्रं मृतं पञ्चजनोदरात् ।। ३-३-२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
शमित्यव्ययम् ।। पित्रोः सुखस्य चिकीर्षयेत्यर्थः । तुङ्गाद्राजमञ्चात् । रिपुयूथानां नाथं कंसम् । व्यसोरपि विकर्षणं पित्रोः सुखार्थम् ।। १ ।। ब्रह्म वेदम् । सविस्तरं षडङ्गादिसहितम् । पञ्चजनोदरविदारणद्वारा पुत्रमानीयेत्यर्थः ।। २।।

Gita Press translation – Uddhava continued : Then, in order to afford delight to His parents (Vasudeva and Devakī), the Lord returned to the city (of Mathurā), accompanied by Baladeva (His elder half-brother) and, knocking down Kaṁsa (the leader of His enemies) from his high seat and killing him, dragged his lifeless body along on the ground (1). Having learnt the Vedas along with the sciences subsidiary to the same (viz., Grammar, Astronomy, Phonetics, Prosody, Etymology and Kalpa or the science dealing with the ritual and laying down rules for ceremonial or sacrificial acts) from Sāndīpani (His preceptor), who recited them to Him but once, He restored to him his dead son by way of the preceptor’s fee after ripping up the belly of the demon Pañcajana (and recovering him from Yama’s abode) (2).

पञ्चजनोदरात् is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् of the (compound) नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पञ्चजनोदर’।

(1) पञ्चजनोदर + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी in the महाभाष्यम्) ल्यब्लोपे कर्मण्यधिकरणे च – When a verbal participle ending in the affix ‘ल्यप्’ (or ‘क्त्वा’) is elided, a fifth case affix (‘ङसिँ’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is used to denote the object or the locus of the action.
In the present example पञ्चजनोदरात् stands for पञ्चजनोदरं विदार्य  । The verbal participle विदार्य (ending in the affix ‘ल्यप्’) has been elided.

(2) पञ्चजनोदर + आत् । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affixes ‘टा’, ‘ङसिँ’ and ‘ङस्’ are replaced respectively by ‘इन’, ‘आत्’ and ‘स्य’। Note: Since the substitute ‘आत्’ has more than one letter, as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire affix (and not just its last letter) is replaced by ‘आत्’।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘त्’ of ‘आत्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(3) पञ्चजनोदरात् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी in the महाभाष्यम्) ल्यब्लोपे कर्मण्यधिकरणे च (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ल्यब्ग्रहणमिह ल्यबर्थपरं तेन क्त्वोऽपि लोपे सिद्ध्यति। आसने स्थित्वा प्रेक्षते, आसनात्प्रेक्षत इति। Please explain.

2. Which कृत् affix is used to form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चिकीर्षा’ – used in the form चिकीर्षया (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses?

3. What is the alternate form for आगत्य?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-86 षत्वतुकोरसिद्धः been used in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“From the top of (his) palace, Rāvaṇa observed the army of the monkeys.” Use the masculine/neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शिखर’ for ‘top.’ Use the verbal root √ईक्ष् (ईक्षँ दर्शने १. ६९४) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘निर्’ for ‘to observe.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having ascended the top of (his) palace, Rāvaṇa observed the army of the monkeys.” Use the verbal root √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) preceded by the उपसर्ग:’आङ्’ for ‘to ascend.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘स्मै’ in the form तस्मै?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-4-77 गातिस्थाघुपाभूभ्यः सिचः परस्मैपदेषु been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form सूर्यात् m-Ab-s from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.31.15.

यथा तरोर्मूलनिषेचनेन तृप्यन्ति तत्स्कन्धभुजोपशाखाः । प्राणोपहाराच्च यथेन्द्रियाणां तथैव सर्वार्हणमच्युतेज्या ।। ४-३१-१४ ।।
यथैव सूर्यात्प्रभवन्ति वारः पुनश्च तस्मिन्प्रविशन्ति काले । भूतानि भूमौ स्थिरजङ्गमानि तथा हरावेव गुणप्रवाहः ।। ४-३१-१५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
किंच नानाकर्मभिस्तत्तद्देवताप्रीतिनिमित्तान्यपि फलानि हरिप्रीत्या भवन्ति केवलं तत्तद्देवताराधनेन तु न किंचिदिति सदृष्टान्तमाह – यथेति । मूलात्प्रथमविभागा: स्कन्धा: । तद्विभागा भुजाः । तेषामप्युपशाखाः । उपलक्षं पत्रपुष्पादयोऽपि तृप्यन्ति, नतु मूलसेकं विना ताः स्वस्वनिषेचनेन । प्राणस्योपहारो भोजनं तस्मादेवेन्द्रियाणां तृप्तिः, नतु तत्तदिन्द्रियेषु पृथक्पृथगन्नलेपनेन । तथाच्युताराधनमेव सर्वदेवताराधनं न पृथगित्यर्थः ।। १४ ।। कुतः सर्वमूलत्वादिति सदृष्टान्तान्तरमाह । यथैव वारो जलानि वर्षाकाले सूर्यादुद्भवन्ति ग्रीष्मे तस्मिन्नेव प्रविशन्ति । अस्याप्रसिद्धत्वेन दृष्टान्तान्तरमाह – यथा भूतानि भूमाविति । गुणप्रवाहश्चेतनाचेतनात्मकः प्रपञ्चः ।। १५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Even as the stem, boughs and side-branches of a tree are nourished by watering its roots and just as all the Indriyas (the senses of perception as well as the organs of action) are nourished by sustaining life through food, so by offering worship to the immortal Lord all are worshipped (14). Even as water (in the form of rain-drops) emanates from (the rays of) the sun during the rainy season and returns to the same source in the dry season and just as (the physical bodies of all) mobile and immobile creatures evolve from the earth and return to the earth, so does this animate and inanimate creation (which is product of Matter) proceeds from Śrī Hari and returns to Him (15).

सूर्यात् is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् of the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सूर्य’।

(1) सूर्य + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per the 1-4-31 भुवः प्रभवः – The कारकम् (participant in the action) which denotes the place of first appearance of the agent of (the action of) being is designated as अपादानम्।
By 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी – A fifth case affix (‘ङसिँ’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is used to denote the अपादानम् (that from which detachment/ablation takes place) provided it has not been expressed otherwise.

(2) सूर्य + आत् । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affixes ‘टा’, ‘ङसिँ’ and ‘ङस्’ are replaced respectively by ‘इन’, ‘आत्’ and ‘स्य’। Note: Since the substitute ‘आत्’ has more than one letter, as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire affix (and not just its last letter) is replaced by ‘आत्’।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘त्’ of ‘आत्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(3) सूर्यात् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-4-31 भुवः प्रभवः been used in the last fifteen verses of Chapter Eight of the गीता?

2. The term भुवः used in the सूत्रम् 1-4-31 भुवः प्रभवः is षष्ठी-एकवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भू’। Commenting on this the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – संपदादित्वाद्भावे क्विप्। Please explain.

3. Commenting further on the सूत्रम् 1-4-31 भुवः प्रभवः the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – पूर्वसूत्रे समासनिर्दिष्टमपि कर्तृग्रहणमनुवर्तते स्वरितत्वात्। Please explain.

4. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इज्या’ (used in the compound अच्युतेज्या in the verses)?

5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a second case affix in the form मूलसेकम् used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The Gaṅgā emanates (first appears) from the Himālaya.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-69 दिवादिभ्यः श्यन् been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?

Today we will look at the form पितुः m-Ab-s from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 2.1.8.

प्रायेण मुनयो राजन्निवृत्ता विधिषेधतः । नैर्गुण्यस्था रमन्ते स्म गुणानुकथने हरेः ।। २-१-७ ।।
इदं भागवतं नाम पुराणं ब्रह्मसम्मितम् । अधीतवान्द्वापरादौ पितुर्द्वैपायनादहम् ।। २-१-८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तत्र सदाचारं प्रमाणयति – प्रायेणेति । विधिषेधतो विधिनिषेधाभ्यां निवृत्ता नैर्गुण्ये ब्रह्मणि स्थिता अपि । स्म प्रसिद्धम् ।। ७ ।। किमिदमपूर्वं कथयसि, सत्यम्, अत्यपूर्वमेवेदमित्याह । इदं भगवत्प्रोक्तं तन्नामैकप्रधानं पुराणं ब्रह्मसंमितं सर्ववेदतुल्यम् । यद्वा ब्रह्म सम्यक् मितं येन । कुतस्त्वया प्राप्तमत आह – अधीतवानिति । द्वैपायनात्पितुः । कदा । द्वापरादौ द्वापरः आदिर्यस्य कालस्य तस्मिन् द्वापरान्ते इत्यर्थः । शन्तनुसमकाले व्यासावतारप्रसिद्धेः ।। ८ ।।

Gita Press translation – Even ascetics, O king, that are established in the Absolute and have reached beyond the sphere of injunctions and inhibitions generally delight in discoursing the virtues of Śrī Hari (7). This Purāṇa, which is known by the name of Bhāgavata and is as sacred as the Vedas, I studied towards the end of the Dwāpara age, from my father, sage Dwaipāyana (Vyāsa) (8).

पितुः is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् of the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पितृ’।

(1) पितृ + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per the सूत्रम् 1-4-29 आख्यातोपयोगे – The कारकम् (participant in the action) which denotes a teacher/instructor from whom a student formally (observing the proper rules of conduct) receives knowledge is designated as अपादानम्। By 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी – A fifth case affix (‘ङसिँ’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is used to denote the अपादानम् (that from which detachment/ablation takes place) provided it has not been expressed otherwise.

(2) पित् ऋ + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पित् उ + स् । By 6-1-111 ऋत उत्‌ – The short ‘उ’ is a single substitute in the place of the short ‘ऋ’ and the following short ‘अ’ of the affix ‘ङसिँ’ or ‘ङस्’।

(4) पित् उर् + स् । By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः – In the place of the ऋवर्ण: (letter ‘ऋ’ or ‘ॠ’) if a अण् letter (‘अ’, ‘इ’, ‘उ’) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a ‘रँ’ (‘र्’, ‘ल्’) letter. Note: ‘पित् उर् + स्’ has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-23 to apply in the next step.

(5) पित् उर् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः along with 8-2-24 रात् सस्य – Following a रेफः (the letter ‘र्’), the लोपः elision ordained for the last member of a संयोगः (conjunct), happens only for the letter ‘स्’।

(6) पितु: । By 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-29 आख्यातोपयोगे (used in step 1) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – उपयोगे किम्? नटस्य (गाथां) शृणोति। Please explain.

2. Which वार्तिकम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form प्रायेण used in the verses?

3. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the verses?

4. Which कृत् affix is used to get the form अधीतवान् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अधीतवत्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

5. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 1-4-24 ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम्) जुगुप्साविरामप्रमादार्थानामुपसङ्ख्यानम् been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I studied the BhagavadGītā from (my) father.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘अन्त्’ in the form रमन्ते?

Today we will look at the form तृणबिन्दोः m-Ab-s from रघुवंशम् verse 8-79.

चरतः किल दुश्चरं तपस्तृणबिन्दोः परिशङ्कितः पुरा ।
प्रजिघाय समाधिभेदिनीं हरिरस्मै हरिणीं सुराङ्गनाम् ॥ ८-७९ ॥

टीका – पुरा किल दुश्चरं तीव्रं तपश्चरतस्तृणबिन्दोः तृणबिन्दुनामकात्कस्माच्चिदृषेः परिशङ्कितः भीतः । कर्तरि क्तः । ‘1-4-25 भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः’ इत्यपादानात्पञ्चमी । हरिः इन्द्रः समाधिभेदिनीं तपोविघातिनीं हरिणीं नाम सुराङ्गनामस्मै तृणबिन्दवे प्रजिघाय प्रेरितवान् ।।

Translation – It is reported that, in days of yore, Indra, afraid of Tṛṇabindu who was practicing a rigorous penance, sent to him a celestial damsel [called] Hariṇī capable of disturbing [to disturb] his concentration of mind.

तृणबिन्दोः is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् of the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तृणबिन्दु’।

(1) तृणबिन्दु + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per the 1-4-25 भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः – When a verbal root having the meaning of भयम् (fear) or त्राणम् (protection) is used, the कारकम् (participant in the action) which denotes the cause of the fear is designated as अपादानम्। By 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी – A fifth case affix (‘ङसिँ’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is used to denote the अपादानम् (that from which detachment/ablation takes place) provided it has not been expressed otherwise.

‘तृणबिन्दु’ gets the घि-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि – When a short ‘इ’ ending or short ‘उ’ ending term – except for ‘सखि’ – does not have the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा then it gets the घि-सञ्ज्ञा।

(2) तृणबिन्दु + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) तृणबिन्दो + अस् । By 7-3-111 घेर्ङिति – When a ङित् सुँप् affix follows, then an अङ्गम् having the घि-सञ्ज्ञा takes the गुण: substitution. Note: As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य the गुण: substitution takes the place of only the ending letter (in this case ‘उ’) of the अङ्गम् ‘तृणबिन्दु’।

(4) तृणबिन्दोस् । By 6-1-110 ङसिँङसोश्च – In place of a preceding एङ् (‘ए’, ‘ओ’) letter and the following short ‘अ’ of the affix ‘ङसिँ’ or ‘ङस्’, there is a single substitute of the former (एङ् letter.)

(5) तृणबिन्दोः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fourth case affix in the from अस्मै used in the verse?

2. Can you spot the affix खल् in the verse?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये been used in the verse? Where has it been used in the commentary?

4. Which कृत् affix is used to construct the form प्रेरितवान् used in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Everyone is afraid of death.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In (my) childhood I was afraid of snakes.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘बाल्य’ for ‘childhood.’

Advanced question:

1. Derive the form प्रजिघाय। Note: You will need to use the following सूत्रम् (which we have not studied yet) – 7-3-56 हेरचङि। वृत्ति: – अभ्यासात्परस्य हिनोतेर्हस्य कुत्वं स्यान्न तु चङि – The letter ‘ह्’ of the verbal root √हि (हि गतौ वृद्धौ च ५.१२) takes a letter of the कवर्ग: when it follows a अभ्यास: (ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः)। Note: As per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः, the closest substitute from the कवर्ग: for the letter ‘ह्’ is the letter ‘घ्’।

Easy question:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form शब्दात् m-Ab-s from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.9.49.

नैते गुणा न गुणिनो महदादयो ये सर्वे मनःप्रभृतयः सहदेवमर्त्याः । आद्यन्तवन्त उरुगाय विदन्ति हि त्वामेवं विमृश्य सुधियो विरमन्ति शब्दात् ।। ७-९-४९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
अभक्तास्तु स्वस्मिन्ननुगतमपि त्वां न जानन्तीत्याह – नैत इति । एते गुणाद्यभिमानिनो देवा आद्यन्तवन्तो जडोपाधित्वादनाद्यन्तं निरुपाधिं त्वां न विदन्ति । हि यस्मात्सुधियो विद्वांस एवं विचार्य शब्दादध्ययनादिव्यापारादुपरमन्ति । त्वामेव समाधिनोपासत इत्यर्थः । तथाच श्रुतिः – ‘किमर्था वयमध्येष्यामहे किमर्था वयं यक्ष्यामहे’ इति। ‘नानुध्यायेद्बहून् शब्दान्वाचो विग्लापनं हि तत्’ इति । स्मृतिश्च – ‘यदा ते मोहकलिलं बुद्धिर्व्यतितरिष्यति ।। तदा गन्तासि निर्वेदं श्रोतव्यस्य श्रुतस्य च ।।’ इत्यादिः ।। ४९ ।।

Gita Press translation – Neither these Guṇas (modes of Prakṛti, Sattva, Rajas and Tamas) nor the deities who preside over the (three) Guṇas (viz., Viṣṇu, Brahmā and Śiva) nor the categories commencing from Mahat-tattva (and ending with the Indriyas, that is to say, Mahat-tattva or the principle of cosmic intelligence, Ahaṅkāra or the ego, the five subtle and the five gross elements and the ten Indriyas,) nor the mind etc. (viz., the mind, intellect and reason,) nor (the various) living beings including the gods and human beings, all of whom have a beginning and an end (too), are able to know You in truth, O much-praised One! Thinking thus, men of good sense desist from the study of the Vedas and other scriptures (and devote themselves exclusively to meditation) (49).

शब्दात् is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् of the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शब्द’।

(1) शब्द + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per the वार्तिकम् (under 1-4-24 ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम्) जुगुप्साविरामप्रमादार्थानामुपसङ्ख्यानम् – When a verbal root having the meaning of जुगुप्सा (censure/dislike/disgust) or विराम: (cessation/turning away) or प्रमाद: (negligence/inattentiveness) is used, the कारकम् (participant in the action) – that is the विषय: (topic) of the जुगुप्सा/विराम:/प्रमाद: – is designated as अपादानम्। Note: In the above verse ‘शब्द’ (‘the study of the Vedas and other scriptures’) is designated as अपादानम् because it is the विषय: (topic) of विरमन्ति। By 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी – A fifth case affix (‘ङसिँ’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is used to denote the अपादानम् (that from which detachment/ablation takes place) provided it has not been expressed otherwise.

(2) शब्द + आत् । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affixes ‘टा’, ‘ङसिँ’ and ‘ङस्’ are replaced respectively by ‘इन’, ‘आत्’ and ‘स्य’। Note: Since the substitute ‘आत्’ has more than one letter, as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire affix (and not just its last letter) is replaced by ‘आत्’।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘त्’ of ‘आत्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(3) शब्दात् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 1-4-24 ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम्) जुगुप्साविरामप्रमादार्थानामुपसङ्ख्यानम् been used in the last ten verses of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ been used in the verse?

3. Can you spot the augment पुक् in the commentary?

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form समाधिना used in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Arjuna said to Śrī Kṛṣṇa – “I want to abstain from this battle.” Use the verbal root √रम् (रमुँ क्रीडायाम् | रमँ इति माधवः १. ९८९) preceded by उपसर्ग: ‘उप’ for ‘to abstain.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Don’t be negligent towards (your) duty.” Use the verbal root √मद् (मदीँ हर्षे ४. १०५) preceded by उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ for ‘to be negligent.’ Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धर्म’ for ‘duty.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a परस्मैपदम् affix in the form विरमन्ति used in the verse?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-5 आत्मनेपदेष्वनतः been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form गृहात् n-Ab-s from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.31.1.

मैत्रेय उवाच
तत उत्पन्नविज्ञाना आश्वधोक्षजभाषितम् । स्मरन्त आत्मजे भार्यां विसृज्य प्राव्रजन्गृहात् ।। ४-३१-१ ।।
दीक्षिता ब्रह्मसत्रेण सर्वभूतात्ममेधसा । प्रतीच्यां दिशि वेलायां सिद्धोऽभूद्यत्र जाजलिः ।। ४-३१-२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
ततो दिव्यवर्षसहस्राणां सहस्रस्यान्ते उत्पन्नविवेकज्ञानास्ते ‘उपयास्यथ मद्धाम निर्विद्य निरयादतः’ इत्यधोक्षजभाषितं स्मरन्त आशु प्राव्रजन् ।। १ ।। ब्रह्मसत्रेणात्मविमर्शेन दीक्षिताः कृतसंकल्पा बभूवुः । सर्वेषु भूतेष्वात्मेति मेधा ज्ञानं यस्मिंस्तेन । क्व । वेलायां समुद्रतटे । जाजलिर्नाम ऋषिः ।। २ ।।

Translation – Maitreya continued: After that (i.e., after enjoying earthly and celestial pleasures for a million years – vide verse 17 of the last discourse) when wisdom dawned on the Pracetās, they remembered the words of Lord Viṣṇu (vide verse 18 of the same discourse) and, leaving their wife (Māriṣā) to the care of their son (Dakṣa,) immediately quit from home (by way of renunciation) (1). On the seashore in the west, where (the celebrated sage) Jājali had attained perfection (in the form of God-Realization) they took a vow of enquiry into the Supreme Spirit, which culminates in the realization of the same as the one animating principle permeating all life (2).

गृहात् is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् of the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गृह’।

(1) गृह + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per the 1-4-24 ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् – When detachment (moving away) is to be denoted, that कारकम् (participant in the action) which serves as a limiting (starting) point (uninfluenced by the detachment) gets the designation अपादानम् (that from which detachment takes place.) In the present example ‘गृह’ (home) gets the designation अपादानम्। By 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी – A fifth case affix (‘ङसिँ’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is used to denote the अपादानम् (that from which detachment/ablation takes place) provided it has not been expressed otherwise.

(2) गृह + आत् । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affixes ‘टा’, ‘ङसिँ’ and ‘ङस्’ are replaced respectively by ‘इन’, ‘आत्’ and ‘स्य’। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘त्’ of ‘आत्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(3) गृहात् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-4-24 ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् been used between verses 25-35 of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-24 ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् and the सूत्रम् 2-3-28 अपादाने पञ्चमी (both used in step 1) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – कारकं किम्? वृक्षस्य पर्णं पतति। Please explain.

3. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गृह’?

4. Can you spot the affix ‘ड’ in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Just now I have come from India.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Only when a fruit is ripe it falls from the tree.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the augment ‘अट्’ in the form प्राव्रजन्?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-4-77 गातिस्थाघुपाभूभ्यः सिचः परस्मैपदेषु been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form विवादाय mDs from the following सुभाषितम्।

विद्या विवादाय धनं मदाय शक्तिः परेषां परिपीडनाय ।
खलस्य साधोर्विपरीतमेतज्ज्ञानाय दानाय च रक्षणाय ॥

Translation – A wicked person’s learning is (used only) for quarrelling, wealth for conceit, and strength for hurting others; on the contrary a noble person’s learning is for knowledge, wealth for charity, and strength for protecting (others).

विवादाय is चतुर्थी-एकवचनम् of the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विवाद’।

(1) विवाद + ङे । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-13 चतुर्थी सम्प्रदाने in the महाभाष्यम्) तादर्थ्ये चतुर्थी वाच्या – A fourth case affix (‘ङे’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) which denotes the purpose (‘for the sake of that’).

Note: The existence of this वार्तिकम् is inferred from the सूत्रम् 2-1-36 चतुर्थी तदर्थार्थबलिहितसुखरक्षितैः which allows compounding between a पदम् which ends in a fourth case affix and another पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix and denotes a thing whose purpose is denoted by the पदम् ending in the fourth case affix.

(2) विवाद + य । By 7-1-13 ङेर्यः – Following a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affix ‘ङे’ (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्) is replaced by ‘य’।

(3) विवादाय । By 7-3-102 सुपि च – The ending letter ‘अ’ of a प्रातिपदिकम् is elongated if it is followed by a सुँप् affix beginning with a letter of the यञ्-प्रत्याहार:।

Questions:

1. Where else (besides in विवादाय) has the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-13 चतुर्थी सम्प्रदाने in the महाभाष्यम्) तादर्थ्ये चतुर्थी वाच्या been used in the verse?

2. Where has the above वार्तिकम् been used in the first five verses of Chapter Sixteen of the गीता?

3. Which कृत् affix is used for the derivation of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विद्या’?

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Night is for sleep.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘स्वप्न’ for ‘sleep.’

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Life is for serving others.” Paraphrase to “Life is for service of others.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उपकार’ for ‘service.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This gold is for (making) an earring.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the augment ‘सुँट्’ in the form परेषाम्?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिँङसामिनात्स्या: been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form ते mDs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1-44-15.

तच्च गङ्गावतरणं त्वया कृतमरिन्दम । अनेन च भवान्प्राप्तो धर्मस्यायतनं महत् ।। १-४४-१३ ।।
प्लावयस्व त्वमात्मानं नरोत्तम सदोचिते । सलिले पुरुषव्याघ्र शुचिः पुण्यफलो भव ।। १-४४-१४ ।।
पितामहानां सर्वेषां कुरुष्व सलिलक्रियाम् । स्वस्ति तेऽस्तु गमिष्यामि स्वं लोकं गम्यतां नृप ।। १-४४-१५ ।।
इत्येवमुक्त्वा देवेशः सर्वलोकपितामहः । यथागतं तथागच्छद्देवलोकं महायशाः ।। १-४४-१६ ।।

Gita Press translation – “The celebrated achievement in the shape of bringing down the Gaṅgā (to the terrestrial plane) has been accomplished by you, O subduer of foes! and by this you have attained the great reward of virtue (in the shape of the realm of Brahmā) (13). Even though pure, bathe yourself, O jewel among men, in the water (of the holy Gaṅgā) which is fit for bath all the year round (unlike other rivers which are rendered unfit for bath during the monsoons) and attain the reward of your merit, O superman! (14) Offer water to all your great grand-uncles, may all be well with you. I shall (now) go back to my realm, you may (also) return (to your own capital), O protector of men!” (15) Saying so, the highly glorious Brahmā (the progenitor of all the worlds), the overlord of gods, ascended to the realm of gods even as he had come (16).

ते is चतुर्थी-एकवचनम् of the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘युष्मद्’।

(1) युष्मद् + ङे । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। As per 2-3-16 नमःस्वस्तिस्वाहास्वधालंवषड्योगाच्च – A fourth case affix (‘ङे’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भ्यस्’) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘नमः’ or ‘स्वस्ति’ or ‘स्वाहा’ or ‘स्वधा’ or ‘अलम्’ or ‘वषट्’।

(2) ते । By 8-1-22 तेमयावेकवचनस्य – The प्रातिपदिके ‘युष्मद्’ and ‘अस्मद्’ along with a singular affix of the fourth or sixth case, get ‘ते’ and ‘मे’ as replacements respectively when the following conditions are satisfied:
1. There is a पदम् (which in the present example is स्वस्ति) in the same sentence preceding ‘युष्मद्’/’अस्मद्’।
2. ‘युष्मद्’/’अस्मद्’ is not at the beginning of a metrical पाद:।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-16 नमःस्वस्तिस्वाहास्वधालंवषड्योगाच्च been used for the last time in Chapter Eleven of the गीता?

2. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form त्वया used in the verses?

3. Can you spot the augment मुँम् in the verses?

4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘क्रिया’ (used in the compound सलिलक्रियाम् in the verses?)

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“May all be well with everyone.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the affix यक् in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘व’ in the form कुरुष्व?