कतरस्मिन् mLs
Today we will look at the form कतरस्मिन् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
सर्वतश्चार्यतां दृष्टिः कानने निपुणो ह्यसि |
आश्रमः कतरस्मिन् नो देशे भवति संमतः || ३-१५-३||
Gita Press translation “Since you are a man of insight, cast an eye all around in the forest. At which place will a hermitage be acceptable to us?”
‘कतर’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कतर’।
(1) कतर + ङि । ‘कतर’ ends in the डतर-प्रत्यय: which is listed in the सर्वादि-गण:। Hence ‘कतर’ gets the सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि ।
(2) कतरस्मिन् । By 7-1-15 ङसिङ्योः स्मात्स्मिनौ , following a pronoun ending in अ, the affixes ङसि and ङि are replaced respectively by स्मात् and स्मिन् ।
Questions:
1. Where does the declension of कतर-शब्द: differ from that of सर्व-शब्द: ?
2. Where is the कतर-शब्द: used in the गीता?
3. Please use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“You are skilled in finance.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अर्थ-शास्त्र” for finance.
4. The अमर-कोश: gives five synonyms for the word “अरण्यम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अरण्य” neuter) meaning “forest.” One of them is काननम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “कानन” neuter) used in this verse. Can you list the other four?
अटव्यरण्यं विपिनं गहनं काननं वनम् ।।२-४-१।।
(इति षट् “अरण्यस्य” नामानि)
5. In the absence of 7-1-15 ङसिङ्योः स्मात्स्मिनौ , which सूत्रम् would have applied to give which undesired result?
6. Which word in the verse has समानाधिकरणम् with the word आश्रम: ?
7. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-114 हशि च been used in this verse?
8. In the form कानने (कानन + ङि), the ङि-प्रत्यय: was not replaced by “स्मिन्” . Which condition required by 7-1-15 was not satisfied?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् has been used in the following?
हि + असि = ह्यसि।
2. Which word in the verse translates to “since”?
जगत्पते m-Voc-s
Today we will look at the form जगत्पते from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 7-3-6
तेन तप्ता दिवं त्यक्त्वा ब्रह्मलोकं ययुः सुराः ।
धात्रे विज्ञापयामासुर्देवदेव जगत्पते ।। 7-3-6 ।।
दैत्येन्द्रतपसा तप्ता दिवि स्थातुं न शक्नुमः । 7-3-7 first half
Gita Press translation “Scorched, by that fire, the gods left heaven and went to the realm of Brahmā and submitted to the creator (as follows): – “Tormented by the asceticism of Hiraṇyakaśipu (the chief of demons), O god of gods, O lord of the universe, we can no longer stay in heaven.” “
‘जगत्पति’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by >1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बोधने प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जगत्पति’.
(1) जगत्पति + सुँ । Here the सुँ-प्रत्यय: gets the designation सम्बुद्धि: (which is required to apply 7-3-108) by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः।
(2) जगत्पते + सुँ । गुणादेशः of the ending इकारः of the अङ्गम् by 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः।
(3) जगत्पते + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) जगत्पते । सकार-लोप: by 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धेः ।
Questions:
1. Where does the phrase “देवदेव जगत्पते” come in the गीता?
2. Does the term “जगत्पति” have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा? Does the term “पति” on its own (not in a समास:) have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?
3. The अमर-कोश: gives nineteen synonyms for the word “बह्मा” (प्रातिपदिकम् “ब्रह्मन्” – masculine in this meaning.) One of them is धाता (प्रातिपदिकम् “धातृ” – adjective, here masculine) which is used in this example in the form धात्रे (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्). Can you list the other eighteen?
ब्रह्मात्मभूः सुरज्येष्ठः परमेष्ठी पितामहः।
हिरण्यगर्भो लोकेशः स्वयंभूश्चतुराननः ।।१-१-१६।।
धाताब्जयोनिर्द्रुहिणो विरिञ्चिः कमलासन:।
स्रष्टा प्रजापतिर्वेधा विधाता विश्वसृड्विधि: ।।१-१-१७।।
(इति विंशति: “ब्रह्मण:” नामानि)
4. How do you say this in Sanskrit?
“A child tormented by fever.” – Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “शिशु” for child and “ज्वरा” for fever.
5. As we have seen in previous examples, the त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the त्वा-प्रत्यय:। (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले ।) In this verse we have the word त्यक्त्वा which comes from the धातु: “त्यज्” . Who are the doers of this action? Which word in the verse gives us the second (later) action?
6. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः used in this verse? How about 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः ?
7. What is the name of the आचार्य: who wrote the highly regarded commentary भाष्य-प्रदीप: (or simply प्रदीप:) on the महाभाष्यम् ? (Answer to this and similar questions can be found in Prof. Abhyankar’s “Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar.”)
a) भट्टोजि-दीक्षित: b) सायणाचार्य: c) कैयट: d) कात्यायन: e) नागेशभट्ट: f) भागुरि:
8. Where does पाणिनि: define the अङ्ग-सञ्ज्ञा ?
Easy questions:
1. Which word in the verse translates to “the gods”?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used to get the following?
“दैत्य + इन्द्र” = “दैत्येन्द्र”
निशाचरचमूः fNs
Today we will look at the form निशाचरचमूः from श्रीरामरक्षास्तोत्रम्।
रामो राजमणिः सदा विजयते रामं रमेशं भजे।
रामेणाभिहता निशाचरचमू रामाय तस्मै नमः ।। ३७-first half
“Srī Rāma, who is a jewel among kings, is always victorious. I worship Srī Rāma, the consort of Lakshmī. I bow to that Rāma, by whom the rākṣasa army was annihilated.”
‘निशाचरचमू’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च. The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् “निशाचरचमू”.
(1) निशाचरचमू + सुँ ।
(2) निशाचरचमू + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।.
(3) निशाचरचमूः । Applying रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. The प्रथमा-एकवचनम् of an ईकारान्त-स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् like “नदी” is नदी – no विसर्ग: at the end. On the other hand the प्रथमा-एकवचनम् of an ऊकारान्त-स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् like “चमू” is चमू:। Which सूत्रम् causes the difference?
2. Please do पदच्छेद: of निशाचरचमू रामाय and mention the relevant rules.
3. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “चमू” used in the गीता?
4. The अमरकोश: gives ten synonyms for the word सेना (army.) One of them is चमू:। Can you list the other nine?
ध्वजिनी वाहिनी सेना पृतनानीकिनी चमूः।
वरूथिनी बलं सैन्यं चक्रं चानीकमस्त्रियाम् ।।२-८-७८।।
(इति एकादश “सेनाया:” नामानि।)
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Four chariots (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “रथ”) in front (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अग्र”) of a small army.”
6. There is one सर्वनाम-शब्द: in the verse. Which one is it?
7. The declension of an अकारान्त-सर्वनाम-शब्द: (like “सर्व”) in the masculine differs from that of राम-शब्द: in five places. Which are they and which rules cause the difference?
8. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-102 सुपि च been used in this verse?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used in the following?
a) रमा + ईश: = रमेश:
b) सती + ईश: = सतीश:
c) रामेण + अभिहता = रामेणाभिहता
2. Which word in the verse translates to “always”?
धातः m-Voc-s
Today we will look at the form धातः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 6-9-32
यत्ते गतीनां तिसृणामीशितुः परमं पदम्।
नार्वाचीनो विसर्गस्य धातर्वेदितुमर्हति ।। ६-९-३२ ।।
Gita Press translation “No one born after creation, O Lord, is fit to know Your highest essence (absolute nature), which lies beyond the three courses (of Sattva, Rajas and Tamas), You being their Controller.”
‘धातृ’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बोधनम् एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धातृ’.
(1) धातृ + सुँ । ‘सुँ’ gets सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य। .
(2) धातर् + सुँ । By 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः , there comes a गुणादेश: in place of the ending ऋकार: of the अङ्गम्। By 1-1-2 अदेङ् गुणः and 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः the आदेश: is “अर्”।
(3) धातर् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) धातर् । सकार-लोप: by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्।
(5) धातः । रेफः is replaced by a विसर्गः by 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Why didn’t 7-1-94 ऋदुशनस्पुरुदंसोऽनेहसां च apply to do the अनँङ्-आदेश: after step 1?
2. Why didn’t 6-4-11 अप्तृन्तृच्स्वसृनप्तृनेष्टृत्वष्टृक्षत्तृहोतृपोतृप्रशास्तॄणाम् apply to do the उपधादीर्घ: after step 2?
3. Why did we chose to apply 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः instead of 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः in step 2?
4. Where does पाणिनि: define the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा?
5. Should we be mentioning 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः at step 3 to stop the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा for the सकार: of the सुँ-प्रत्यय:?
6. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 6-4-3 नामि apply to make a दीर्घ: for the ऋकार: in the form तिसृणाम् ?
7. Can you spot another ऋकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् in the verse?
8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The professor (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्राचार्य”) is fit to know the answer to the question.”
For “fit to know” use वेदितुमर्हति (वेदितुम् + अर्हति) from the verse.
9. Which word in the verse has समानाधिकरणम् with “गतीनाम्” ?
Easy questions:
1. Which सञ्ज्ञा is defined by पाणिनि: in the first सूत्रम् of the अष्टाध्यायी?
2. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः has been used in the verse?
अम्ब f-Voc-s
Today we will look at the form अम्ब from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 7-2-20
हिरण्यकशिपुरुवाच।
अम्बाम्ब हे वधूः पुत्रा वीरं मार्हथ शोचितुम् ।
रिपोरभिमुखे श्लाघ्यः शूराणां वध ईप्सितः ।। ७-२-२० ।।
Gita Press translation “Hiraṇyakaśipu said: Mother, O mother, sister-in-law and sons! You ought not to lament the hero (Hiraṇyākṣa). The death of the brave in front of their enemy is praiseworthy and (as such) coveted (by them). ”
‘अम्बा’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is सम्बोधनम् एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अम्बा’.
(1) अम्बा + सुँ । ‘सुँ’ gets सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः।
(2) अम्ब + सुँ । By 7-3-107 अम्बाऽर्थनद्योर्ह्रस्वः, here the अङ्गम् ‘अम्बा’ , gets substituted by a ह्रस्व: अकार:, because सम्बुद्धि-प्रत्यय: (vocative singular) follows. By the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending आकार: of ‘अम्बा’ gets replaced.
(3) अम्ब + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) अम्ब । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धेः , the सकारः ( belonging to a सम्बुद्धि: affix) gets dropped, since it follows ह्रस्व: अकार:।
Questions:
1. The सम्बुद्धि-प्रत्यय: has also been used in हे वधूः। Is this form correct as per the rules of पाणिनि:? If not, please give the correct form.
2. The अमरकोश: gives eleven words that mean “woman.” One of them is “वधूः” – used in this verse. Please list the other ten.
स्त्री योषिदबला योषा नारी सीमन्तिनी वधूः।
प्रतीपदर्शिनी वामा वनिता महिला तथा ।।२-६-२।।
(इति एकादश “स्त्रीमात्रस्य” नामानि)
3. The अमरकोश: gives three words that mean “daughter-in-law.” One of them is “वधूः” . Please list the other two.
समाः स्नुषाजनीवध्वः। ।।२-६-९।।
(इति त्रीणि “पुत्रभार्याया:” नामानि)
4. Which is the other word (besides अम्ब and वधू:) used in the verse in the sense of सम्बोधनम् (address)?
5. Why was 6-1-87 आद्गुणः not applied between वध + ईप्सितः ?
6. In the बाल-रामायणम् (which we have been studying in the second session of the Saturday class) which verse had the word वधूः ?
7. In the महाभाष्यम् on 7-3-107 अम्बाऽर्थनद्योर्ह्रस्वः, पतञ्जलि: says “अम्बार्थं द्व्यक्षकरं यदि।” and gives the example (हे) अम्बिके। Please explain what this means.
8. Which two words in the verse have समानाधिकरणम् with वध: ?
9. How do you say this in Sanskrit – “Service to the Guru (is) praiseworthy”? Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “श्लाघ्य” from the example.
Also – “Service to (one’s) mother (is) praiseworthy.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “मातृ” for mother.
Easy questions:
1. Which word in the verse translates to “hero”?
2. Which of the 21 सुँप्-प्रत्यया: has been used in the form अभिमुखे ?
चतुर्षु mLp
Today we will look at the form चतुर्षु from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्
ते चास्य हयमुख्येषु तूर्णमुत्पत्य वानराः |
चतुर्षु सुमहावीर्या निपेतुर्भीमविक्रमाः || ६-८९-४९||
Gita Press translation “Nay, springing up rapidly, the aforesaid monkeys, who were endowed with remarkable valor and terrible prowess, fell on the four excellent horses of Indrajit.”
‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्’.
(1) चतुर् + सुप् ।
(2) चतुर् + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः
(3) चतुर्षु । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः ,the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष्.
Questions:
1. The term “चतुर्” has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनमस्थाने। After step 2, why didn’t the ending रेफ: become a विसर्ग: by 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ?
2. The अनुवृत्ति: of इण्कोः comes into the सूत्रम् 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः from 8-3-57. So in order for the following सकार: to change to a षकार: there must be a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: preceding. Here we have the रेफ: preceding the सकार: . The रेफ: is not a part of the क-वर्ग: . Is the रेफ: included in the इण्-प्रत्याहार: ? (Or does the इण्-प्रत्याहार: include only the letters इ and उ from the first माहेश्वर-सूत्रम् – अ इ उ ण् । ?)
3. The अमरकोश: gives thirteen words that mean “horse.” One of them is हय: (used in this verse as part of a compound.) Please list any five of the remaining twelve.
घोटके वीति ( पीति) तुरगतुरङ्गाश्वतुरङ्गमाः ।।२-८-४३।।
वाजिवाहार्वगन्धर्वहयसैन्धवसप्तयः।
(इति त्रयोदश “घोटकस्य” नामानि)
4. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “हय” used in the गीता?
5. Just like we had the optional forms चतुर्णाम्/चतुर्ण्णाम् in the षष्ठी-बहुवचनम् , is there an optional final form (using 8-4-46 अचो रहाभ्यां द्वे) possible in this example?
6. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: . (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् ) . Please identify the word ending in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय: in this verse. Who are the common doers and which is their later action?
7. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी used in this verse? How about 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् ?
8. What is the purpose of having the पकार: as an अनुबन्ध: in the सुप्-प्रत्यय:?
9. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Three monkeys on the branch of a tree.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “शाखा” for branch, and “तरु” for tree. (The English word tree may have come from “तरु”)
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + अस्य = चास्य ?
2. Which word in the verse translates to “monkeys”?
कामधुक् mNs
Today we will look at the form कामधुक् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्
एवमुक्ता वसिष्ठेन शबला शत्रुसूदन |
विदधे कामधुक्कामान्यस्य यस्य यथेप्सितं यथा || १-५३-१||
Gita Press translation “Thus instructed by Vasiṣṭha, O destroyer of foes, Śabalā, a cow of plenty (as she was), yielded all luxuries as desired by each particular individual (of Viśwāmitra’s camp)”
‘कामदुह्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च. The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् “कामदुह्“।
(1) कामदुह् + सुँ ।
(2) कामदुह् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) कामदुह् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् ।
(4) कामदुघ् । कामदुह् gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् and hence by 8-2-32 दादेर्धातोर्घः,the हकारः of the धातु: “दुह्” (which begins with a दकारः) gets घकारः as its replacement.
(5) कामधुघ् । By 8-2-37 एकाचो बशो भष् झषन्तस्य स्ध्वोः , the part of a धातुः, which ends in a झष् letter and has only one vowel, gets its बश् letter replaced by भष् when followed by a सकारः, the term “ध्व” or at the end of a पदम् ।
(6) कामधुग् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते , a झल् letter occuring at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.
(7) कामधुग् / कामधुक् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.
Questions:
1. 8-2-32 दादेर्धातोर्घः is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम् ?
2. Where does the word कामधुक् come in the गीता?
3. Which word in the श्लोक: translates to “luxuries”?
4. Identify the places where the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः has been used in this verse.
5. The अमरकोश: gives eleven synonyms for the word “इच्छा”. One of them is काम: (used in this verse). Can you list the other ten?
अथ दोहदम् ।
इच्छा काङ्क्षा स्पृहेहा तृड् वाञ्छा लिप्सा मनोरथः ।।१-७-२७।।
कामोऽभिलाषस्तर्षश्च ।
(इति द्वादश “इच्छाया:” नामानि)
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Man’s many desires.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “मनुष्य” for man.
7. Which सूत्रम् (among the ones that we have studied) is an अपवाद: for 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते ?
8. Which सूत्रम् will help us ascertain that the word “कामान्” is masculine?
Easy questions:
1. List the letters in each of the following:
a) बश्-प्रत्याहार:
b) भष्-प्रत्याहार:
c) झष्-प्रत्याहार:
2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get यथा + ईप्सितम् = यथेप्सितम् ?
चतुर्णाम् mGp
Today we will look at the form चतुर्णाम् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्
चतुर्णामात्मजानां हि प्रीतिः परमिका मम || १-२०-११|| – second half
ज्येष्ठे धर्मप्रधाने च न रामं नेतुमर्हसि || १-२०-१२|| – first half
Gita Press translation “Of (all) the four sons my supreme affection is truly speaking fastened on the eldest, in whom piety is predominant. (Hence) you ought not to take away Rāma.”
‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्‘.
(1) चतुर् + आम् ।
(2) चतुर् + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-55 षट्चतुर्भ्यश्च, the आम् affix gets नुँट् as an augment.
(3) चतुर् + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.
(4) चतुर्णाम् । By 8-4-1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे , a नकारः that (immediately) follows a रेफः or a षकारः in a single पदम्, gets णकारः as a replacement.
Questions:
1. Which प्रातिपदिकम् among the ones that we’ve studied so far, has the षट्-सञ्ज्ञा ?
2. In the सूत्रम् 8-4-1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे what is the प्रातिपदिकम् in “न:” ? Which विभक्ति: has been used? How about in “णः” ?
3. Why didn’t पाणिनि: give the षट्-सञ्ज्ञा to “चतुर्” also? That way he wouldn’t have to mention it separately in the सूत्रम् 7-1-55 षट्चतुर्भ्यश्च।
The answer is given in the काशिका as follows – “रेफान्तायाः सङ्ख्यायाः षट्संज्ञा न विहिता, षड्भ्यो लुक् ७।१।२२ इति लुग् मा भूत्।” – Please explain.
4. The अमरकोश: gives 12 words that mean “आनन्द:” . One of them is प्रीति: (used in this verse.) Can you list five others?
मुत्प्रीतिः प्रमदो हर्षः प्रमोदाऽऽमोदसम्मदाः ।।१-४-२४।।
स्यादानन्दथुरानन्दशर्मशातसुखानि च ।
(इति द्वादश “आनन्दस्य” नामानि)
5. Which word in the verse translates to “on the eldest”?
6. Using some words from this verse, can you construct the following sentence in Sanskrit?
“You ought to take the two cows.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “गो” for cow.
7. Which is the other (optional) final form (besides चतुर्णाम्) that is possible in this example?
8. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-3 नामि been used in this verse?
9. Which other सूत्रम् have we studied that prescribes the नुँट्-आगम: for the आम्-प्रत्यय:? Why couldn’t we use that in this example?
Easy questions:
1. By which परिभाषा-सूत्रम् did the नुँट्-आगम: attach to the beginning (and not in the end or in the middle) of the term “आम्” is step 2?
2. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 7-2-99 त्रिचतुरोः स्त्रियां तिसृचतसृ apply in this example?
कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिट् mNs
Today we will look at the form कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 6-3-33
कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिण् न पुनर्विसृष्टमायागुणेषु रमते वृजिनावहेषु ।
अन्यस्तु कामहत आत्मरजः प्रमार्ष्टुमीहेत कर्म यत एव रजः पुनः स्यात् ।। ६-३-३३ ।।
Gita Press translation “He who enjoys like a bee the sweetness of Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s lotus-feet (by contemplating on them) delights no more in the enjoyments brought forth by Māyā (Prakṛti), once they have been given up by him as conducive to suffering. The other man (who does not enjoy the sweetness of those feet and) who is (consequently) buffeted by desires takes to action (alone in the shape of an expiatory process) in order to atone for his sin — action which leads only to sin again (inasmuch as it does not purify the mind and thus proves no better than the path of an elephant, which throws dust on its body as soon as it emerges from water after the bath.)”
‘कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिह्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च. The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिह्’.
(1) कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिह् + सुँ ।
(2) कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिह् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.
(3) कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिह् । सकार लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् .
(4) कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिढ् । कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिह् gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् and hence by 8-2-31 हो ढः , the हकारः gets ढकारः as replacement.
(5) कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते , a झल् letter that occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.
(6) कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्मममधुलिट् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.
Questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् applied to change the ending डकार: of कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिड् to a णकार: in the श्लोक:?
2. Can you spot a हकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् used in the third chapter of the गीता?
3. In the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी, why is the हकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (as opposed to maybe a ककारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् ) taken first in the हलन्त-पुंलिङ्ग-प्रकरणम् ?
4. Which word in the श्लोक: translates to “sin”? Where is this word used in the गीता?
5. The अमर-कोश: gives ten synonyms for the word “मधुलिट्” as follows:
मधुव्रतो मधुकरो मधुलिण्मधुपालिनः ।
द्विरेफ-पुष्पलिड्-भृङ्ग-षट्पद-भ्रमरालयः ।।२-५-२९।।
(इति एकादश “भ्रमरस्य” नामानि)
Please list any five of these synonyms.
6. In step 4, why did the term कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिढ् get the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् even though the सुँ-प्रत्यय: has been elided by the prior steps? (In other words which सूत्रम् allows us to consider कृष्णाङ्घ्रिपद्ममधुलिढ् as a सुँबन्तम् even though सुँ-प्रत्यय: is no longer there?)
7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Another beautiful verse of the भागवत-पुराणम्”
Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “सुन्दर” for beautiful.
8. Even though we have not yet studied the declension of any नकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् , we have covered all the rules required to derive the form “कर्म” (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “कर्मन्” . Can you list the steps?
Easy questions:
1. List the letters of the जश्-प्रत्याहार: . This set corresponds to which column of the 5×5 matrix of the पञ्च वर्गा: ?
2. Which is the term used to refer to the last three quarters (8-2, 8-3 and 8-4) of the अष्टाध्यायी ?
चत्वारः mNp
Today we will look at the form चत्वारः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्
पुत्राश्चास्य भविष्यन्ति चत्वारोऽमितविक्रमाः |
वंशप्रतिष्ठानकराः सर्वभूतेषु विश्रुताः || १-११-१०||
Gita Press translation “And (as a result of that sacrifice) there will be born to him (as many as) four sons possessed of immense prowess, and well-known among all created beings, who will bring honor to their line.”
‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्‘.
(1) चतुर् + जस् ।
(2) चतुर् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः stops the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा (which would have come by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् ) for the ending सकार:
(3) चतु आम् र् + अस् । By 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः चतुर् gets the आम् augment, since जस् follows which is a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix.
(4) चतु आ र् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.
(5) चत्वारस् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि
(6) चत्वारः । Applying रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः.
Questions:
1. Which other सर्वनामस्थान-प्रत्यया: can come after the प्रातिपदिकम् “चतुर्” ?
2. Where does the word “चत्वारः” come in the गीता?
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत् been used in this verse?
4. The अमरकोश: gives four synonyms for the word “पुत्र” . Can you list them along with their genders?
( आत्मजस्तनयः सूनुः सुतः पुत्रः – इति पञ्च पुत्रस्य नामानि)
5. Based on this example, please construct the following sentence in Sanskrit – “Three daughters will be born to the commander-in-chief.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “दुहितृ” for daughter and “सेनापति” for commander-in-chief. In general, the correct order of terms in prose is subject (कर्ता), object (कर्म) and then the verb (क्रियापदम्) . For example, राम: सीतां पश्यति । मारुतिर्लङ्कां दहति । etc. Please use this order when composing sentences.
6. Which word in the verse translates to “well-known”?
7. Please derive the प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “चतुर्” in the feminine.
8. From where does the अनुवृत्ति: of “सर्वनामस्थाने” come into the सूत्रम् 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः ?
9. By which सूत्रम् did the जस्-प्रत्यय: get the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा (which was required to apply 7-1-98) in this example?
Easy questions:
1. Please give the प्रत्याहार: corresponding to each of the following (if possible):
a) All letters (vowels + consonants)
b) All consonants except the यकार:
c) All vowels except the अकार:
d) The two letters – रेफ: and लकार:
e) All consonants except semi-vowels and nasals
f) All consonants except the हकार:
g) Set of five letters containing the first letter of each वर्ग: (क-वर्ग:, च-वर्ग:, ट-वर्ग:, त-वर्ग:, प-वर्ग:)
h) Set of five letters containing the second letter of each वर्ग: (क-वर्ग:, च-वर्ग:, ट-वर्ग:, त-वर्ग:, प-वर्ग:)
2. Which letter is repeated twice in the माहेश्वर-सूत्राणि?
3. Which marker is repeated twice in the माहेश्वर-सूत्राणि?
Recent Comments