Today we will look at the form पितापुत्राभ्याम्  mId from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.1.9.

तत्र ह वा एनं देवर्षिर्हंसयानेन पितरं भगवन्तं हिरण्यगर्भमुपलभमानः सहसैवोत्थायार्हणेन सह पितापुत्राभ्यामवहिताञ्जलिरुपतस्थे ।। ५-१-९ ।।
भगवानपि भारत तदुपनीतार्हणः सूक्तवाकेनातितरामुदितगुणगणावतारसुजयः प्रियव्रतमादिपुरुषस्तं सदयहासावलोक इति होवाच ।। ५-१-१० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
हंसयानेनोपलक्षणेनैनं पितरमुपलभमानो मत्पिताऽयमिति लक्षयन् पितापुत्राभ्यां मनुप्रियव्रताभ्यां सह नारदः कृताञ्जलिः सन्सहसैवाभ्युत्थायार्हणेन पूजया सहोपतस्थे तुष्टाव । प्रियव्रतं तदा मन्दरद्रोण्यां नारद उपदिशति मनुश्च तं नेतुमागतोऽस्तीति ज्ञातव्यम् ।। ९ ।। हे भारत, भगवानादिपुरुषो ब्रह्मापि तं प्रियव्रतमिति होवाचेत्यन्वयः । तेन नारदेनोपनीतमर्हणं यस्य सः । सूक्तवाकेन यथोचितवाक्येन । अतिशयेनोदिता वर्णिता गुणगणा अवताराः सुजयाः सर्वोत्कर्षाश्च यस्य ।। १० ।।

Gita Press translation – Recognizing there from his mount, a swan, that he was no other than his father, the glorious Brahmā, Nārada (the celestial sage) quickly rose and waited upon him with articles of worship along with the father (Swāyambhuva Manu) and son (Priyavrata), his palms joined (in prayer) (9). The glorious Brahmā too, the first among embodied beings, who was offered (many an article of) worship (by Nārada) and whose hosts of virtues, coming down to the earth (to bless his devotees), and excellent glories were sung in appropriate words, spoke as follows to Priyavrata, casting at him a smiling look full of compassion indeed (10).

Note: It appears that the Gita Press translation for verse 10 has not taken into consideration the word अतितराम् (‘exceedingly’) which is an adverb qualifying the action ‘sung.’

(1) पिता च पुत्रश्च = पितापुत्रौ – father and son.

(2) पितृ सुँ + पुत्र सुँ । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।

(3) पितृ सुँ + पुत्र सुँ । As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-33 अजाद्यदन्तम्‌) अभ्यर्हितं च, we place ‘पितृ सुँ’ in the prior position in the compound because the father commands greater respect than the son. Even otherwise, as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-33 अजाद्यदन्तम्‌) लघ्वक्षरं पूर्वम्‌ the term ‘पितृ सुँ’ would be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘पितृ सुँ + पुत्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) पितृ + पुत्र । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) पित् आनँङ् + पुत्र । By 6-3-25 आनङ् ऋतो द्वन्द्वे – When the final term of the compound follows, there is a substitution of ‘आनँङ्’ (in place of the penultimate term) in a द्वन्द्व: compound whose terms – i) all end in the letter ‘ऋ’ and ii) denote a relationship either via knowledge/study or birth.
Note: Even though ‘पुत्र’ does not end in the letter ‘ऋ’, the सूत्रम् 6-3-25 applies here because of the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘पुत्रे’ which comes down in to this सूत्रम् 6-3-25 from the सूत्रम् 6-3-22 पुत्रेऽन्यतरस्याम् via मण्डूकप्लुति: (frog-jump) – which means that the अनुवृत्ति: skips the intervening rules 6-3-23 and 6-3-24.

See question 1.

As per 1-1-53 ङिच्च, only the ending letter ‘ऋ’ of ‘पितृ’ is substituted with ‘आनँङ्’।

(6) पितान् + पुत्र । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: Here ‘पितान्’ has the designation पदम् by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य to apply in the next step.

(7) पितापुत्र । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पितापुत्र’ is masculine since the final member ‘पुत्र’ of the compound is masculine. This द्वन्द्वः compound (which expresses इतरेतरयोगः) is dual in number because it has two members.

The विवक्षा is तृतीया।

(8) पितापुत्र + भ्याम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘भ्याम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(9) पितापुत्रा + भ्याम् । By 7-3-102 सुपि च – The ending letter ‘अ’ of a प्रातिपदिकम् is elongated if it is followed by a सुँप् affix beginning with a letter of the यञ्-प्रत्याहार:।

= पितापुत्राभ्याम् ।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the example पितापुत्रौ the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अनयोरपि योनिकृतः सम्बन्धो जन्यजनकभावलक्षणः। Please explain.

2. What type of compound is अवहिताञ्जलि: as used in the verses?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. कर्मधारय:
iii. बहुव्रीहि:
iv. तृतीया-तत्पुरुष:

3. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form अर्हणेन used in the verses?

4. What is the विग्रह: of the compound तदुपनीतार्हणः used in the verses?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-82 आने मुक् been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Only a father and (his) son live in this house.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘केवल’ for ‘only.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः been used in the verses?

2. From which verbal root is the form तुष्टाव (used in the commentary) derived?

Today we will look at the form मातापितरौ  mAd from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.8.9.

अहो बतायं हरिणकुणकः कृपण ईश्वररथचरणपरिभ्रमणरयेण स्वगणसुहृद्बन्धुभ्यः परिवर्जितः शरणं च मोपसादितो मामेव मातापितरौ भ्रातृज्ञातीन्यौथिकांश्चैवोपेयाय नान्यं कञ्चन वेद मय्यतिविस्रब्धश्चात एव मया मत्परायणस्य पोषणपालनप्रीणनलालनमनसूयुनानुष्ठेयं शरण्योपेक्षादोषविदुषा ।। ५-८-९ ।।
नूनं ह्यार्याः साधव उपशमशीलाः कृपणसुहृद एवंविधार्थे स्वार्थानपि गुरुतरानुपेक्षन्ते ।। ५-८-१० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
आसक्तिं प्रपञ्चयति – अहो इत्यादिना इति कृपानुषङ्ग इत्येतत्पर्यन्तेन । ईश्वररथचरणः कालचक्रं तस्य परिभ्रमणवेगेन स्वगणादिभ्यो विभ्रंशितः मा इति मां च शरणं प्रापितः मामेव मातापित्रादिबुद्ध्योपेयाय प्राप्तः । यौथिकान्यूथसंघातिनः । अनसूयुना एतन्निमित्तं मम स्वार्थो भ्रश्यतीति दोषदृष्टिमकुर्वता ।। ९ ।। तदेवाह – नूनं हीति ।। १० ।।

Gita Press translation – “Oh, torn from its class as well as from its near and dear ones and alas! brought under my protection by the fast rotating wheel of Time, this helpless young deer has accepted me alone for its parents, kith and kin and mates, knowing no one else, and has great confidence in me. Hence it behooves me (too) to nourish, protect (from enemies), gratify and fondle in an unavailing spirit this fawn exclusively depending on me, knowing as I do that it is sinful to forsake him who seeks my protection (9). Surely worthy and pious souls who are given to self-control and are friends of the poor ignore their own big interests for the sake of such (wretched) creatures (10).”

(1) माता च पिता च = मातापितरौ – parents (mother and father).

(2) मातृ सुँ + पितृ सुँ । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।

(3) मातृ सुँ + पितृ सुँ । As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-33 अजाद्यदन्तम्‌) अभ्यर्हितं च, we place ‘मातृ सुँ’ in the prior position in the compound because the mother commands greater respect than the father. Otherwise, as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-33 अजाद्यदन्तम्‌) लघ्वक्षरं पूर्वम्‌ the term ‘पितृ सुँ’ would have been placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘मातृ सुँ + पितृ सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) मातृ + पितृ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) मात् आनँङ् + पितृ । By 6-3-25 आनङ् ऋतो द्वन्द्वे – When the final term of the compound follows, there is a substitution of ‘आनँङ्’ (in place of the penultimate term) in a द्वन्द्व: compound whose terms – i) all end in the letter ‘ऋ’ and ii) denote a relationship either via knowledge/study or birth. (Since the parents are jointly involved in the birth of their offspring, they do have a relationship via birth.)
As per 1-1-53 ङिच्च, only the ending letter ‘ऋ’ of ‘मातृ’ is substituted with ‘आनँङ्’।

(6) मातान् + पितृ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: Here ‘मातान्’ has the designation पदम् by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य to apply in the next step.

(7) मातापितृ । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मातापितृ’ is masculine since the final member ‘पितृ’ of the compound is masculine. This द्वन्द्वः compound (which expresses इतरेतरयोगः) is dual in number because it has two members.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्।

(8) मातापितृ + औट् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। Note: The affix ‘औट्’ has the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा here as per 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य। This allows 7-3-110 to apply below.

(9) मातापितृ + औ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(10) मातापितर् + औ । By 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः – The ending letter ‘ऋ’ of a अङ्गम् gets a गुणः replacement, when followed by the affix ‘ङि’ (सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) or an affix with the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्। By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (‘अ’, ‘इ’, ‘उ’) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a ‘रँ’ (‘र्’, ‘ल्’) letter.

= मातापितरौ ।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-25 आनङ् ऋतो द्वन्द्वे (used in step 5) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – न चाकारमात्रमेव विधीयतामिति वाच्यम्। ‘उरण् रपरः’ इति रपरप्रसङ्गात्। Please explain.

2. Which compound in the verses is a द्वन्द्व: compound constructed समाहारे?

3. Can you spot the affix यत् in the verses?

4. From which verbal root is the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आर्य’ (used in the form आर्या: (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) in the verses) derived?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-74 तस्मान्नुडचि been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My parents have passed away.” Paraphrase to “My parents have gone to heaven.” Use the अव्ययम् ‘स्वर्’ for ‘heaven.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form भ्रश्यति used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form सुरासुराः  mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.7.9.

तमुत्थितं वीक्ष्य कुलाचलं पुनः समुद्यता निर्मथितुं सुरासुराः । दधार पृष्ठेन स लक्षयोजनप्रस्तारिणा द्वीप इवापरो महान् ।। ८-७-९ ।।
सुरासुरेन्द्रैर्भुजवीर्यवेपितं परिभ्रमन्तं गिरिमङ्ग पृष्ठतः । बिभ्रत्तदावर्तनमादिकच्छपो मेनेऽङ्गकण्डूयनमप्रमेयः ।। ८-७-१० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
लक्षयोजनः प्रस्तारो विस्तारोऽस्यास्तीति तथा तेन पृष्ठेन ।। ९ ।। यस्य गिरेरावर्तनं भ्रमणमङ्गकण्डूयनं मेने ।। १० ।।

Gita Press translation – On seeing the great mountain rising, the gods and demons girded their loins once more to proceed with the churning. Like another great division of the globe, the Lord (in the form of a tortoise) bore the mountain on His back, which was one lakh Yojanas or 8,00,0000 miles in extent (9). Supporting on His back, O dear Parīkṣit, the mountain shaken by the might of arms of the principal gods and demons and (consequently) set revolving, the infinite Lord, manifested as the First Tortoise regarded its revolution as the (mere) scratching of His back (10).

(1) सुराश्चासुराश्च = सुरासुराः – the gods and demons.

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-9 येषां च विरोधः शाश्वतिकः – A द्वन्द्व: compound whose terms denote those among whom there is permanent enmity is always singular in number and hence always expresses a समाहार: (a group in which the individuality of the terms is subservient to the group) and not इतरेतरयोग: (a group in which the individuality of the terms is evident.)
But, the compound सुरासुरा: (which expresses इतरेतरयोग:) is allowed because the enmity between the सुरा: (gods) and असुरा: (demons) is not permanent. (They cooperated during the churning of the ocean.)

(2) सुर जस् + असुर जस् । As per the सूत्रम् 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।

(3) सुर जस् + असुर जस् । As per the सूत्रम् 2-2-33 अजाद्यदन्तम्‌, ‘असुर जस्’ should be placed in the prior position in the compound because ‘असुर’ begins with a vowel and ends in the letter ‘अ’ while ‘सुर’ does not. But since ‘सुर’ has only two syllables while ‘असुर’ has three syllables, ‘सुर जस्’ should be placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्‌ – In a द्वन्द्व: compound the term having the least number of syllables (vowels) is placed in the prior position.
Note: 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्‌ being a later rule in the अष्टाध्यायी has greater force than the prior rule 2-2-33 अजाद्यदन्तम्‌। Therefore ‘सुर जस्’ is placed in the prior position in this compound.

Note: ‘सुर जस् + असुर जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) सुर + असुर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) सुरासुर । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुरासुर’ is masculine since the final member ‘असुर’ of the compound is in the masculine.

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् ।

(6) सुरासुर + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) सुरासुर + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘जस्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) सुरासुरास् । By 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः।

(9) सुरासुराः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-4-9 येषां च विरोधः शाश्वतिकः (referenced in step 1) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – गोव्याघ्रम्। काकोलूकमित्यादौ परत्वात् ‘वृक्षमृगतृणधान्यव्यञ्जनपशुशकुन्यश्ववडवपूर्वापराधरोत्तराणाम्‌ ‘ इति प्राप्तं चाकारेण बाध्यते। Please explain.

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-32 कर्तृकरणे कृता बहुलम्‌ been used in the verses?

3. From which verbal root is the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रमेय’ (used as part of the नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound अप्रमेयः in the verses) derived?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘इ’ in the form उत्थितम् used in the verses?

5. Which कृत् affix is used to construct the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आवर्तन’ (used in the form आवर्तनम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Requested by the gods and demons, (Lord) Śiva drank the frightful poison produced from the churning of the ocean.” Use the verbal root √अर्थ (अर्थ उपयाच्ञायाम् १०. ४४७) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ for ‘to request.’ Use the adjective ‘घोर’ for ‘frightful.’ Use the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) for ‘to be produced.’

Easy questions:

1. What prevents the augment नुँम् (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः) from applying in the form बिभ्रत् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘बिभ्रत्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) used in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form घृतपायससंयावम्  nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.21.4.

वियद्वित्तस्य ददतो लब्धं लब्धं बुभुक्षतः । निष्किञ्चनस्य धीरस्य सकुटुम्बस्य सीदतः ।। ९-२१-३ ।।
व्यतीयुरष्टचत्वारिंशदहान्यपिबतः किल । घृतपायससंयावं तोयं प्रातरुपस्थितम् ।। ९-२१-४ ।।
कृच्छ्रप्राप्तकुटुम्बस्य क्षुत्तृड्भ्यां जातवेपथोः । अतिथिर्ब्राह्मणः काले भोक्तुकामस्य चागमत् ।। ९-२१-५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
वियद्वित्तस्य वियतो गगनादिवोद्यमं विना दैवादुपस्थितमेव वित्तं भोग्यं यस्य । यद्वा वियद्व्ययं प्राप्नुवद्वित्तं भोग्यं यस्य । तदेवाह – बुभुक्षतोऽपि सतो लब्धं लब्धं ददतः । तत्प्रपञ्चयति – निष्किंचनस्येत्यादिसार्धैः पञ्चदशभिः ।। ३ ।। अपिबतो जलपानमप्यकुर्वतः । घृतादित्रयाणां द्वन्द्वैक्यम् । तोयं च ।। ४ ।। ५ ।।

Gita Press translation – In the case of Rantideva, who subsisted on whatever was obtained without any effort and who, though feeling hungry (himself), gave away all that was got, and was thus rendered (utterly) destitute (having no provision even for the evening much less for the next day), and therefore suffering terrible hardship, along with his family – who were reduced to (great) straits – (nay), trembling due to (excessive) hunger and thirst, yet calm, passed (not less than) forty-eight days – so the tradition goes – without his taking (even) water. In the morning (of the forty-ninth day) there came to him (by chance) ghee, rice cooked in milk with sugar, Saṁyāva (a kind of porridge made of wheat flour with ghee and milk), as well as water. And when he was intending to partake of it, there arrived, at that (very) time, a newcomer in the person of a Brāhmaṇa (3-5).

(1) घृतं च पायसं च संयावश्चैषां समाहार: = घृतपायससंयावम् – (A collection of) ghee, rice cooked in milk with sugar and Saṁyāva (a kind of porridge made of wheat flour with ghee and milk.)

(2) घृत सुँ + पायस सुँ + संयाव सुँ । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।

(3) घृत सुँ + पायस सुँ + संयाव सुँ । ‘घृत’ has only two syllables while ‘पायस’ as well as ‘संयाव’ has three syllables. Therefore ‘घृत सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्‌ – In a द्वन्द्व: compound the term having the least number of syllables (vowels) is placed in the prior position (and the remaining terms of the compound may be placed in any order.)

Note: ‘घृत सुँ + पायस सुँ + संयाव सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) घृत + पायस + संयाव । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= घृतपायससंयाव ।

Since the terms of this द्वन्द्व: compound denote classes (generic names) of things which are not living beings, it is always singular in number and hence always expresses a समाहार: (a group in which the individuality of the terms is subservient to the group) as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-6 जातिरप्राणिनाम्‌ – A द्वन्द्व: compound whose terms denote classes (generic names) of things which are not living beings is always singular in number and hence always expresses a समाहार: (a group in which the individuality of the terms is subservient to the group) and not इतरेतरयोग: (a group in which the individuality of the terms is evident.)

And as per 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌ this compound is neuter in gender. It declines like वन-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(5) घृतपायससंयाव + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(6) घृतपायससंयाव + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) घृतपायससंयावम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Which type of compound is जातवेपथोः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जातवेपथु’, पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) as used in the verses?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. बहुव्रीहि:
iii. कर्मधारय:
iv. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:

2. Which वार्तिकम् mandates the placement of the term ‘पञ्च’ in the prior position in the compound पञ्चदशभिः used in the commentary?

3. The form बुभुक्षतः used in the verses is आर्ष: (grammatically irregular.) What is the grammatically correct form?

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the repetition of the word लब्धम् in the verses?

5. In which sense has a third case affix been used in the form क्षुत्तृड्भ्याम् in the verses?
i) कर्तरि
ii) करणे
iii) हेतौ
iv) None of the above

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I like cakes and sweetmeats.” Form a द्वन्द्व: compound for ‘(a group of) cakes and sweetmeats’ = शष्कुल्यश्च मोदकाश्चैषां समाहार:।

Easy questions:

1. From which verbal root is the form व्यतीयु: derived?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-55 पुषादिद्युताद्यॢदितः परस्मैपदेषु been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form पञ्चदशभिः  mIp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.11.23.

नमुचिः पञ्चदशभिः स्वर्णपुङ्खैर्महेषुभिः । आहत्य व्यनदत्सङ्ख्ये सतोय इव तोयदः ।। ८-११-२३ ।।
सर्वतः शरकूटेन शक्रं सरथसारथिम् । छादयामासुरसुराः प्रावृट्सूर्यमिवाम्बुदाः ।। ८-११-२४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
आहत्येन्द्रं विद्ध्वा ।। २३ ।। प्रावृट्कालीनं सूर्यम् ।। २४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Piercing Indra with fifteen large arrows furnished with hilts of gold, (the demon) Namuci roared on the field of the battle like a cloud charged with water (23). The demons covered Śakra (Indra) including his chariot and charioteer on all sides with a network of arrows (even) as clouds would obscure the sun in the rains (24).

(1) पञ्च च दश च = पञ्चदश – (five + ten =) fifteen.

(2) पञ्चन् जस् + दशन् जस् । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।

(3) पञ्चन् जस् + दशन् जस् । Both the vowels (‘अ’) in ‘दशन्’ have the designation लघु as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-10 ह्रस्वं लघु। While in ‘पञ्चन्’ the first vowel ‘अ’ precedes the conjunct ‘ञ्च्’ and therefore does not have the designation लघु। It has the designation गुरु as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-11 संयोगे गुरु। Hence as per the वार्तिकम् ‘लघ्वक्षरं पूर्वम्‌’, ‘दशन्’ should have been placed in the prior position in this compound. But since ‘पञ्चन्’ denotes a smaller number it is placed in the prior position as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्‌) सङ्ख्याया अल्पीयस्याः पूर्वनिपातो वक्तव्यः – In a compound the term which denotes a smaller number is placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘पञ्चन् जस् + दशन् जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) पञ्चन् + दशन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। Now ‘पञ्चन्’ has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.

(5) पञ्चदशन् । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पञ्चदशन्’ is an adjective since the latter member ‘दशन्’ of the compound is an adjective. Here it is used in the masculine since पञ्चदशभिः is an adjective to the masculine noun महेषुभिः।

The विवक्षा is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्।

(6) पञ्चदशन् + भिस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘भिस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा। The अङ्गम् ‘पञ्चदशन्’ gets the designation पदम् here by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनामस्थाने। This allows 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.

(7) पञ्चदश + भिस् । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

(8) पञ्चदशभिः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘स’ in the compound सतोय:?

2. Which compound used in the verses is a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound?

3. Is there an alternate form for आहत्य? (Consider the सूत्रम् 6-4-38 वा ल्यपि।)

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः been used in the verses?

5. From which verbal root is the form विद्ध्वा (used in the commentary) derived?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There are fifteen days in every fortnight.” Use the masculine noun ‘पक्ष’ for ‘fortnight.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the augment ‘अट्’ in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘उस्’ in the form छादयामासु:?

Today we will look at the form फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुरैः  mIp(nIp) from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.11.14.

सम्मार्जितमहामार्गरथ्यापणकचत्वराम् । सिक्तां गन्धजलैरुप्तां फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुरैः ।। १-११-१४ ।।
द्वारि द्वारि गृहाणां च दध्यक्षतफलेक्षुभिः । अलङ्कृतां पूर्णकुम्भैर्बलिभिर्धूपदीपकैः ।। १-११-१५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
संमार्जितानि नि:सारितरजस्कानि महामार्गादीनि यस्यां ताम् । महामार्गा राजमार्गाः । रथ्या इतरमार्गाः । आपणकाः पण्यवीथयः । चत्वराण्यङ्गनानि । फलादिभिरुप्तामवकीर्णाम् ।। १४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Its highways, streets, bazaars and quadrangles had been thoroughly cleaned and sprinkled with scented water and were strewn with fruits, flowers, unbroken rice and sprouts (that had been rained on the Lord as something auspicious) (14). The entrance of every house in the city was adorned with curds, unbroken rice, fruits and sugar-cane, pitchers full of water, offering, incense and lights (15).

(1) फलानि च पुष्पाणि चाक्षताश्च चाङ्कुराश्च = फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुराः or फलानि च पुष्पाणि चाक्षताश्च चाङ्कुराणि च = फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुराणि – fruits, flowers, unbroken rice and sprouts

(2) फल जस् + पुष्प जस् + अक्षत जस् + अङ्कुर जस् । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।

(3) फल जस् + पुष्प जस् + अक्षत जस् + अङ्कुर जस् । As per the सूत्रम् 2-2-33 अजाद्यदन्तम्‌, either ‘अक्षत जस्’ or ‘अङ्कुर जस्’ should be placed in the prior position in the compound because ‘अक्षत/अङ्कुर’ begins with a vowel and ends in the letter ‘अ’ while ‘फल/पुष्प’ does not. But since ‘फल/पुष्प’ has only two syllables while ‘अक्षत/अङ्कुर’ has three syllables, either ‘फल जस्’ or ‘पुष्प जस्’ should be placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्‌।
2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्‌ being a later rule in the अष्टाध्यायी has greater force than the prior rule 2-2-33 अजाद्यदन्तम्‌। Therefore either ‘फल जस्’ or ‘पुष्प जस्’ should be placed in the prior position in this compound.
Now, both the vowels (‘अ’) in ‘फल’ have the designation लघु as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-10 ह्रस्वं लघु। While in ‘पुष्प’ the first vowel ‘उ’ precedes the conjunct ‘ष्प्’ and therefore does not have the designation लघु। It has the designation गुरु as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-11 संयोगे गुरु। So ‘फल जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्‌) लघ्वक्षरं पूर्वम्‌ – In a द्वन्द्व: compound the term whose vowels have the designation लघु (ref. 1-4-10 ह्रस्वं लघु) is placed in the prior position (and the remaining terms of the compound may be placed in any order.)

Note: ‘फल जस् + पुष्प जस् + अक्षत जस् + अङ्कुर जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) फल + पुष्प + अक्षत + अङ्कुर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुर । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुर’ is masculine/neuter since the final member ‘अङ्कुर’ of the compound is masculine/neuter.

The विवक्षा is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्।

(6) फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुर + भिस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(7) फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुर + ऐस् । By 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् – Following a अङ्गम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affix ‘भिस्’ is replaced by ‘ऐस्’। As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire affix ‘भिस्’ is replaced by ‘ऐस्’। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘ऐस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुरैस् । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(9) फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुरैः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the placement of the term ‘धूप’ in the prior position in the compound धूपदीपकैः?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-1-4 नित्यवीप्सयोः been used in the verses?

3. In the verses can you spot a compound composed using the वार्तिकम् (under 2-1-60 क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ् in the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी) शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्योपसंख्यानम्?

4. From which verbal root is the form उप्ताम् (स्त्रीलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) derived?

5. In which compound in the commentary has the affix ‘कप्’ been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The Lord is pleased even by only fruits and flowers offered with devotion.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘केवल’ for ‘only.’ Use a causative form of the verbal root √ऋ (ऋ गतिप्रापणयोः १. १०८६, ऋ गतौ ३. १७) for ‘to offer.’

Easy questions:

1. In which other words (besides फलपुष्पाक्षताङ्कुरैः) in the verses has the सूत्रम् 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् (use in step 7) been used?

2. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् apply in the word दध्यक्षतफलेक्षुभिः? (Which condition is not satisfied?)

Today we will look at the form वृष्णिपार्थानाम् mGp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् verse 1.16.14.

तत्र तत्रोपशृण्वानः स्वपूर्वेषां महात्मनाम् । प्रगीयमानं च यशः कृष्णमाहात्म्यसूचकम् ।। १-१६-१३ ।।
आत्मानं च परित्रातमश्वत्थाम्नोऽस्त्रतेजसः । स्नेहं च वृष्णिपार्थानां तेषां भक्तिं च केशवे ।। १-१६-१४ ।।
तेभ्यः परमसंतुष्टः प्रीत्युज्जृम्भितलोचनः । महाधनानि वासांसि ददौ हारान्महामनाः ।। १-१६-१५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
प्रगीयमानं यशः । यशआदीनि शृण्वंस्तेभ्यो ददाविति तृतीयेनान्वयः ।। १३ – १६ ।।

Gita Press translation – Everywhere he heard the people sing the praises of his high-souled forbears (the Pāṇḍavas), revealing at the same time the glory of Śrī Kṛṣṇa (13). He also heard the story of his own deliverance (at the hands of Śrī Kṛṣṇa) from the fire of the missile discharged by Aśwatthāmā (the son of Droṇa), as well as of the cordial relations existing between the Vṛṣṇis (the Yādavas) and the sons of Pṛthā (Kuntī) and of the latters’ devotion to Lord Keśava (Śrī Kṛṣṇa) (14). Highly pleased with them (those who sang these stories) the noble-minded emperor bestowed on them costly garments and necklaces, his eyes open with joy (15).

(1) वृष्णयश्च पार्थाश्च = वृष्णिपार्था: – Vṛṣṇis (the Yādavas) and the sons of Pṛthā (Kuntī)

(2) वृष्णि जस् + पार्थ जस् । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।

(3) वृष्णि जस् + पार्थ जस् । ‘वृष्णि’ has the designation ‘घि’ (as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि) while ‘पार्थ’ does not. Hence ‘वृष्णि जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-32 द्वन्द्वे घि – In a द्वन्द्व: compound the term having the designation ‘घि’ is placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘वृष्णि जस् + पार्थ जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) वृष्णि + पार्थ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= वृष्णिपार्थ ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वृष्णिपार्थ’ is masculine since the final member ‘पार्थ’ of the compound is used here in the masculine. This द्वन्द्वः compound (which expresses इतरेतरयोगः) is dual in number because it has two members. It declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्।

(5) वृष्णिपार्थ + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘आम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(6) वृष्णिपार्थ + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट् – The affix ‘आम्’ takes the augment ‘नुँट्’ when it follows a प्रातिपदिकम् which either ends in a short vowel or has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा or ends in the feminine affix ‘आप्’।
As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the augment ‘नुँट्’ joins at the beginning of the affix ‘आम्’।

(7) वृष्णिपार्थ + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) वृष्णिपार्थानाम् । By 6-4-3 नामि – The ending vowel of an अङ्गम् gets elongated if followed by the term ‘नाम्’।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-32 द्वन्द्वे घि (used in step 3) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘अनेकम्’ इति सर्वेषामेव प्रथमानिर्दिष्टत्वेनोपसर्जनत्वाविशेषादनियमप्राप्तावयमारम्भः। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the काशिका says – द्वन्द्व इति किम्? विस्पष्टपटुः। Please explain. Hint: The पदमञ्जरी (which is a commentary on the काशिका) analyses the compound विस्पष्टपटुः as विस्पष्टं पटुरिति विगृह्य ‘सुप्सुपा’ इति समास:।

3. Where does the सूत्रम् 1-4-25 भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः find application in the verses?

4. The seventh case affix in the form केशवे used in the verse is prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च because ‘केशव’ has the designation अधिकरणम् as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम्। आधारः is of three kinds (i) औपश्लेषिक: involving contact or proximity (ii) वैषयिक: involving a subject matter (iii) अभिव्यापक: involving pervasion. Which one (of these three) is it here?

5. Why is the form प्रगीयमानम् used in the verses a आर्षप्रयोग: (irregular grammatical usage)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There is no difference between (Lord) Viṣṇu and (Lord) Śiva.” Form a द्वन्द्व: compound for ‘(Lord) Viṣṇu and (Lord) Śiva’ = ‘हरिश्च हरश्च’।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘औ’ (in place of the affix ‘णल्’) in the form ददौ?

Today we will look at the form दम्पती mNd from श्रीमद्भागवतम् verse 11.7.59.

प्रजाः पुपुषतुः प्रीतौ दम्पती पुत्रवत्सलौ । शृण्वन्तौ कूजितं तासां निर्वृतौ कलभाषितैः ।। ११-७-५९ ।।
तासां पतत्रैः सुस्पर्शैः कूजितैर्मुग्धचेष्टितैः । प्रत्युद्गमैरदीनानां पितरौ मुदमापतुः ।। ११-७-६० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
पतत्रैः पक्षैः । अदीनानां हृष्टानाम् ।। ६० ।।

Gita Press translation – Hearing their cooing and delighted by their sweet chirping, the pair, fond as they were of their offsprings, nourished them with (great) affection (59). The parents derived (great) joy through (the touch of) the feathers, (so) pleasant to touch, (sweet) chirps and charming movements of their happy youngs and their coming forth to meet them (60).

(1) जाया च पतिश्च = जायापती/दम्पती/जम्पती – wife and husband

(2) जाया सुँ + पति सुँ । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः। Here ‘पति’ has the designation ‘घि’ as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-8 पतिः समास एव and hence as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-32 द्वन्द्वे घि we should place ‘पति सुँ’ in the prior position in the compound.

(4) जाया सुँ + पति सुँ । By 2-2-31 राजदन्तादिषु परम्‌ – In the list of compounds ‘राजदन्त’ etc the term which ought to be placed in the prior position in the compound is actually placed in the latter position. In spite of the सूत्रम् 2-2-32 द्वन्द्वे घि, ‘पति सुँ’ is placed in the final position in the compound in order to arrive at the compound जायापती as listed in the राजदन्तादि-गण:। Note: ‘जाया सुँ + पति सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(5) जाया + पति । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= जायापति ।

Note: जायाशब्दस्य जम्भावो दम्भावश्च वा निपात्यते – The compounds जम्पती and दम्पती are listed in the राजदन्तादि-गण: hence we conclude that ‘जाया’ may optionally take the form ‘जम्’ or ‘दम्’ in the compound जायापती to give the two optional compound forms जम्पती and दम्पती।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जायापति’ or ‘जम्पति’ or ‘दम्पति’ is masculine since the final member ‘पति’ is masculine. This द्वन्द्वः compound (which expresses इतरेतरयोगः) is dual in number because it has two members. It declines like हरि-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा ।

(6) दम्पति + औ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्

(7) दम्पती । By 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

Questions:

1. Can you spot a कर्मधारयः compound in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 नञ्‌ been used in the verses?

3. Which कृत् affix is used the derive the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पतत्र’ (used in the form पतत्रैः (तृतीया-बहुवचनम्) in the verses)? Hint: The विग्रह: is ‘पतन्तं त्रायते’।

4. In which sense has a third case affix been used in the words (सुस्पर्शैः) पतत्रैः, कूजितै:, मुग्धचेष्टितैः and प्रत्युद्गमै: in the verses?
i. कर्तरि
ii. करणे
iii. हेतौ
iv. None of the above

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ल्युट् used in the form ‘चेष्टित’ (as part of the compound मुग्धचेष्टितैः) in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A couple (husband and wife) should avoid argumentation.” Paraphrase to “Argumentation is to be avoided by a couple.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विवाद’ for ‘argumentation.’ Form a potential participle using the कृत्य-प्रत्ययः ’अनीयर्’ with the verbal root √वृज् (वृजीँ वर्जने १०. ३४४) for ‘to be avoided.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘अतुस्’ (in place of the affix ‘तस्’) in the forms पुपुषतुः and आपतुः?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-52 आमि सर्वनाम्नः सुट् been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्गानाम् mGp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् verse 8.8.26

शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्गानां वादित्राणां पृथुः स्वनः । देवानुगानां सस्त्रीणां नृत्यतां गायतामभूत् ।। ८-८-२६ ।।
ब्रह्मरुद्राङ्गिरोमुख्याः सर्वे विश्वसृजो विभुम् । ईडिरेऽवितथैर्मन्त्रैस्तल्लिङ्गैः पुष्पवर्षिणः ।। ८-८-२७ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तल्लिङ्गैर्विष्णुप्रतिपादकैः । अवितथैर्यथार्थैः ।। २७ ।।

Translation – A great noise issued forth from conchs, clarinets and clay tom-toms and other musical instruments, as well as from Gandharvas (attendants of the gods) and their wives dancing and singing (on that occasion) (26). All the creators of the world, headed by Brahmā, Rudra (the god of destruction) and the sage Añgirā, celebrated the Lord by means of sacred texts purporting to describe Him and representing the bare truth, and showered flowers on Him (27).

(1) शङ्खाश्च तूर्याश्च मृदङ्गाश्च = शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्गाः – conchs, clarinets and clay tom-toms

(2) शङ्ख जस् + तूर्य जस् + मृदङ्ग जस् । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।

(3) शङ्ख जस् + तूर्य जस् + मृदङ्ग जस् । As per 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्‌ – In a द्वन्द्व: compound the term having the least number of syllables (vowels) is placed in the prior position. Here ‘शङ्ख’ and ‘तूर्य’ have two syllables while ‘मृदङ्ग’ has three. Note: बहुष्वनियम: – when more than one member of the compound has the least number of syllables (vowels), any of these members may be placed in the prior position and the remaining members of the compound may be placed in any order. Therefore we can either place ‘शङ्ख जस्’ or ‘तूर्य जस्’ in the prior position followed by the remaining two in any order.

See question 1.

Note: ‘शङ्ख जस् + तूर्य जस् + मृदङ्ग जस् ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) शङ्ख + तूर्य + मृदङ्ग । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्ग ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्ग’ is masculine since the final member ‘मृदङ्ग’ of the compound is masculine. This द्वन्द्वः compound (which expresses इतरेतरयोगः) is plural in number because it has three members. It declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्।

(5) शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्ग + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘आम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(6) शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्ग + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट् – The affix ‘आम्’ takes the augment ‘नुँट्’ when it follows a प्रातिपदिकम् which either ends in a short vowel or has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा or ends in the feminine affix ‘आप्’।
As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the augment ‘नुँट्’ joins at the beginning of the affix ‘आम्’।

(7) शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्ग + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्गानाम् । By 6-4-3 नामि – The ending vowel of an अङ्गम् gets elongated if followed by the term ‘नाम्’।

Questions:

1. What are the three alternate forms for the compound ‘शङ्खतूर्यमृदङ्ग’?

2. Which compound used in the verses is a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound?

3. Why is the compound सस्त्रीणाम् used in the verses a आर्षप्रयोगः (irregular grammatical usage?)

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये been used in the verses?

5. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘क्विँप्’ been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The demons struck the monkeys with swords, spears and javelins.” Construct a द्वन्द्व: compound for ‘swords, spears and javelins’ = ‘खड्गाश्च शूलाश्च तोमराश्च’। Use the verbal root √तड् (तडँ आघाते १०.६४) for ‘to strike.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-4-77 गातिस्थाघुपाभूभ्यः सिचः परस्मैपदेषु been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘इरे’ in the form ईडिरे?

Today we will look at the form ज्ञानविज्ञानात् n-Ab-s from श्रीमद्भागवतम् verse 4.22.33

अर्थेन्द्रियार्थाभिध्यानं सर्वार्थापह्नवो नृणाम् । भ्रंशितो ज्ञानविज्ञानाद्येनाविशति मुख्यताम् ।। ४-२२-३३ ।।
न कुर्यात्कर्हिचित्सङ्गं तमस्तीव्रं तितीरिषुः । धर्मार्थकाममोक्षाणां यदत्यन्तविघातकम् ।। ४-२२-३४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
कुत इत्यत आह । अर्थस्याभिध्यानमिन्द्रियस्यार्थः कामस्तस्याभिध्यानं सर्वार्थनाशः । ज्ञानं विज्ञानं च परोक्षापरोक्षम् । येन ध्यानेन मुख्यतां स्थावरताम् ।। ३३ ।। अनात्मरतेरनर्थहेतुत्वमुक्तं सङ्गस्याप्याह – नेति । यद्वस्तु धर्मादीनां विघातकं तस्मिन्सङ्गम् । तमः संसारम् ।। ३४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Constant preoccupation with wealth and the objects of sense means the ruination of all the interests of men. Deprived of his knowledge and wisdom through such preoccupation, man is reborn in the immobile creation (the vegetable and mineral kingdom) (33). Whoever is keen to cross and reach the other end of the impenetrable gloom in the form of ignorance (the root of transmigration) should never conceive an attachment to that which is most detrimental to (the attainment of) religious merit, worldly possessions, gratification of the senses and liberation (34).

(1) ज्ञानं विज्ञानं च तयो: समाहार: = ज्ञानविज्ञानम् – knowledge and wisdom.
Note: समाहारः denotes a collection of two or more terms (having the designation पदम्) wherein the individuality of the terms is subservient to the group.

(2) ज्ञान सुँ + विज्ञान सुँ । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।

(3) ज्ञान सुँ + विज्ञान सुँ । As per 2-2-34 अल्पाच्तरम्‌ – In a द्वन्द्व: compound the term having the least number of syllables (vowels) is placed in the prior position. Since ‘ज्ञान’ has two syllables while ‘विज्ञान’ has three, ‘ज्ञान सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in this द्वन्द्व: compound.
Note: ‘ज्ञान सुँ + विज्ञान सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) ज्ञान + विज्ञान । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= ज्ञानविज्ञान ।

Since there is only a single group in a द्वन्द्वः compound which expresses a समाहारः it is always singular in number and as per 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌ it is always neuter in gender.

The विवक्षा is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्।

(5) ज्ञानविज्ञान + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) ज्ञानविज्ञान + आत् । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in a the letter ‘अ’, the affixes ‘टा’, ‘ङसिँ’ and ‘ङस्’ are replaced respectively by ‘इन’, ‘आत्’ and ‘स्य’। Note: Since the substitute ‘आत्’ has more than one letter, as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire affix (and not just its last letter) is replaced by ‘आत्’।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘त्’ of ‘आत्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) ज्ञानविज्ञानात् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a समाहार-द्वन्द्वः compound in verses 41-45 of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. What would be the final form in this example if the द्वन्द्व: compound were to be formed इतरेतरयोगे (instead of समाहारे)?

3. What type of compound is ‘अत्यन्त’ (used as part of the larger compound अत्यन्तविघातकम् in the verses)?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. बहुव्रीहि:
iii. प्रादि-तत्पुरुष:
iv. अव्ययीभाव:

4. The form तितीरिषुः is आर्ष: (grammatically irregular.) What is the grammatically correct form?

5. Which compound used in the commentary is a समाहार-द्वन्द्व:?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Knowledge and wisdom is obtained through (by) devotion.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-109 ये च been used in the verses?