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पिपासया fIs
Today we will look at the form पिपासया fIs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.21.14.
क्षुत्तृट्श्रमो गात्रपरिभ्रमश्च दैन्यं क्लमः शोकविषादमोहाः । सर्वे निवृत्ताः कृपणस्य जन्तोर्जिजीविषोर्जीवजलार्पणान्मे ॥ ९-२१-१३ ॥
इति प्रभाष्य पानीयं म्रियमाणः पिपासया । पुल्कसायाददाद्धीरो निसर्गकरुणो नृपः ॥ ९-२१-१४ ॥
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
ननु दुःखं किमिति प्रार्थयसे । परदुःखनिवृत्त्यैव मम सर्वदुःखनिवृत्तिरित्याह – क्षुत्तृडिति । कृपणस्य जन्तोर्जीवनहेतोर्जलस्यार्पणान्मे सर्वे क्षुत्तृडादयो निवृत्ताः ॥ १३ ॥ इत्येवं प्रभाष्य ॥ १४ ॥
Gita Press translation – My exhaustion due to hunger and thirst, the weariness of my limbs, low spirits, languor, grief, despondency and infatuation have all disappeared on account of my giving away the water, which meant life to this miserable fellow, anxious to survive (13). Having expressed such noble sentiments, the king, who was full of fortitude and merciful by nature, gave the water to the Cāṇḍāla, though himself dying of thirst (14).
The सन्नन्त-धातुः “पिपास” is derived from √पा (पा पाने १. १०७४).
पा + सन् । As per 3-1-7 धातोः कर्मणः समानकर्तृकादिच्छायां वा – In order to express wish/desire, the affix सन् is optionally prescribed after a verbal root which underlies the object of and shares the same agent with the verbal root √इष् (इषुँ इच्छायाम् ६. ७८).
= पा + स । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् stops 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
= पास् पास । By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a verbal root ending in the affix सन्/यङ् which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.
= पा पास । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः – Of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
= प पास । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.
= पिपास । By 7-4-79 सन्यतः – When the affix “सन्” follows, a अकारः belonging to a reduplicate (अभ्यासः) is replaced by a इकारः।
“पिपास” has धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “पिपासा” from the सन्नन्त-धातुः “पिपास”।
पिपास + अ । By 3-3-102 अ प्रत्ययात् – In order to form a feminine noun, the affix “अ” is used following a verbal root ending in an affix. Note: A verbal root ending in an affix refers to a verbal root which gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
Note: The affix “अ” gets आर्धधातक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= पिपास् + अ । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः – When an आर्धधातुकम् affix follows, the अकारः at the end of a अङ्गम् is elided if the अङ्गम् ends in a अकार: at the time when the आर्धधातुकम् affix is prescribed.
= पिपास । Note: Since the affix “अ” has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्, “पिपास” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
= पिपास + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप् – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.
= पिपास + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= पिपासा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
The विवक्षा is तृतीया-एकवचनम्।
(1) पिपासा + टा । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(2) पिपासा + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) पिपासे + आ । By 7-3-105 आङि चाऽऽपः – ”आप्” ending bases get एकारः as the substitute when followed by the affix “आङ्” (“टा”) or “ओस्”।
(4) पिपासया । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
Questions:
1. Where has the affix सन् been used in last five verses of Chapter 6?
2. The सूत्रम् 3-3-102 अ प्रत्ययात् (used in this example) is a अपवादः for which सूत्रम्?
3. Which गणसूत्रम् prescribes the use of आत्मनेपदम् in the form प्रार्थयसे?
4. Besides in पिपासया, where else has the affix सन् been used in the verses?
5. Can you spot a “श्लु” elision in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“With the desire to drink water, all the deer came to the bank of the river.” Use द्वितीया-विभक्तिः with “water” and use a लुँङ् form of the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) with the उपसर्गः “आङ्” for “to come.”
Easy Questions:
1. Can you spot the affix “टा” in the commentary?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution “य” in the form पुल्कसाय?
चिकीर्षुः mNs
Today we will look at the form चिकीर्षुः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.2.24.
मन्येऽसुरान्भागवतांस्त्र्यधीशे संरम्भमार्गाभिनिविष्टचित्तान् । ये संयुगेऽचक्षत तार्क्ष्यपुत्रमंसे सुनाभायुधमापतन्तम् ॥ ३-२-२४ ॥
वसुदेवस्य देवक्यां जातो भोजेन्द्रबन्धने । चिकीर्षुर्भगवानस्याः शमजेनाभियाचितः ॥ ३-२-२५ ॥
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
ननु भागवतानेव भगवाननुगृह्णातीति प्रसिद्धम्, सत्यम्, असुरानप्यहं भागवतानेव मन्ये, यतो भागवता इव तेऽपि भगवद्ध्यानाभिनिवेशेन भगवन्तमपरोक्षं पश्यन्तीत्याह । संरम्भः क्रोधावेशस्तेन मार्गेणाभिनिविष्टं चित्तं येषां तान् । अत एव ये संग्रामे तार्क्ष्यः कश्यपस्तस्य पुत्रं गरुडमंसे स्कन्धे सुनाभायुधश्चक्रायुधोऽरिर्यस्य तमचक्षतापश्यन् । तस्मात्तेष्वप्यनुग्रहो युक्त एवेत्यर्थः । वक्ष्यति च ‘तस्मात्केनाप्युपायेन मनः कृष्णे निवेशयेत्’ इति ॥ २४ ॥ इदानीं तस्यान्तर्धानप्रकारं वक्तुमादित आरभ्य तच्चरितं संक्षेपतः कथयति । वसुदेवस्य भार्यायां जातः । भोजेन्द्रः कंसस्तस्य बन्धनागारे । अस्याः पृथिव्याः शं सुखं स्वयं चिकीर्षुः । अजेन ब्रह्मणा च याचितः सन् ॥ २५ ॥
Translation – I consider even those demons as devotees of the Lord, who had fixed their mind on the Lord of the three worlds through anger (born of animosity), and who beheld on the battle-field Garuḍa (son of the sage Kaśyapa) swooping on them, with Lord Viṣṇu (the Wielder of the discus Sudarśana) mounted on his back (24). Desirous of doing good to this earth the Lord was born of Vasudeva and Devakī in the prison-house of Kaṁsa (the chief of the Bhojas) in response to the prayer of Brahmā (the unborn) (25).
The सन्नन्त-धातुः “चिकीर्ष” is derived from √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०).
(1) कृ + सन् । As per 3-1-7 धातोः कर्मणः समानकर्तृकादिच्छायां वा – In order to express wish/desire, the affix सन् is optionally prescribed after a verbal root which underlies the object of and shares the same agent with the verbal root √इष् (इषुँ इच्छायाम् ६. ७८).
(2) कृ + स । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् stops 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
(3) कॄ + स । By 6-4-16 अज्झनगमां सनि – When the affix सन् beginning with a झल् letter follows, there is an elongation of a verbal root which ends in a vowel, as well as of the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) and √गम् (“गम्”-आदेशः which comes in place of √इ (इङ् अध्ययने | नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१) by 2-4-48 इङश्च)।
Note: The affix “स” is a कित् here by 1-2-9 इको झल् – The affix सन् is considered to be a कित् (having ककारः as a इत्) when it begins with a झल् letter and follows a verbal root that ends in a इक् letter. Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.
(4) किर् + स । By 7-1-100 ॠत इद्धातोः – The ending ॠकारः of a verbal root that has the अङ्ग-सञ्ज्ञा is substituted by इकारः। By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
(5) किर् स् किर् स । By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a verbal root ending in the affix सन्/यङ् which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.
(6) चिर् स् किर् स । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
(7) चि किर् स । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः – Of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
(8) चि कीर् स । By 8-2-77 हलि च – The penultimate (उपधा) इक् letter of a verbal root ending in a वकारः or रेफः is made दीर्घः, when followed by a हल् (consonant.)
(9) चिकीर्ष । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययो:, the letter “स्” is replaced by the cerebral “ष्” when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (“क्”, “ख्”, “ग्”, “घ्”, “ङ्”)। This substitution only takes place if the “स्” is an आदेश: (substitute) or part of a प्रत्यय: (affix.)
“चिकीर्ष” has धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
Now we derive the प्रातिपदिकम् “चिकीर्षु” from the सन्नन्त-धातुः “चिकीर्ष”।
(10) चिकीर्ष + उ । By 3-2-168 सनाशंसभिक्ष उः – The affix “उ” is prescribed after the following verbal roots to denote an agent who performs an action because of his nature/habit or sense of duty or skill:
i) any verbal root ending in the affix सन्
ii) √शंस् (आङः शसिँ इच्छायाम् १. ७१६) preceded by the उपसर्गः “आङ्”
iii) √भिक्ष् (भिक्षँ भिक्षायामलाभे लाभे च १. ६९०)
Note: “उ” gets आर्धधातक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
(11) चिकीर्ष् + उ । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः – When an आर्धधातुकम् affix follows, the अकारः at the end of a अङ्गम् is elided if the अङ्गम् ends in a अकार: at the time when the आर्धधातुकम् affix is prescribed.
= चिकीर्षु ।
Since the affix “उ” has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्, “चिकीर्षु” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। “चिकीर्षु” is an adjective which declines like “गुरु” in the masculine, “धेनु” in the feminine and “मधु” in the neuter.
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(12) चिकीर्षु + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(13) चिकीर्षु + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(14) चिकीर्षुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-168 सनाशंसभिक्ष उः been used in the first fifteen verses of Chapter 4?
2. Can you recall another सूत्रम् (besides 3-2-168) by which पाणिनिः prescribes an affix “उ”?
3. The सूत्रम् 3-2-168 सनाशंसभिक्ष उः is contained in the अधिकारः of “तच्छीलतद्धर्मतत्साधुकारिषु”। From which सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी does पाणिनिः begin this अधिकारः?
4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् (referred to in this example) the काशिका says अतिङिति किम्? चीयात्। Please explain. Hint: Consider the सूत्रम् 7-4-25 अकृत्सार्वधातुकयोर्दीर्घः।
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-97 अतो गुणे been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I don’t want to do anything improper.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अन्याय्य” for “improper.”
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः been used in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the augment “स्याट्” in the form अस्याः?
बुभूषति 3As-लँट्
Today we will look at the form बुभूषति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.15.22.
यदा मन उपादाय यद्यद्रूपं बुभूषति । तत्तद्भवेन्मनोरूपं मद्योगबलमाश्रयः ॥ ११-१५-२२ ॥
परकायं विशन्सिद्ध आत्मानं तत्र भावयेत् । पिण्डं हित्वा विशेत्प्राणो वायुभूतः षडङ्घ्रिवत् ॥ ११-१५-२३ ॥
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
मन उपादाय उपादानकारणं कृत्वा यद्यद्देवादिरूपं भवितुमिच्छति तत्तन्मनोरूपं मनसोऽभीष्टरूपं योगी भवेत् । कुतः । यतो मद्योगबलम् । योऽहमचिन्त्यशक्तिर्नानाकारस्तस्मिन्मयि मनसो योगो धारणा तस्य बलं प्रभावः स एवाश्रयः कारणम् ॥ २२ ॥ यत्र प्रविविक्षति तत्रात्मानं चिन्तयेत् । ततः पिण्डं स्वदेहं हित्वा प्राणः प्राणप्रधानलिङ्गशरीरोपाधिर्वायुभूतो बाह्यवायौ भूतः प्रविष्टस्तेन मार्गेणेत्यर्थः । षडङ्घ्रिवत् भृङ्गो यथा पुष्पात्पुष्पान्तरमनायासेन प्रविशति तद्वत् ॥ २३ ॥
Translation – The Yogī gets converted into the very form, sought for by his mind, that he wishes to assume making the mind his material (for that form), the force of concentration of the mind on Me (whose potency is inconceivable and who appear in numerous forms) being the ground of all Siddhis (22). Seeking to enter another (soulless) body, the Yogī who has controlled his breath as well as his Indriyas and mind should conceive himself as present in that body. (As a result of such contemplation) his vital air (the chief constituent of his astral body, which makes for his Jīvahood) leaves his (own) body and becoming one with the cosmic air, enters (along with it) the other (through its nostrils) as a black bee passes from one flower to another (23).
बुभूषति is a desiderative form derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)
भू + सन् । By 3-1-7 धातोः कर्मणः समानकर्तृकादिच्छायां वा – In order to express wish/desire, the affix सन् is optionally prescribed after a verbal root which underlies the object of and shares the same agent with the verbal root √इष् (इषुँ इच्छायाम् ६. ७८).
= भू + स । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: By 7-2-12 सनि ग्रहगुहोश्च – The affix सन् does not get the augment इट्, when following the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१) or √गुह् (गुहूँ संवरणे १. १०४३) or any verbal root ending in a उक् letter. 7-2-12 stops 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
By 1-2-9 इको झल् – The affix सन् is considered to be a कित् (having ककारः as a इत्) when it begins with a झल् letter and follows a verbal root that ends in a इक् letter. This allows 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च to stop 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
= भूस् भूस । By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a verbal root ending in the affix सन्/यङ् which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.
= भू भूस । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः – Of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
= भु भूस । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.
= भु भूष । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययो:, the letter “स्” is replaced by the cerebral “ष्” when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (“क्”, “ख्”, “ग्”, “घ्”, “ङ्”)। This substitution only takes place if the “स्” is an आदेश: (substitute) or part of a प्रत्यय: (affix.)
= बुभूष । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
“बुभूष” has धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
In the धातु-पाठः, the verbal root √भू is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: √भू takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. Hence the सन्नन्त-धातुः “बुभूष” also takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: as per 1-3-62 पूर्ववत् सनः – A सन्नन्त-धातुः (verbal root ending in the affix “सन्”) takes a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: in the same manner as the verbal root to which the affix सन् is added.
Note: This implies that if the धातु: to which the affix सन् is added is आत्मनेपदी/परस्मैपदी/उभयपदी then the सन्नन्त-धातुः is correspondingly आत्मनेपदी/परस्मैपदी/उभयपदी।
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
(1) बुभूष + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.
(2) बुभूष + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) बुभूष + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः।
(4) बुभूष + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.
(5) बुभूष + अ + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(6) बुभूषति । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-2-9 इको झल् been used in Chapter 3 of the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-2-12 सनि ग्रहगुहोश्च the तत्त्वबोधिनी says ग्रहेर्नित्यं गुहेर्विकल्पेन प्राप्ते निषेधोऽयम्। Please explain.
3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-2-9 इको झल् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says इगन्तात्किम्। पिपासति। Please explain.
4. Commenting further on the सूत्रम् 1-2-9 the तत्त्वबोधिनी says झलीति किम्। शिशयिषते। Please explain.
5. From which verbal root is the सन्नन्त-धातुः “विविक्ष” (used in the word प्रविविक्षति in the commentary) derived?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I want to be rich.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “धनवत्” for “rich.”
Easy Questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the उपधा-दीर्घः in the form आत्मानम् (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “आत्मन्”, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?
2. Is the same सूत्रम् (answer to question 1) used for the उपधा-दीर्घः in the form योगी (प्रातिपदिकम् “योगिन्”, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?
जिघांसति 3As-लँट्
Today we will look at the form जिघांसति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.14.11.
निरूपितः प्रजापालः स जिघांसति वै प्रजाः । तथापि सान्त्वयेमामुं नास्मांस्तत्पातकं स्पृशेत् ॥ ४-१४-११ ॥
तद्विद्वद्भिरसद्वृत्तो वेनोऽस्माभिः कृतो नृपः । सान्त्वितो यदि नो वाचं न ग्रहीष्यत्यधर्मकृत् ॥ ४-१४-१२ ॥
लोकधिक्कारसन्दग्धं दहिष्यामः स्वतेजसा ।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
निरूपितो नियुक्तोऽस्माभिः । सान्त्वयेमोपपत्तिभिः प्रार्थयिष्यामः । तस्य पातकम् ॥ ११ ॥ स्वस्य तत्पातकस्पर्शे हेतुः – तत्पातकित्वं विद्वद्भिः ॥ १२ ॥
Gita Press translation – (Vena) Wicked by his very nature, seeks to destroy the people themselves now that he has been appointed their ruler. Nevertheless let us (try to) bring him round through persuasion, so that his sin may not touch us. For Vena, who was addicted to evil ways, was made king by us even though we were aware of his sins. If, however, the unrighteous fellow does not accept our advice even when kindly addressed, we shall burn him with our spiritual fire, burnt as he already is by popular reproach.
जिघांसति is a desiderative form derived from the धातुः √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. २).
हन् + सन् । As per 3-1-7 धातोः कर्मणः समानकर्तृकादिच्छायां वा – In order to express wish/desire, the affix सन् is optionally prescribed after a verbal root which underlies the object of and shares the same agent with the verbal root √इष् (इषुँ इच्छायाम् ६. ७८).
= हन् + स । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् stops 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
= हान् + स । By 6-4-16 अज्झनगमां सनि – When the affix सन् beginning with a झल् letter follows, there is an elongation of a verbal root which ends in a vowel, as well as of the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) and √गम् (“गम्”-आदेशः which comes in place of √इ (इङ् अध्ययने | नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१) by 2-4-48 इङश्च).
= हान् स् हान् + स । By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a सन्नन्त-धातुः (verbal root ending in the affix “सन्”) which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.
= झान् स् हान् + स । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
= झा हान् + स । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः – Of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
= झ हान् + स । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.
= झि हान् + स । By 7-4-79 सन्यतः – When the affix “सन्” follows, a अकारः belonging to a reduplicate (अभ्यासः) is replaced by a इकारः।
= झि घान् + स । By 7-3-55 अभ्यासाच्च – The हकार: of √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः #२. २) takes a कवर्गादेश: (घकार:) when it follows a अभ्यास:।
= झि घांस । By 8-3-24 नश्चापदान्तस्य झलि – नकारः and मकारः which do not occur at the end of a पदम् get अनुस्वारः as replacement when a झल् letter follows.
= जिघांस । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
“जिघांस” has धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
In the धातु-पाठः, the verbal root √हन् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: √हन् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. Hence the सन्नन्त-धातुः “जिघांस” also takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: as per 1-3-62 पूर्ववत् सनः – A सन्नन्त-धातुः (verbal root ending in the affix “सन्”) takes a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: in the same manner as the verbal root to which the affix सन् is added.
Note: This implies that if the धातु: to which the affix सन् is added is आत्मनेपदी/परस्मैपदी/उभयपदी then the सन्नन्त-धातुः is correspondingly आत्मनेपदी/परस्मैपदी/उभयपदी।
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
(1) जिघांस + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.
(2) जिघांस + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) जिघांस + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः।
(4) जिघांस + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.
(5) जिघांस + अ + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(6) जिघांसति । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।
Questions:
1. In which Chapter of the गीता has the affix सन् been used in the first verse?
2. Can you spot the affix “णिच्” in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?
3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the दीर्घादेशः in the form ग्रहीष्यति?
4. The form दहिष्यामः used in the verses is a आर्ष-प्रयोगः (an irregular form.) What would be the grammatically correct form?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Who would want to kill an innocent person?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “निरपराध” for “innocent.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I want to destroy my internal enemies.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अन्तःस्थ” for “internal”.
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “अदस्” been used in the verses?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used in the verses?
दिधक्षामि 1As-लँट्
Today we will look at the form दिधक्षामि 1As-लँट् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.68.27.
सौमित्रे हर काष्ठानि निर्मथिष्यामि पावकम् । गृध्रराजं दिधक्षामि मत्कृते निधनं गतम् ॥ ३-६८-२७ ॥
नाथं पतगलोकस्य चितिमारोपयाम्यहम् । इमं धक्ष्यामि सौमित्रे हतं रौद्रेण रक्षसा ॥ ३-६८-२८ ॥
Gita Press translation – Fetch logs of wood, O darling of Sumitrā, so that I shall produce fire by attrition, as I intend to cremate the king of vultures, who has suffered death for my sake (27). I will place the lord of the feathered kingdom on a funeral pile, and will (then) set fire to this bird killed by the fierce ogre, O darling of Sumitrā! (28)
दिधक्षामि is a desiderative form derived from the धातुः √दह् (भ्वादि-गणः, दहँ भस्मीकरणे धातु-पाठः #१. ११४६)
दह् + सन् । As per 3-1-7 धातोः कर्मणः समानकर्तृकादिच्छायां वा – In order to express wish/desire, the affix सन् is optionally prescribed after a verbal root which underlies the object of and shares the same agent with the verbal root √इष् (इषुँ इच्छायाम् ६. ७८).
= दह् + स । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् stops 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
= दह् स् दह् + स । By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a verbal root ending in the affix “सन्”/”यङ्” which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.
= द दह् + स । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः – Of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
= दि दह् + स । By 7-4-79 सन्यतः – When the affix “सन्” follows, a अकारः belonging to a reduplicate (अभ्यासः) is replaced by a इकारः।
= दि दघ् + स । By 8-2-32 दादेर्धातोर्घः – The हकारः of a धातु: that begins with a दकारः in the उपदेशः (धातु-पाठ:), gets घकारः as its replacement when followed by a झल् letter or at the end of a पदम्।
= दि धघ् + स । By 8-2-37 एकाचो बशो भष् झषन्तस्य स्ध्वोः – The part of a धातुः, which ends in a झष् letter and has only one vowel, gets its बश् letter replaced by the corresponding भष् letter when followed by a सकारः, the term “ध्व्” or at the end of a पदम्।
= दि धघ् + ष । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययो:, the letter “स्” is replaced by the cerebral “ष्” when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (“क्”, “ख्”, “ग्”, “घ्”, “ङ्”)। This substitution only takes place if the “स्” is an आदेश: (substitute) or part of a प्रत्यय: (affix.)
= दिधक्ष । By 8-4-55 खरि च – A झल् letter is replaced by a चर् letter when a खर् letter follows.
“दिधक्ष” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
In the धातु-पाठः, the verbal root √दह् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: √दह् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. Hence the सन्नन्त-धातुः “दिधक्ष” also takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: as per 1-3-62 पूर्ववत् सनः – A सन्नन्त-धातुः (verbal root ending in the affix “सन्”) takes a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: in the same manner as the verbal root to which the affix सन् is added.
Note: This implies that if the धातु: to which the affix सन् is added is आत्मनेपदी/परस्मैपदी/उभयपदी then the सन्नन्त-धातुः is correspondingly आत्मनेपदी/परस्मैपदी/उभयपदी।
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, उत्तम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
(1) दिधक्ष + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.
(2) दिधक्ष + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) दिधक्ष + मिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “मिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः।
(4) दिधक्ष + मि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।
(5) दिधक्ष + शप् + मि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.
(6) दिधक्ष + अ + मि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् , 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।
(7) दिधक्ष + मि । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।
(8) दिधक्षामि । By 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि – the ending अकार: of a अङ्गम् is elongated if it is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the यञ्-प्रत्याहार:।
Questions:
1. Where has the verbal root √दह् (दहँ भस्मीकरणे १. ११४६) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् for the first time in the गीता?
2. Where else (besides in दिधक्षामि) has the verbal root √दह् (दहँ भस्मीकरणे १. ११४६) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?
3. What would be an alternate form for आरोपयामि?
4. From which verbal root has the form निर्मथिष्यामि been derived?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“With His third eye, Lord Śiva wanted to burn Cupid.” Use a लिँट् form to express the past tense. Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “तृतीय” for “third.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I want to know the essence of the Veda.”
Easy Questions:
1. The सूत्रम् 8-2-32 दादेर्धातोर्घः (used in this example) is a अपवादः for which सूत्रम्?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-109 दश्च been used in the verses?
अभोजि 3Ps-लुँङ्
Today we will look at the form अभोजि 3Ps-लुँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.14.45.
ऊचुश्च सुहृदः कृष्णं स्वागतं तेऽतिरंहसा । नैकोऽप्यभोजि कवल एहीतः साधु भुज्यताम् ॥ १०-१४-४५ ॥
ततो हसन्हृषीकेशोऽभ्यवहृत्य सहार्भकैः । दर्शयंश्चर्माजगरं न्यवर्तत वनाद् व्रजम् ॥ १०-१४-४६ ॥
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अत एवमूचुश्च – ते त्वयाऽतिवेगेन स्वागतं सम्यगागतम् । एकोऽपि ग्रासस्त्वां विनास्माभिर्नाभोजि न भुक्तः । इत एहि, साधु अविक्षेपेण भुज्यतामिति ॥ ४५ ॥ अभ्यवहृत्य भुक्त्वा ॥ ४६ ॥
Gita Press translation – And (lo!) the friends of (Śrī Kṛṣṇa) said, “It is well that You have come (back) with great expedition. Not a morsel has (yet) been swallowed by us; come this side and dine (with us) to your heart’s content.” (45) Thereupon Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the Ruler of the senses) laughed (a hearty laugh), took His meal with the (cowherd) boys and; showing them the skin of the python, He returned from the forest to Vraja.
अभोजि is derived from the धातुः √भुज् (रुधादि-गणः, भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः, धातु-पाठः # ७. १७)
Since this is a कर्मणि प्रयोग: (passive usage), a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययः is used as per 1-3-13 भावकर्मणोः।
Note: The सूत्रम् 1-3-66 भुजोऽनवने (the verbal root √भुज् (भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः # ७. १७), takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया: except when used in the sense of protecting) has application only in the active voice. In the passive voice 1-3-13 भावकर्मणोः always applies.
The विवक्षा is लुँङ्, कर्मणि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
(1) भुज् + लुँङ् । By 3-2-110 लुङ्, the affix लुँङ् is prescribed after a verbal root when used in the sense of past.
(2) भुज् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) भुज् + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “त” as the substitute for the लकारः।
(4) भुज् + च्लि + त । By 3-1-43 च्लि लुङि, when लुँङ् follows, the प्रत्यय: “च्लि” is prescribed after a verbal root.
(5) भुज् + चिण् + त । By 3-1-66 चिण् भावकर्मणोः – There is a substitution of “चिण्” in place of “च्लि” when followed by the term “त” (आत्मनेपदप्रथमपुरुषैकवचनम्) used in passive (कर्मणि/भावे।)
(6) भुज् + इ + त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(7) भुज् + इ । By 6-4-104 चिणो लुक् – When following the affix “चिण्”, the term “त” (आत्मनेपदप्रथमपुरुषैकवचनम्) takes the लुक् elision. Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-1-61 प्रत्ययस्य लुक्श्लुलुपः the entire term “त” is elided.
(8) भोज् + इ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases:
i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः।
or
ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।
(9) अट् भोजि । By 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् gets the “अट्”-आगमः which is उदात्तः। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “अट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम्।
(10) अभोजि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Questions :
1. Where has the verbal root √भुज् (भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः ७. १७) been used for the first time in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the गीता?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the सम्प्रसारणम् in the form ऊचुः?
3. From which verbal root is the form एहि (used in the verses) been derived?
4. Can you spot an augment “अट्” in the verses?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I didn’t eat even a single morsel.” Paraphrase this to “Not even a single morsel was eaten by me.” Use a word from the verses for “morsel.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My brother ate the last laddu.” Paraphrase this to “The last laddu was eaten by my brother.” Use adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “चरम” for “last.”
Easy Questions:
1. In the verses can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in a नकारः?
2. Where has the गणसूत्रम् “उपसर्ग-विभक्ति-स्वर-प्रतिरूपकाश्च” been used in the verses?
अकरिष्यत् 3As-लृँङ्
Today we will look at the form अकरिष्यत् 3As-लृँङ् from अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम् 7.4.
सिध्यन्ति कर्मसु महत्स्वपि यन्नियोज्याः संभावनागुणमवेहि तमीश्वराणाम् ।
किं वाऽभविष्यदरुणस्तमसां विभेत्ता तं चेत्सहस्रकिरणो धुरि नाकरिष्यत् ॥ ७-४ ॥
टीका –
यत् । नियोज्याः सेवकाः । महत्सु । अपि । कर्मसु कार्येषु । सिध्यन्ति कार्यनिष्पादकाः भवन्ति । तम् । ईश्वराणाम् प्रभूणाम् । संभावना गौरवम् एव गुणम् । अवेहि जानीहि । किम् । वा (वाक्यालंकारे) । अरुणः सूर्यः । तमसाम् अन्धकाराणाम् । विभेत्ता नाशकः । अभविष्यत् । सहस्रम् अनन्ताः किरणाः मयूखा: यस्य सः (सूर्यः) । चेत् यदि । तम् । धुरि अग्रे । न अकरिष्यत् ।
Translation – Verily, when servants (delegates) succeed in mighty enterprises, understand thou that (there has been) peculiar condescension (distinguished capacity) on-the-part-of (their) masters. How indeed could Aruṇa be the disperser of the-shades-of-night, if the thousand-rayed-one did not place him in front (of his car)?
अकरिष्यत् is derived from the धातुः √कृ (तनादि-गणः, डुकृञ् करणे, धातु-पाठः # ८. १०)
The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
By 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, √कृ takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – √कृ takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः। In short, √कृ is उभयपदी। In this verse it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।
The विवक्षा is लृँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
(1) कृ + लृँङ् । By 3-3-140 भूते च – The affix लृँङ् is employed after a verbal root to also denote a past action, provided the conditions – such as those stated in 3-3-156 हेतुहेतुमतोर्लिङ् – for using the affix लिँङ् are satisfied and non-completion of the action is to be expressed.
(2) कृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) कृ + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः।
(4) कृ + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) कृ + त् । By 3-4-100 इतश्च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.
(6) कृ + स्य + त् । By 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः, the affixes “स्य” and “तासिँ” are prescribed after a धातुः when followed by “लृँ” (लृँट् or लृँङ्) or लुँट् respectively.
Note: This rule is a अपवाद: for 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् etc.
(7) कर् + स्य + त् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
(8) कर् + इट् स्य + त् । By 7-2-70 ऋद्धनोः स्ये, the affix “स्य” (prescribed by 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः) gets the augment इट् when following a verbal root that ends in a ऋकार: or the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २). As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the आगम: “इट्” joins at the beginning of the प्रत्यय: “स्य”।
Note: In the absence of 7-2-70 ऋद्धनोः स्ये, there would have been no augment इट् here because 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् would have blocked 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
(9) कर् + इस्य + त् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(10) अट् करिस्यत् । By 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् gets the “अट्”-आगमः which is उदात्तः। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “अट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम्।
(11) अकरिस्यत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(12) अकरिष्यत् । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययो:, the letter “स्” is replaced by the cerebral “ष्” when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (“क्”, “ख्”, “ग्”, “घ्”, “ङ्”)। This substitution only takes place if the “स्” is an आदेश: (substitute) or part of a प्रत्यय: (affix.)
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-70 ऋद्धनोः स्ये (used in step 8 above) been used for the last time in the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-2-70 ऋद्धनोः स्ये the काशिका says तपरकरणं विस्पष्टार्थम्। Please explain.
3. Where has the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) been used in the verses?
4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“If you had made effort (which clearly you did not), you would have passed the exam.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “यत्न” for “effort.” Use the verbal root √तॄ (तॄ प्लवनतरणयोः १. ११२४) with the उपसर्गः “उद्” for “to pass.”
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“If I had been born in this country (which I clearly was not), I would have been rich.” Use adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “धनवत्” for “(one who is) rich.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“If you had read the entire Rāmāyaṇam (which clearly you did not), you would have been a master of speech.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “वाचस्पति” for “master of speech.”
Easy Questions:
1. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत् apply in the form कर्मसु?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “अनँङ्”-आदेशः in the form विभेत्ता (प्रातिपदिकम् “विभेत्तृ”, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।)
अवाप्स्यः 2As-लृँङ्
Today we will look at the form अवाप्स्यः 2As-लृँङ् from विक्रमोर्वशीयम् 4.22.
मधुकर मदिराक्ष्याः शंस तस्याः प्रवृत्तिं वरतनुरथ वासौ नैव दृष्टा त्वया मे ।
यदि सुरभिमवाप्स्यस्तन्मुखोच्छासगन्धं तव रतिरभविष्यत्पुण्डरीके किमस्मिन् ॥ ४-२२ ॥
टीका –
हे मधुकर भ्रमर मदिराक्ष्या मत्तलोचनायास्तस्याः प्रवृत्तिं वार्तां शंस कथय । अथ वा वरतनुश्चारुगात्री मे प्रिया त्वया नैव दृष्टा । कुत इदं निश्चीयते इत्याह – सुरभिं घ्राणतर्पणं तन्मुखोच्छ्वासगन्धं तन्मुखमारुतसौगन्ध्यमवाप्स्यो यदि आस्वादयिष्यथाश्चेदस्मिंस्त्वयाधिष्ठिते पुण्डरीके तव रतिः प्रीतिरभविष्यत्किम् । नैवाभविष्यत् । तस्य असामान्यमुखोच्छ्वासगन्धलोलुपस्त्वं तां नानुगतोऽत्रैव तिष्ठसीति सा नैव त्वया दृष्टेति भावः ॥ २२ ॥
Translation – O bee, tell me some intelligence of her who has bewitching eyes. (Musing) – Or why, you have not at all seen that beautiful lady, my beloved. If you had experienced the sweet fragrance of her breath, could your affection ever have been fixed on this lotus? (22)
आप्स्यः is derived from the धातुः √आप् (स्वादि-गणः, आपॢँ व्याप्तौ, धातु-पाठः # ५. १६).
The ending ऌकारः of “आपॢँ” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोपः by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This धातु: is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: √आप् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default.
The विवक्षा is लृँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
(1) आप् + लृँङ् । By 3-3-140 भूते च – The affix लृँङ् is employed after a verbal root to also denote a past action, provided the conditions – such as those stated in 3-3-156 हेतुहेतुमतोर्लिङ् – for using the affix लिँङ् are satisfied and non-completion of the action is to be expressed.
(2) आप् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) आप् + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः।
(4) आप् + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) आप् + स् । By 3-4-100 इतश्च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.
(6) आप् + स्य + स् । By 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः, the affixes “स्य” and “तासिँ” are prescribed after a धातुः when followed by “लृँ” (लृँट् or लृँङ्) or लुँट् respectively.
Note: This rule is a अपवाद: for 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् etc.
Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् stops the “इट्”-आगम: (for the प्रत्यय: “स्य”) which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
(7) आट् आप्स्यस् । By 6-4-72 आडजादीनाम् – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् which begins with an अच् gets “आट्” as an augment. 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “आट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम् ।
(8) आ + आप्स्यस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(9) आप्स्यस् । By 6-1-90 आटश्च, a वृद्धिः letter is a single replacement when आट् is followed by a vowel.
(10) आप्स्यः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।
“अव” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
अव + आप्स्यः = अवाप्स्यः । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
Questions:
1. Where else (besides in अवाप्स्यः) has लृँङ् been used in the verses?
2. Where else (besides in अवाप्स्यः and in answer to question 1) has लृँङ् been used in the commentary?
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-25 अकृत्सार्वधातुकयोर्दीर्घः been used in the commentary?
4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“If you had followed my advice (which clearly you did not) would you be sorry today?” Use the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०) with the उपसर्गः “अनु” for “to follow.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दुःखिन्” for “(one who is) sorry.”
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“If I had not rushed (which clearly I did) I would not have fallen.” Use the verbal root √त्वर् (ञित्वराँ सम्भ्रमे १. ८८४) for “to rush.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“If I had seen you in the morning (which I clearly did not) I would have told you the good news.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “शुभ” (feminine “शुभा”) for “good.” Use a word from the commentary for “news.” Use a चतुर्थी-विभक्तिः with “you.”
Easy Questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the आडागमः in the form मदिराक्ष्याः (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “मदिराक्षी”, षष्ठी-एकवचनम्।)
2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This (is) the second question.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “द्वितीय” for “second.”
अदायि 3Ps-लुँङ्
Today we will look at the form अदायि 3Ps-लुँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.62.2.
श्रीराजोवाच
बाणस्य तनयामूषामुपयेमे यदूत्तमः । तत्र युद्धमभूद्घोरं हरिशङ्करयोर्महत् । एतत्सर्वं महायोगिन्समाख्यातुं त्वमर्हसि ॥ १०-६२-१ ॥
श्रीशुक उवाच
बाणः पुत्रशतज्येष्ठो बलेरासीन्महात्मनः । येन वामनरूपाय हरयेऽदायि मेदिनी । तस्यौरसः सुतो बाणः शिवभक्तिरतः सदा ॥ १०-६२-२ ॥
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on these verses.
Gita Press translation – The king (Parīkṣit) submitted : Aniruddha, a (veritable) jewel among the Yadus, married Bāṇa’s daughter Ūṣā, and in that connection (I am told) a great and terrible combat ensued between Śrī Kṛṣṇa and Lord Śaṅkara. May you be pleased to tell me all this in detail, O great Yogī! (1) Śrī Śuka replied: Bāṇa was the eldest of the hundred sons of the high-souled Bali, by whom the (entire) globe was given away to the Lord who appeared (before him) in the form of the divine Dwarf (2).
अदायि is derived from the धातुः √दा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुदाञ् दाने, धातु-पाठः #३. १०)
The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Since this is a कर्मणि प्रयोग:, the verbal root √दा takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययः as per 1-3-13 भावकर्मणोः।
The विवक्षा is लुँङ्, कर्मणि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
(1) दा + लुँङ् । By 3-2-110 लुङ्, the affix लुँङ् is prescribed after a verbal root when used in the sense of past.
(2) दा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) दा + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “त” as the substitute for the लकारः।
(4) दा + च्लि + त । By 3-1-43 च्लि लुङि, when लुँङ् follows, the प्रत्यय: “च्लि” is prescribed after a verbal root.
(5) दा + चिण् + त । By 3-1-66 चिण् भावकर्मणोः – There is a substitution of “चिण्” in place of “च्लि” when followed by the term “त” (आत्मनेपदप्रथमपुरुषैकवचनम्) used in passive (कर्मणि/भावे।) Note: 3-1-66 is अपवादः for 3-1-44 च्लेः सिच्।
(6) दा + इ + त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(7) दा युक् + इ + त । By 7-3-33 आतो युक् चिण्कृतोः – A अङ्गम् ending in a आकार: takes the augment युक् when followed by the affix चिण् or a कृत् affix which is either ञित् (has ञकार: as a इत्) or णित् (has णकार: as a इत्)। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “युक्”-आगमः at the end of the अङ्गम्।
(8) दा य् + इ + त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The उकार: in “युक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)
(9) दा य् + इ । By 6-4-104 चिणो लुक् – When following the affix “चिण्”, the term “त” (आत्मनेपदप्रथमपुरुषैकवचनम्) takes the लुक् elision. Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-1-61 प्रत्ययस्य लुक्श्लुलुपः the entire term “त” is elided.
(10) अट् दायि । By 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् gets the “अट्”-आगमः which is उदात्तः। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “अट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम्।
(11) अदायि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Questions:
1. Can you spot an augment आट् in the verses?
2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The teacher blessed the students.” Paraphrase this to “A blessing was given by the teacher to the students.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “आशीर्वाद” for “blessing.” Use चतुर्थी-विभक्तिः with “students.”
3. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Who gave you this mantra?” Paraphrase this to “By whom was this mantra given to you.” Use चतुर्थी-विभक्तिः with “you.”
4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All of us accepted your advice.” Paraphrase this to “Your advice was accepted by all of us.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “उपदेश” for “advice” and use (in the passive) the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१) for “to accept.”
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I have never used this सूत्रम्।” Paraphrase this to “This सूत्रम् has never been used by me.” Use the verbal root √युज् (युजिँर् योगे ७. ७) with the उपसर्गः “प्र” for “to use.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lord Siva married the daughter of the Himalaya.” Use a word from the verse for “married”. Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “हिमवत्” (in the masculine) for “Himalaya.”
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-102 सुपि च been used?
2. Why doesn’t the सू्त्रम् 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य apply in the form (हे) महायोगिन्?
अभविष्यन् 3Ap-लृँङ्
Today we will look at the form अभविष्यन् 3Ap-लृँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.15.24.
महद्गुणानात्मनि कर्तुमीशः कः स्तावकैः स्तावयतेऽसतोऽपि ।
तेऽस्याभविष्यन्निति विप्रलब्धो जनावहासं कुमतिर्न वेद ॥ ४-१५-२४ ॥
ननु संभावितैरेव गुणैरात्मानं जनः स्तावयतीति चेत्तत्राह । महतां गुणानात्मनि संपादयितुं शक्तोऽप्यसतो गुणान्संभावनामात्रेण कः स्तावयते । यद्वा आदावेव सतोऽपि कः स्तावयते स्वत एव प्रख्यातिसिद्धेः । अन्यस्तु मिथ्यागुणस्तुतिश्लाघी मन्द इत्याह – त इति । यद्ययं शास्त्राभ्यासादिकमकरिष्यत्तर्ह्यस्य ते विद्यादयो गुणा अभविष्यन्निति क्रियातिपत्त्या विप्रलब्धो जनानामवहासं न वेद ॥ २४ ॥
Gita Press translation – (If you urge that it is possible for me to prove the existence of such and such virtues in my conduct and therefore you should extol me for the same. I do not fall in your view.) Who would have himself extolled by bards for the qualities which are non-existent in him, even though he may be able to manifest remarkable virtues in himself? Such and such qualities, it may be urged, are likely* to fall to his lot. But to get oneself praised thus on mere possibilities is to be an object of people’s ridicule. A fool, however, will not understand this banter (24).
*Note: The use of the word अभविष्यन् in the verse has been clearly explained in the commentary as follows:
यद्ययं शास्त्राभ्यासादिकमकरिष्यत्तर्ह्यस्य ते विद्यादयो गुणा अभविष्यन् – If this person were to do a study of the scriptures etc. (which clearly is not the case) then those qualities like knowledge etc. would be his.
अभविष्यन् is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)
This धातु: is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: √भू takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default.
The विवक्षा is लृँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
(1) भू + लृँङ् । By 3-3-139 लिङ्निमित्ते लृङ् क्रियाऽतिपत्तौ – The affix लृँङ् is employed after a verbal root to denote a future action, provided the conditions – such as those stated in 3-3-156 हेतुहेतुमतोर्लिङ् – for using the affix लिँङ् are satisfied and non-completion of the action is to be expressed.
(2) भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) भू + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः।
(4) भू + झ् । By 3-4-100 इतश्च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.
(5) भू + स्य + झ् । By 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः, the affixes “स्य” and “तासिँ” are prescribed after a धातुः when followed by “लृँ” (लृँट् or लृँङ्) or लुँट् respectively.
Note: This rule is a अपवाद: for 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् etc.
(6) भू + इट् स्य + झ् । By 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः, an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः gets the augment “इट्”। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “इट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।
(7) भू + इस्य + झ् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(8) भो + इस्य + झ् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुणादेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.
(9) भविस्य + झ् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
(10) भविस्य + अन्त् । By 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः, “अन्त्” comes in as a replacement for the झकारः of a प्रत्यय:।
(11) भविस्यन्त् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।
(12) अट् भविस्यन्त् । By 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् gets the “अट्”-आगमः which is उदात्तः। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “अट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम्।
(13) अभविस्यन्त् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(14) अभविस्यन् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः।
(15) अभविष्यन् । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययो:, the letter “स्” is replaced by the cerebral “ष्” when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (“क्”, “ख्”, “ग्”, “घ्”, “ङ्”)। This substitution only takes place if the “स्” is an आदेश: (substitute) or part of a प्रत्यय: (affix.)
Questions:
1. How many times has लृँङ् been used in the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सू्त्रम् 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः (used in step 5) the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says लृ इति लृङ्लृटोर्ग्रहणम् । Please explain.
3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-3-156 हेतुहेतुमतोर्लिङ् (referred to in step 1) the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी quotes from the महाभाष्यम् – “भविष्यत्येवेष्यते।” The तत्त्वबोधिनी comments on this statement as follows – लिङित्यनुवर्तमाने पुनर्लिङ्ग्रहणं कालविशेषप्रतिपत्त्यर्थमिति भावः। Please explain.
4. Where else (besides in अभविष्यन्) has लृँङ् been used in the commentary?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“If Śrī Rāma had been there (which clearly he wasn’t), Rāvaṇa would not have abducted Sītā.” Use the verbal root √हृ (हृञ् हरणे १. १०४६) with the उपसर्गः “अप” for “to abduct” and use the अव्ययम् “तत्र” for “there.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“If you had paid attention (which you clearly did not) you would have known the answer to this question.” Use the verbal root √दा (डुदाञ् दाने ३. १०) for “to pay” (“to give.”)
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-32 ङमो ह्रस्वादचि ङमुण्नित्यम् been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot the augment “नुँट्” in the commentary?
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