AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form सुहृदः  mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.13.11.

भवद्विधा भागवतास्तीर्थभूताः स्वयं विभो । तीर्थीकुर्वन्ति तीर्थानि स्वान्तःस्थेन गदाभृता ।। १-१३-१० ।।
अपि नः सुहृदस्तात बान्धवाः कृष्णदेवताः । दृष्टाः श्रुता वा यदवः स्वपुर्यां सुखमासते ।। १-१३-११ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
भवतां च तीर्थाटनं न स्वार्थं किंतु तीर्थानुग्रहार्थमित्याह – भवद्विधा इति । मलिनजनसंपर्केण मलिनानि तीर्थानि सन्तः पुनः स्वयं तीर्थीकुर्वन्ति । स्वान्तं मनस्तत्रस्थेन । स्वस्यान्तःस्थितेनेति वा ।। १० ।। अपि किं सुखमासते भवद्भिः क्वापि दृष्टाः श्रुता वा ।। ११ ।।

Gita Press translation – Devotees of God like you, my lord, are not only consecrated themselves; but it is they who revive the sanctity of sacred places (that get polluted by the contact of sinners) by the living presence of Lord Viṣṇu (the Wielder of a mace), in their heart (10). Dear uncle, are our friends and relations, the Yādavas, who look upon Śrī Kṛṣṇa as their deity, doing well in their own city (Dwārakā)? Did you happen to see or even hear of them? (11)

(1) सु (शोभनं) हृदयं यस्य स: = सुहृत् (मित्रम्) – A friend.

(2) सु + हृदय सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)

(3) The adjective ‘सु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.

Note: ‘सु + हृदय सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) सु + हृदय । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) सुहृद् । By 5-4-150 सुहृद्‍दुर्हृदौ मित्रामित्रयोः – ‘सुहृद्’ and ‘दुर्हृद्’ are given as two ready-made compounds in the meaning of ‘friend’ and ‘enemy’ respectively. Note: This implies that when following ‘सु’ and ‘दुर्’ the term ‘हृदय’ is replaced by ‘हृद्’ to derive compounds meaning ‘friend’ and ‘enemy’ respectively.
Note: The compounds ‘सुहृद्’ and ‘दुर्हृद्’ could also be formed by using the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हृद्’ (instead of ‘हृदय’)। Hence the real purpose of this सूत्रम् is not to facilitate the construction of the compounds ‘सुहृद्’ and ‘दुर्हृद्’ but to prevent the construction of the compounds ‘सुहृदय’ and ‘दुर्हृदय’ in the meanings of ‘friend’ and ‘enemy’ respectively.

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, यदवः (Yādavas) are being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुहृद्’।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् ।

(6) सुहृद् + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) सुहृद् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(8) सुहृदः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has the compound ‘सुहृद्’ been used?

2. What is the विग्रह: of the compound कृष्णदेवताः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृष्णदेवत’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses?

3. Can you spot the affix क्विँप् in the verses?

4. Which वार्तिकम् justifies the use of a second case affix in the form सुखम् used in the verses?

5. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-58 सृजिदृशोर्झल्यमकिति apply in the form दृष्टाः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दृष्ट’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses? (Which condition is not satisfied?)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Without friends, there is no happiness in life.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘अत्’ in the form आसते?

Today we will look at the form द्विपदः  mAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.18.27.

अन्तर्बहिश्चाखिललोकपालकैरदृष्टरूपो विचरस्युरुस्वनः । स ईश्वरस्त्वं य इदं वशेऽनयन्नाम्ना यथा दारुमयीं नरः स्त्रियम् ।। ५-१८-२६ ।।
यं लोकपालाः किल मत्सरज्वरा हित्वा यतन्तोऽपि पृथक्समेत्य च । पातुं न शेकुर्द्विपदश्चतुष्पदः सरीसृपं स्थाणु यदत्र दृश्यते ॥ ५-१८-२७ ॥

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
उरुः स्वनो वेदात्मको नादो यस्य । य इदं विश्वं ब्राह्मणादिनाम्ना विधिनिषेधालम्बनभूतेन वशेऽनयन्नियमितवान्स त्वमीश्वरः । तथाच श्रुतिः ‘तस्य वाक्तन्तिर्नामानि दामानि’ इति ।। २६ ।। नन्विन्द्रादयो वशं नयन्ति लोकपालत्वात्कुतोऽहं तत्राह – यमिति । मत्सर एव ज्वरो येषां ते यं हित्वा द्विपदश्चतुष्पदः सरीसृपं जङ्गमं स्थाणु स्थावरं च यदत्र दृश्यते तत्किंचिदपि पातुं न शक्ताः । स त्वमेव प्राणरूपेण पालक ईश्वरश्चेत्यर्थः । तथाच श्रुतिः ‘ता अहिंसन्ताहमुकमस्म्यहमुकमस्मि’ इत्यादि ॥ २७ ॥

Gita Press translation – Though Your form is unseen by (remains hidden from the view of) all the guardians of the spheres (Brahmā and others), You move about (in the form of the vital airs) within and (as the atmospheric air) without (all living beings), making a loud noise (in the form of the Vedas and thereby proclaiming Your existence). You are that (Supreme) Ruler who has brought this universe under control by means of (various) denominations (such as the Brāhmaṇa, which serve as a basis for the varied injunctions and interdictions of the scriptures), even as a showman controls a wooden puppet (by a wire) (26). Suffering from the fever of jealousy, the guardians of the (different) spheres (Indra and others) were unable without You (the life-giving principle) to protect the bipeds or quadrupeds, the mobile or the immobile creatures – (in short,) whatever is seen in this world – in spite of their striving severally as well as unitedly (27).

The verse 5.18.27 has appeared previously in the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/08/03/सरीसृपम्-nns/

(1) द्वौ पादौ यस्य स: = द्विपात् – He (a man) who has two feet.

(2) द्वि औ + पाद औ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)

(3) The adjective ‘द्वि औ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.

Note: ‘द्वि औ + पाद औ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) द्विपाद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) द्विपाद् । By 5-4-140 संख्यासुपूर्वस्य – The ending letter of a बहुव्रीहिः compound in which the prior member either denotes a number or is the term ‘सु’ and the final member is ‘पाद’ is elided and this elision becomes the ending member of the compound.
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending letter of the compound – and not the entire compound – is elided.
Note: The purpose of specifying the elision as being the ending member of the compound is to prevent the application of 5-4-154 शेषाद्विभाषा which only applies if no other समासान्त: operation has been prescribed.

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example even though the qualified word is not specifically mentioned, from the context it can be taken to be the masculine noun ‘जन्तु’। Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘द्विपाद्’।

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् ।

(6) द्विपाद् + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) द्विपाद् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of शस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । Note: The अङ्गम् ‘द्विपाद्’ has the designation ‘भ’ here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-130 to apply below.

(8) द्विपद् + अस् । By 6-4-130 पादः पत् – The term ‘पद्’ is substituted in place of the term ‘पाद्’ which is part of a अङ्गम् (base) that i) has the designation ‘भ’ and ii) ends in the term ‘पाद्’।
Note: पादः is qualifying अङ्गस्य (which is coming down from 6-4-1 अङ्गस्य) and hence as per 1-1-72 येन विधिस्तदन्तस्य this सूत्रम् applies to a अङ्गम् ending in the term ‘पाद्’।
Note: The परिभाषा ‘निर्दिश्यमानस्यादेशा भवन्ति‘ states that ‘substitutes take the place of that (or part of that) which (in a rule) is actually enunciated.’ Hence it is the term ‘पाद्’ (which is actually enunciated in the सूत्रम् 6-4-130) and not the entire अङ्गम् which gets replaced. And since the substitute ‘पद्’ has more than one letter, as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire term ‘पाद्’ is replaced by ‘पद्’।

(9) द्विपदः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In the verses can you spot another word (besides द्विपदः) in which the सूत्रम् 6-4-130 पादः पत् (used in step 8) has been used?

2. What type of compound is उरुस्वनः as used in the verses?
i. बहुव्रीहि:
ii. कर्मधारय:
iii. अव्ययीभाव:
iv. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:

3. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form नाम्ना (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नामन्’, तृतीया-एकवचनम्)?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-85 नुगतोऽनुनासिकान्तस्य been used in the commentary?

5. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the form पालक: (used in the commentary)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The lion is the king of four-legged creatures.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जन्तु’ for ‘creature.’

Easy questions:

1. In which word in the verses, has the सूत्रम् 3-4-100 इतश्च been used?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ए’ in the form शेकु:?

Today we will look at the form सहस्रपात्  mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.22.3.

मनुरुवाच
ब्रह्मासृजत्स्वमुखतो युष्मानात्मपरीप्सया । छन्दोमयस्तपोविद्यायोगयुक्तानलम्पटान् ।। ३-२२-२ ।।
तत्त्राणायासृजच्चास्मान्दोःसहस्रात्सहस्रपात् । हृदयं तस्य हि ब्रह्म क्षत्रमङ्गं प्रचक्षते ।। ३-२२-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
मदीया कन्या त्वया परिणेयेति विज्ञापयिष्यन् युष्मदस्मत्संबन्धस्तावदीश्वरेण पूर्वमेव घटित इत्याह – ब्रह्मेति सार्धाभ्याम् । आत्मनः परीप्सया पर्याप्तुमिच्छया । छन्दोमयस्यात्मनः पर्याप्तिः पालनं वेदप्रवर्तनं तस्येच्छया । युष्मान् ब्राह्मणान् ।। २ ।। तत्त्राणाय ब्राह्मणपालनाय । ब्रह्म ब्राह्मणजातिः । क्षत्रं क्षत्रियजातिः ।। ३ ।।

Gita Press translation – The Manu said: The Cosmic Being, who is Veda personified, evolved you (the Brāhmaṇas), rich in austere penance, learning and Yoga (concentration of mind), and averse to the pleasures of sense, from his mouth for the protection (continuance) of his own self in the form of the Vedas (2). And for the protection of the Brāhmaṇas the same thousand-footed Being evolved us (Kṣatriyas) from His thousand arms. Hence they speak of the Brāhmaṇa race as His heart and the Kṣatriya race as His outer limbs (arms) (3).

(1) सहस्रं पादा यस्य स: = सहस्रपात् – He who has a thousand feet.

(2) सहस्र सुँ + पाद जस् । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)

(3) The adjective ‘सहस्र सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.

Note: ‘सहस्र सुँ + पाद जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) सहस्रपाद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) सहस्रपाद् । By 5-4-140 संख्यासुपूर्वस्य – The ending letter of a बहुव्रीहि: compound in which the prior member either denotes a number or is the term ‘सु’ and the final member is ‘पाद’ is elided and this elision becomes the ending member of the compound.
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending letter of the compound – and not the entire compound – is elided.
Note: The purpose of specifying the elision as being the ending member of the compound is to prevent the application of 5-4-154 शेषाद्विभाषा which only applies if no other समासान्त: operation has been prescribed.

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, ब्रह्मा is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सहस्रपाद्’।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(6) सहस्रपाद् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) सहस्रपाद् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) सहस्रपाद् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’।
Note: Now ‘सहस्रपाद्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् । This allows the सूत्रम् 8-4-56 to apply in the next step.

(9) सहस्रपाद्/सहस्रपात् । By 8-4-56 वावसाने।

Questions:

1. From which सूत्रम् does the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘पादस्य लोप:’ come into the सूत्रम् 5-4-140 संख्यासुपूर्वस्य (used in step 5)?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-55 आप्ज्ञप्यृधामीत्‌ been used in the verses?

3. Can you spot a नञ्-तत्पुरुषः compound in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of the affix ‘लृँट्’) in the form विज्ञापयिष्यन् used in the commentary?

5. In which word in the commentary has the affix यत् been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“On the earth, there are many creatures with two legs or with four legs, but none with three legs.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जन्तु’ for ‘creature.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-5 आत्मनेपदेष्वनतः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form शार्ङ्गधन्वा mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.10.30.

ध्रुवे प्रयुक्तामसुरैस्तां मायामतिदुस्तराम् । निशम्य तस्य मुनयः शमाशंसन्समागताः ।। ४-१०-२९ ।।
मुनय ऊचुः
औत्तानपादे भगवांस्तव शार्ङ्गधन्वा देवः क्षिणोत्ववनतार्तिहरो विपक्षान् । यन्नामधेयमभिधाय निशम्य चाद्धा लोकोऽञ्जसा तरति दुस्तरमङ्ग मृत्युम् ।। ४-१०-३० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तस्य शं कल्याणमाशंसन्प्रार्थितवन्तः ।। २९ ।। तव विपक्षान् शत्रून्नाशयतु । अद्धा साक्षात् । अञ्जसा सुखेनैव मृत्युं तरति ।। ३० ।।

Gita Press translation – Seeing the conjuring trick employed by the Yakṣas against Dhruva – a trick which was so very difficult to counteract – a number of hermits that had assembled there prayed for his welfare (in the following words) (29). The hermits said: O son of Uttānapāda may the almighty Lord Viṣṇu (the Wielder of the famous Śārṅga bow), who relieves the agony of His suppliants, wipe out your enemies! By uttering and hearing His very Name people easily succeed in this very life in conquering death, which is so hard to overcome, O dear Dhruva (30).

(1) शार्ङ्गं धनुर्यस्य स: = शार्ङ्गधन्वा – He (Lord Viṣṇu) who has (wields) the bow (named) Śārṅga.

(2) शार्ङ्ग सुँ + धनुस् सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)

(3) The adjective ‘शार्ङ्ग सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.

Note: ‘शार्ङ्ग सुँ + धनुस् सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) शार्ङ्गधनुस् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) शार्ङ्गधनु अनँङ् । By 5-4-132 धनुषश्च – The ending letter of a बहुव्रीहि: compound which ends in the term ‘धनुस्’ takes the substitution ‘अनँङ्’ and this substitution becomes the ending member of the compound. Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-53 ङिच्च only the ending letter of the compound – and not the entire compound – is replaced by ‘अनँङ्’।
Note: साहचर्यात् ङित्त्वश्रवणाच्चास्यादेशत्वम् – Based on the following two considerations we conclude that the ‘अनँङ्’ prescribed by this सूत्रम् is a आदेश: (substitute) and not a प्रत्यय: (affix) – i) The rules from 5-4-129 through 5-4-150 prescribe substitutions and not affixes. Since 5-4-132 is placed in this section it is logical to expect this सूत्रम् to prescribe a substitution ii) The purpose of the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत् in ‘अनँङ्’ is to facilitate the application of 1-1-53 ङिच्च which only makes sense if ‘अनँङ्’ is a substitute.
Note: The purpose of specifying the substitution ‘अनँङ्’ as being the ending member of the compound is to prevent the application of 5-4-154 शेषाद्विभाषा which only applies if no other समासान्त: operation has been prescribed.
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 5-4-133 वा संज्ञायाम् (which immediately follows the सूत्रम् 5-4-132 in the अष्टाध्यायी), the substitution ‘अनँङ्’ prescribed by 5-4-132 धनुषश्च is made optional if the compound denotes a proper name. Since the compound ‘शार्ङ्गधनुस्’ denotes a proper name (of Lord Viṣṇu) the substitution ‘अनँङ्’ is optional here. In the case where the substitution is not done, the final compound प्रातिपदिकम् is ‘शार्ङ्गधनुस्’ (giving शार्ङ्गधनु: as the प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।)

(6) शार्ङ्गधनु अन् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) शार्ङ्गधन्वन् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example विष्णुः is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शार्ङ्गधन्वन्’। It declines like ‘यज्वन्’-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(8) शार्ङ्गधन्वन् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। The affix ‘सुँ’ has the designation सर्वनामस्थानम् here as per the सूत्रम् 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य। This allows 6-4-8 to apply below.

(9) शार्ङ्गधन्वन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(10) शार्ङ्गधन्वान् + स् । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चाऽसम्बुद्धौ – The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in the letter ‘न्’ gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(11) शार्ङ्गधन्वान् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’।
Note: Now ‘शार्ङ्गधन्वान्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् । This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.

(12) शार्ङ्गधन्वा । By 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. Can you spot another (besides शार्ङ्गधन्वा) बहुव्रीहि: compound in the verses?

2. In which sense has the affix ‘क्त’ been used in the form समागताः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘समागत’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses?
i. कर्मणि
ii. कर्तरि
iii. भावे
iv. None of the above

3. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the form दुस्तरम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दुस्तर’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) used in the verses?

4. Which वार्तिकम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form सुखेन used in the commentary?

5. Can you spot the affix ‘क्तवतुँ’ in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The one (Cupid) who wields the flower-bow was burnt by the fire which emanated from the third eye of the one (Lord Śiva) who bears the Pināka bow.” Use the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘निर्’ for ‘to emanate.’ Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘one who has (wields) the flower-bow’ = पुष्पं धनुर्यस्य स: and ‘one who has (wields) the Pināka bow’ = पिनाकं धनुर्यस्य स:। Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तृतीय’ for ‘third.’

Easy questions:

1. Why is the form आशंसन् used in the verses a आर्षप्रयोगः (irregular grammatical usage)?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘उ’ in the form क्षिणोतु?

Today we will look at the form विनाशधर्मसु  mLp from रघुवंशम् verse 8-10.

अथ वीक्ष्य रघुः प्रतिष्ठितं प्रकृतिष्वात्मजमात्मवत्तया ।
विषयेषु विनाशधर्मसु त्रिदिवस्थेष्वपि निःस्पृहोऽभवत् ॥ ८-१० ॥

मल्लिनाथ-टीका
अथेति । अथ रघुरात्मजं पुत्रमात्मवत्तया निर्विकारमनस्कतयेत्यर्थः । ‘उदयादिष्वविकृतिर्मनसः सत्त्वमुच्यते । आत्मवान्सत्त्ववानुक्तः’ इत्युत्पलमालायाम् । प्रकृतिष्वमात्यादिषु प्रतिष्ठितं रूढमूलं वीक्ष्य ज्ञात्वा विनाशो धर्मो येषां तेषु विनाशधर्मसु । अनित्येष्वित्यर्थः । ‘5-4-124 धर्मादनिच् केवलात्‌’ इत्यनिच्प्रत्ययः समासान्तः । त्रिदिवस्थेष्वपि विषयेषु शब्दादिषु निःस्पृहो निर्गतेच्छोऽभवत् ।। १० ।।

Translation – Raghu, seeing that his son with an undisturbed mind was now well established among his subjects (ministers etc), became indifferent towards objects of sense which are perishable by nature – even though they might belong to heavenly regions (10).

(1) विनाशो धर्मो यस्य स: = विनाशधर्मा – One whose nature is perishing (impermanent.)

(2) विनाश सुँ + धर्म सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)

(3) The adjective ‘विनाश सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.

Note: ‘विनाश सुँ + धर्म सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) विनाश + धर्म । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) विनाशधर्म + अनिँच्‌ । By 5-4-124 धर्मादनिच् केवलात्‌ Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound in which the prior member is a single पदम् and the final member is ‘धर्म’ the तद्धित: affix अनिँच्‌ is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.

(6) विनाशधर्म + अन् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘विनाशधर्म’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(7) विनाशधर्म् + अन् । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= विनाशधर्मन् ।

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example विषय: is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विनाशधर्मन्’। It declines like ‘आत्मन्’-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्।

(8) विनाशधर्मन् + सुप् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(9) विनाशधर्मन् + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘विनाशधर्मन्’ gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनामस्थाने – Excluding the affixes that have the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा, when any of the other affixes from ‘सुँ’ up to ‘कप्’ follow, the base gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा।
This allows 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.

(10) विनाशधर्म + सु । By 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

= विनाशधर्मसु ।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 5-4-124 धर्मादनिच् केवलात्‌ (used in step 5) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – केवलात्‌ किम्‌? परम: स्वो धर्मो यस्येति त्रिपदे बहुव्रीहौ मा भूत्‌। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अनिचोऽकारश्चिन्त्यप्रयोजन इत्येके। Please explain.

3. Which compound used in the verse may be justified using the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः in the महाभाष्यम्) निरादयः क्रान्‍ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्‍या?

4. Can you spot the affix ‘ड’ in the verse?

5. Which two compounds used in the commentary are नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compounds?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even though we know that sense objects are by nature perishable still we are attached to (towards) them.” Use the verbal root √सञ्ज् (षञ्जँ सङ्गे १. ११४२) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘आङ्’ (‘आ’) for ‘to be attached.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः been used in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes सम्प्रसारणम् in the form उच्यते used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form दुर्मेधाः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.44.33.

निःसारयत दुर्वृत्तौ वसुदेवात्मजौ पुरात् । धनं हरत गोपानां नन्दं बध्नीत दुर्मतिम् ।। १०-४४-३२ ।।
वसुदेवस्तु दुर्मेधा हन्यतामाश्वसत्तमः । उग्रसेनः पिता चापि सानुगः परपक्षगः ।। १०-४४-३३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
No commentary on these verses.

Gita Press translation – “Drive out of the city the two ill-behaved sons of Vasudeva; confiscate the wealth of the Gopas and put in bonds the wicked Nanda (32). On the other hand, let Vasudeva of evil mind, the vilest of all, be made short work of at once and so also Ugrasena, my father, who has sided with my enemy, along with his followers.” (33)

(1) दु: (दुष्टा) मेधा यस्य स: = दुर्मेधा: – He whose intelligence/mind is evil.

(2) दुस् + मेधा सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)

(3) The adjective ‘दुस्’ (meaning ‘दुष्टा’) is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.

Note: ‘दुस् + मेधा सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) दुस् + मेधा । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) दुर् + मेधा । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) दुर्मेधा + असिँच् । By 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः – Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound whose latter member is either ‘प्रजा’ or ‘मेधा’ and whose prior member is either (the negation particle) ‘नञ्’ or ‘दुस्’ or ‘सु’ the तद्धित: affix असिँच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.

(7) दुर्मेधा + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘दुर्मेधा’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(8) दुर्मेध् + अस् । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= दुर्मेधस् ।

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example वसुदेव: is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दुर्मेधस्’। It declines like ‘वेधस्’-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(9) दुर्मेधस् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(10) दुर्मेधस् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) दुर्मेधास् + स् । By 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः – When the ‘सुँ’ affix which is not सम्बुद्धिः follows, a base that ends in ‘अतुँ’ or a base that ends in ‘अस्’ which is not of a verbal root, has its penultimate letter elongated.

(12) दुर्मेधास् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’।
Note: Now ‘दुर्मेधास्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् । This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-66 to apply in the next step.

(13) दुर्मेधाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः (used in step 6) been used (by extension) in verses 20-25 of Chapter Seven of the गीता?

2. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘क’ been used?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-82 वोपसर्जनस्य been used in the verses?

4. Which वार्तिकम् may be used to justify the use of the affix ‘ड’ in the compound परपक्षगः?

5. In the verses can you spot a compound in which the पूर्वपदम् (the first member) has taken पुंवद्भाव: (a masculine-like form)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
On hearing the words of Śrī Hanumān, the enraged Rāvaṇa ordered, “Kill this evil-minded monkey.” Paraphrase to – On hearing the words of Śrī Hanumān, the enraged Rāvaṇa ordered, “Let this evil-minded monkey be killed.” Use the verbal root √क्रुध् (क्रुधँ क्रोधे (कोपे) ४. ८६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘सम्’ for ‘to be enraged’ and the verbal root √दिश् (दिशँ अतिसर्जने ६. ३) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘आङ्’ (‘आ’) for ‘to order.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘आम्‌’ in the form हन्यताम्‌?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-113 ई हल्यघोः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form सुप्रजाः mNs from रघुवंशम् 8.32.

स कदाचिदवेक्षितप्रजः सह देव्या विजहार सुप्रजाः । नगरोपवने शचीसखो मरुतां पालयितेव नन्दने ॥ ८-३२ ॥

मल्लिनाथ-टीका
स इति । अवेक्षितप्रजोऽकुतोभयत्वेनानुसंहितप्रजः । न केवलं स्त्रैण इति भाव: । शोभना प्रजा यस्यासौ सुप्रजाः सुपुत्रवान् । ‘नित्यमसिच्प्रजामेधयोः’ इत्यसिच्प्रत्ययः । पुत्रन्यस्तभार इति भावः । सोऽजः कदाचिद्देव्या महिष्येन्दुमत्या सह नगरोपवने । नन्दने नन्दनाख्येऽमरावत्युपकण्ठवने शचीसखः । शच्या सहेत्यर्थः । मरुतां देवानां पालयितेन्द्र इव विजहार चिक्रीड ।। ३२ ।।

Translation – Once upon a time, he (the king Aja) who looked after his subjects, and who had a fine son, sported with his queen (Indumatī) in the city garden, like Indra (the protector of the gods) with Ṡaci in his company (sports) in the Nandana garden.

(1) सु (शोभना) प्रजा यस्य स: = सुप्रजा: – He whose offspring is good.

(2) सु + प्रजा सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)

(3) The adjective ‘सु’ (meaning ‘शोभना’) is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.

Note: ‘सु + प्रजा सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) सु + प्रजा । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) सुप्रजा + असिँच् । By 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः – Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound whose latter member is either ‘प्रजा’ or ‘मेधा’ and whose prior member is either (the negation particle) ‘नञ्’ or ‘दुस्’ or ‘सु’ the तद्धित: affix असिँच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.

See questions 2 and 3.

(6) सुप्रजा + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘सुप्रजा’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(7) सुप्रज् + अस् । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= सुप्रजस् ।

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example स: (the king) is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुप्रजस्’। It declines like ‘वेधस्’-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(8) सुप्रजस् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(9) सुप्रजस् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(10) सुप्रजास् + स् । By 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः – When the ‘सुँ’ affix which is not सम्बुद्धिः follows, a base that ends in ‘अतुँ’ or a base that ends in ‘अस्’ which is not of a verbal root, has its penultimate letter elongated.

(11) सुप्रजास् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’।
Note: Now ‘सुप्रजास्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् । This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-66 to apply in the next step.

(12) सुप्रजाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः (used in step 5) been used in verses 30-35 of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अकारोच्चारणं भत्वसम्पादनार्थम्, तेन सुप्रजसावित्यादौ ‘यस्येति च’ इत्याकारलोपः सिध्यति। Please explain.

3. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अस्वरितत्वादेव अन्यतरस्यांग्रहणाननुवृत्तिसिद्धौ नित्यग्रहणमन्यतो विधानार्थम्। तेन ‘अल्पमेधस:’ इति सिध्यतीति वृत्तिकारादयः। Please explain.

4. In which compound in the verse has the affix ‘टच्’ been used?

5. In which compound in the verse has the first member of the compound taken पुंवद्भाव: (a masculine-like form)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“King Daśaratha, who had no offspring, performed a sacrifice for getting a son.” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘one who has no offspring’ = ‘अविद्यमाना प्रजा यस्य स:’। Use a causative form of the verbal root √वृत् (वृतुँ वर्तने १. ८६२) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘निर्’ for ‘to perform.’

Easy questions:

1. From which verbal root is the form विजहार derived?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘च्’ in the form चिक्रीड used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form गवाक्षाः mNp from रघुवंशम् 16.20.

रात्रावनाविष्कृतदीपभासः कान्तामुखश्रीवियुता दिवापि ।
तिरस्क्रियन्ते कृमितन्तुजालैर्विच्छिन्नधूमप्रसरा गवाक्षाः॥ 16-20॥

मल्लिनाथ-टीका
रात्रावनाविष्कृतदीपभासः । दीपप्रभाशून्या इत्यर्थः । दिवापि दिवसेऽपि कान्तामुखानां श्रिया कान्त्या वियुता रहिता विच्छिन्नो नष्टो धूमप्रसरो येषां ते गवाक्षाः कृमितन्तुजालैर्लूतातन्तुवितानैस्तिरस्क्रियन्ते छाद्यन्ते ।।

Translation – The round windows are displaying no light of lamps at night and are void of the luster of the faces of the beautiful ladies during the day too. Their diffusion of smoke has ended and they are (now) being covered by cob-webs (20).

(1) गवामक्षीव = गवाक्ष: – round window (which is like the bulls’ eye.)
Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गो’ also has the meaning ‘ray’ (in addition to the more common meaning of ‘cow/bull’). Hence गवामक्षि may be interpreted as गवाम् (= किरणानाम्) अक्षि (= रन्ध्रम्) = an opening for the rays.

(2) गो आम् + अक्षि सुँ । By 2-2-8 षष्ठी – A पदम् ending in a sixth case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् ending in a सुँप् affix and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By the सूत्रम् 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – ‘गो आम्’ (which ends in a sixth case affix) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 षष्ठी (which prescribes the compounding) the term षष्ठी ends in the nominative case.
And hence as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ the term ‘गो आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘गो आम् + अक्षि सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च । This allows the सूत्रम् 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) गो + अक्षि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। Note: Now the term ‘गो’ has the designation पदम् by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-1-123 to apply in the next step.

(5) ग् अवङ् + अक्षि । By 6-1-123 अवङ् स्फोटायनस्य – When followed by a vowel, the term ‘गो’ is optionally replaced by ‘अवङ्’ provided ‘गो’ ends in a letter belonging to the प्रत्याहार: ‘एङ्’ and this letter is at the end of a पदम्।
Note: The substitution ‘अवङ्’ takes place only in the opinion of the teacher स्फोटायन: (and not in the opinion of other teachers.) Hence it implies that the substitution is optional.
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-53 ङिच्च the substitution ‘अवङ्’ comes in place of only the ending letter (‘ओ’) of ‘गो’।

See questions 1, 2 and 3.

(6) ग् अव + अक्षि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) गवाक्षि । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

(8) गवाक्षि + अच् । By 5-4-76 अक्ष्णोऽदर्शनात्‌ – Following a compound ending in ‘अक्षि’ – when not denoting an eye – the तद्धित: affix अच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.
Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दर्शन’ as used in this सूत्रम् is derived by using the affix ल्युट् (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-3-117 करणाधिकरणयोश्च) to denote the instrument of the action (of seeing.) दृश्यतेऽनेनेति दर्शनम् – that by means of which something is seen is called दर्शनम्। Hence it stands for an eye.

(9) गवाक्षि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘गवाक्षि’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(10) गवाक्ष् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= गवाक्ष ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गवाक्ष’ should have been neuter since the latter member ‘अक्षि’ of the compound is neuter. But पुंस्त्वं लोकात् – this compound is used in the masculine gender in the language. It declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।

(11) गवाक्ष + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(12) गवाक्ष + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘जस्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(13) गवाक्षास् । 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When a अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(14) गवाक्षाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-1-123 अवङ् स्फोटायनस्य (used in step 5) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – विभाषानुवृत्तेः स्फोटायनग्रहणं पूजार्थम्। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अतीति निवृत्तम्। The तत्त्वबोधिनी expands on this by saying – अत्राचीत्यनुवर्तते। ‘अतीति तु निवृत्तम्’ इत्यत्र व्याख्यानमेव शरणम्। Please explain.

3. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम् the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – व्यवस्थितविभाषया गवाक्ष:। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the (optional) substitution ‘स्’ (in the place of the विसर्ग:) in the form तिरस्क्रियन्ते?

5. What is the विग्रह: of the compound विच्छिन्नधूमप्रसरा: used in the verse?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In our village, all the houses have beautiful round windows.” Paraphrase to – “In our village, of all the houses there are beautiful round windows.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the substitution ‘रिङ्’ in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the affix ‘णिच्’ in the form छाद्यन्ते used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form विशालाक्षी  fNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.34.15.

एका कथंचिन्मुक्ताहं परिभूय महात्मना | स्त्रीवधं शङ्कमानेन रामेण विदितात्मना ।। ३-३४-१२ ।।
भ्राता चास्य महातेजा गुणतस्तुल्यविक्रमः | अनुरक्तश्च भक्तश्च लक्ष्मणो नाम वीर्यवान् ।। ३-३४-१३ ।।
अमर्षी दुर्जयो जेता विक्रान्तो बुद्धिमान्बली | रामस्य दक्षिणो बाहुर्नित्यं प्राणो बहिश्चरः ।। ३-३४-१४ ।।
रामस्य तु विशालाक्षी पूर्णेन्दुसदृशानना | धर्मपत्नी प्रिया नित्यं भर्तुः प्रियहिते रता ।। ३-३४-१५ ।।

Gita Press translation – I alone was spared somehow, after disgracing me (in the form of mutilation), by the high-souled Rāma, who has realized the self, afraid as he was of (the sin of) killing a woman (12). Nay, his mighty brother, Lakṣmaṇa by name, who is possessed of exceptional glory and equally valorous, is attached and devoted too to him because of his (rare) virtues (13). Intolerant, hard to conquer, victorious (in battle), heroic, talented and strong, he is always the right hand of Rāma, (nay) his (very) life exteriorized (14). Rāma’s beloved wife, wedded according to religious rites, has large eyes and a countenance resembling the full moon. She is ever intent on doing what is pleasing and beneficial to her lord (15).

(1) विशाले अक्षिणी यस्या: सा = विशालाक्षी (सीता) – She (Sītā) who has large eyes.

(2) विशाल औ + अक्षि औ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)

(3) By the सूत्रम् 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘विशाल औ’ as well as ‘अक्षि औ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे (which prescribes the compounding) the term अनेकम् ends in the nominative case. And hence 2-2-30 cannot help us in deciding which term to place in the prior position in the compound.

The adjective ‘विशाल औ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.

Note: ‘विशाल औ + अक्षि औ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) विशाल + अक्षि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) विशालाक्षि । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

(6) विशालाक्षि + षच् । By 5-4-113 बहुव्रीहौ सक्थ्यक्ष्णोः स्वाङ्गात्‌ षच् – Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound ending in either i) ‘सक्थि’ (when denoting a limb of one’s body) or ii) ‘अक्षि’ (when denoting a limb of one’s body) the तद्धित: affix षच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.
Note: In this सूत्रम् the seventh case affix used in बहुव्रीहौ actually stands for a fifth case affix. Hence बहुव्रीहौ should be interpreted as बहुव्रीहेः।
Note: In this सूत्रम् the sixth/seventh case affix used in सक्थ्यक्ष्णोः actually stands for a fifth case affix. Hence सक्थ्यक्ष्णोः should be interpreted as सक्थ्यक्षिभ्याम्। And since it is qualifying बहुव्रीहेः, as per 1-1-72 येन विधिस्तदन्तस्य we get सक्‍थ्‍यक्ष्यन्‍ताद् बहुव्रीहेः।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of बहुव्रीहौ runs from this सूत्रम् down to 5-4-160 निष्प्रवाणिश्च which is the last सूत्रम् in the Fifth Chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी।

(7) विशालाक्षि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-6 षः प्रत्ययस्य and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘विशालाक्षि’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(8) विशालाक्ष् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= विशालाक्ष ।

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, सीता is being qualified. Hence we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विशालाक्षी’as follows –

(9) विशालाक्ष + ङीष् । By 4-1-41 षिद्गौरादिभ्यश्च – In the feminine gender the affix ‘ङीष्’ is prescribed following a प्रातिपदिकम् which either (i) contains the letter ‘ष्’ as a ‘इत्’ or (ii) belongs to the class of words beginning with ‘गौर’।

(10) विशालाक्ष + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘विशालाक्ष’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(11) विशालाक्ष् + ई । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= विशालाक्षी । Declines like नदी-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(12) विशालाक्षी + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(13) विशालाक्षी + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(14) विशालाक्षी । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 5-4-113 बहुव्रीहौ सक्थ्यक्ष्णोः स्वाङ्गात्‌ षच् (used in step 6) been used in the first five verses of Chapter Eleven of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 5-4-113 बहुव्रीहौ सक्थ्यक्ष्णोः स्वाङ्गात्‌ षच् the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – स्‍वाङ्गात्‍किम्? दीर्घसक्थि शकटम्। स्‍थूलाक्षा वेणुयष्‍टिः। ‘अक्ष्णोऽदर्शनात्‌’ इत्यच्। Please explain.

3. Commenting on (the affix ’षच्’ prescribed by) the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – षो ङीषार्थ:। Please explain.

4. In which word in the verses has the affix खल् been used?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘आ’ in the form महात्मना (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महात्मन्’, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम्)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In Laṅkā Śrī Hanumān saw many demons with deformed eyes.” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘those who have deformed eyes’ = ‘विरूपाणि (विकृतरूपाणि) अक्षीणि येषां ते’।

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘अनङ्’ in the form भ्राता (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भ्रातृ’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत्‌ been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form दृढभक्तिः mNs from रघुवंशम् 12.19.

दृढभक्तिरिति ज्येष्ठे राज्यतृष्णापराङ्‍मुखः । मातुः पापस्य भरतः प्रायश्चित्तमिवाकरोत्॥ १२-१९ ॥

मल्लिनाथ-टीका
ज्येष्ठे दृढभक्ती राज्यतृष्णापराङ्‍मुखो भरत इति पूर्वोक्तानुष्ठानेन मातुः पापस्य प्रायश्चित्तं तदपनोदकं कर्माकरोदिव इत्युत्प्रेक्षा । दृढभक्तिरित्यत्र दृढशब्दस्य ‘स्त्रियाः पुंवत्’ – इत्यादिना पुंवद्भावो दुर्घटः । ‘अप्रियादिषु’ इति निषेधात् । भक्तिशब्दस्य प्रियादिषु पाठात् । अतो दृढं भक्तिरस्येति नपुंसकपूर्वपदो बहुव्रीहिरिति गणव्याख्याने दृढभक्तिरित्येवमादिषु पूर्वपदस्य नपुंसकस्य विवक्षितत्वात्सिद्धमिति समाधेयम् । वृत्तिकारश्च दीर्घनिवृत्तिमात्रपरो दृढभक्तिशब्दो लिङ्गविशेषस्यानुपकारकत्वात् स्त्रीत्वमविवक्षितमेव, तस्मादस्त्रीलिङ्गत्वाद्दृढभक्तिशब्दस्यायं प्रयोग इत्यभिप्रायः । न्यासकारोऽप्येवम् । भोजराजस्तु – कर्मसाधनस्यैव भक्तिशब्दस्य प्रियादिपाठाद्भवानीभक्तिरित्यादौ कर्मसाधनत्वात् पुंवद्भावप्रतिषेधः, दृढभक्तिरित्यादौ भावसाधनत्वात् पुंवद्भावसिद्धिः पूर्वपदस्येत्याह ।। १९ ।।

Translation – Bharata, who had a firm devotion to his elder [brother] and was averse to the greed for the kingdom, thus made, as it were, atonement for the sin of his mother.

(1) दृढं भक्तिर्यस्य सः = दृढभक्ति: (भरत:) – He (Bharata) who had a firm devotion.

(2) दृढ सुँ + भक्ति सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)

(3) By the सूत्रम् 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘दृढ सुँ’ as well as ‘भक्ति सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे (which prescribes the compounding) the term अनेकम् ends in the nominative case. And hence 2-2-30 cannot help us in deciding which term to place in the prior position in the compound.

The adjective ‘दृढ सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.

Note: ‘दृढ सुँ + भक्ति सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) दृढ + भक्ति । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: By 6-3-34 स्त्रियाः पुंवद्भाषितपुंस्कादनूङ् समानाधिकरणे स्त्रियामपूरणीप्रियादिषु – A feminine adjective which does not end in the feminine affix ‘ऊङ्’ (ref. 4-1-66 ऊङुतः etc) and is formed from a masculine base denoting the same meaning becomes masculine-like when it is followed by a feminine final member (of a compound) which has समानाधिकरणम् (same locus/reference) but not if the final member denotes an ordinal number or belongs to the class of words ‘प्रिया’ etc.
In the present example the feminine final member ‘भक्ति’ of the compound belongs to the प्रियादि-गणः। Hence if we were to analyze the compound as दृढा भक्तिर्यस्य स: we would get the final form as ‘दृढाभक्ति’ (which is also a valid form) but not the form ‘दृढभक्ति’ used in the verse. The exclusion ‘अप्रियादिषु’ (mentioned in the सूत्रम् 6-3-34) would prevent ‘दृढा’ from taking its masculine-like form ‘दृढ’। This is the reason for analyzing the compound as दृढं भक्तिर्यस्य सः in order to get the form ‘दृढभक्ति’। The use of the neuter form दृढम् is justified by the maxim सामान्ये नपुंसकम् – the neuter gender is used to refer to something in general terms. In order words, neuter is the default gender. When a word is not intended to be gender-specific it is used in the neuter gender. That is how दृढम् has been used in the विग्रह: – दृढं भक्तिर्यस्य सः।

See question 2.

= दृढभक्ति ।

The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example दृढभक्तिः is qualifying भरतः । Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दृढभक्ति’। It declines like हरि-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(5) दृढभक्ति + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) दृढभक्ति + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) दृढभक्ति: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In verses 5-10 of Chapter Six of the गीता can you spot a बहुव्रीहिः compound in which the पूर्वपदम् has taken पुंवद्भाव:?

2. Commenting on the use of the form दृढम् (in दृढं भक्तिर्यस्य सः) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अदार्ढ्यनिवृत्तिमात्रपरत्वेनात्र दृढशब्दप्रयोगान्न लिङ्गविशेषविवक्षा। Please explain.

3. The seventh case affix in the form ज्येष्ठे used in the verse is prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च because ‘ज्येष्ठ’ has the designation अधिकरणम् as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम्। आधारः is of three kinds (i) औपश्लेषिक: involving contact or proximity (ii) वैषयिक: involving a subject matter (iii) अभिव्यापक: involving pervasion. Which one (of these three) is it here?

4. In which word in the commentary has the affix ‘खल्’ been used?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-65 ईद्यति been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Knowledge and renunciation come only to the one whose devotion is firm.” Use the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘उप’ for ‘to come to (to approach.)’

Easy questions:

1. In which word in the verses has the सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत्‌ been used?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘उ’ in the verses?