Today we will look at the form दक्षिणपञ्चालान् mAp from महाभारतम् 1.185.1.

वैशम्पायन उवाच
एवमुक्ताः प्रयातास्ते पाण्डवा जनमेजय । राज्ञा दक्षिणपञ्चालान्द्रुपदेनाभिरक्षितान् ।। १-१८५-१ ।।
ततस्ते सुमहात्मानं शुद्धात्मानमकल्मषम् । ददृशुः पाण्डवा वीरा मुनिं द्वैपायनं तदा ।। १-१८५-२ ।।
तस्मै यथावत्सत्कारं कृत्वा तेन च सत्कृताः । कथान्ते चाभ्यनुज्ञाताः प्रययुर्द्रुपदक्षयम् ।। १-१८५-३ ।।
पश्यन्तो रमणीयानि वनानि च सरांसि च । तत्र तत्र वसन्तश्च शनैर्जग्मुर्महारथाः ।। १-१८५-४ ।।

Translation – O Janamejaya, having been thus addressed, the Pāṇḍavas set out towards the Southern Pañcāla territories, which were ruled over by the king Drupada (1). Then those heroic Pāṇḍavas saw the very high-souled, pure-minded and sinless sage Dwaipāyana (2). Duly honoring the sage and in turn being honored by him, when their conversation came to a close, they proceeded with his approval to the residence of Drupada (3). Observing lovely forests and lakes, those great car warriors went slowly, staying at various places along the way (4).

(1) दक्षिणपञ्चाला: – The Southern Pañcāla territories
Note: We cannot form a लौकिक-विग्रह: for this compound because दक्षिणपञ्चाला: is a proper name and a proper name cannot be expressed via a sentence.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) दक्षिण जस् + पञ्चाल जस् । By 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ – In a तत्पुरुष: compound, a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.
Note: सञ्ज्ञायामेवेति नियमार्थं सूत्रम्‌ – This is a नियम-सूत्रम् – a restriction rule. Compounding is already available by the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌। All this सूत्रम् does is that (if the prior member of the compound denotes either a direction of the compass or a numeral) it allows 2-1-57 to apply only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.

See questions 1 and 2.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘दक्षिण जस्’ – which denotes a direction of the compass –  gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘दक्षिण जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘दक्षिण जस् + पञ्चाल जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) दक्षिणपञ्चाल । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दक्षिणपञ्चाल’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पञ्चाल’ of the compound is masculine.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्।

(5) दक्षिणपञ्चाल + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(6) दक्षिणपञ्चाल + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘शस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(7) दक्षिणपञ्चालास् । By 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः – When a अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(8) दक्षिणपञ्चालान् । By 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि – In the masculine gender, when the letter ‘स्’ of the affix ‘शस्’ follows a vowel which has been elongated by 6-1-102 then it is replaced by the letter ‘न्’।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ (used in step 2) the काशिका says – सञ्ज्ञायामिति किम्? उत्तरा वृक्षा:। पञ्च ब्राह्मणा:। Please explain.

2. Why doesn’t the नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्‌ prevent the construction of compounds like पूर्वसूत्रम्, उत्तरमास: etc which do not denote any proper name?

3. Can you spot the कृत् affix ‘खश्’ in the verses?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ‘अनीयर्’ in the form रमणीयानि (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रमणीय’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The residents of the Northern Pañcāla territories were wealthier than the residents of the Southern Pañcāla territories.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आढ्यतर’ for ‘wealthier.’ Use the कृत् affix ‘णिनिँ’ (ref.3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये) to compose a उपपद-समास: for ‘resident’ = निवसति तच्छील:।

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the दीर्घादेश: (elongation) in the form सरांसि (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सरस्’, द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form मध्यरात्रे mLs from महाभारतम् 12.325.43.

पादशौचं तु कृत्वैव शुकः संध्यामुपास्य च । निषसादासने पुण्ये तमेवार्थं विचिन्तयन् ।। १२-३२५-४२ ।।
पूर्वरात्रे तु तत्रासौ भूत्वा ध्यानपरायणः । मध्यरात्रे यथान्यायं निद्रामाहारयत्प्रभुः ।। १२-३२५-४३ ।।
ततो मुहूर्तादुत्थाय कृत्वा शौचमनन्तरम् । स्त्रीभिः परिवृतो धीमान् ध्यानमेवान्वपद्यत ।। १२-३२५-४४ ।।
अनेन विधिना कार्ष्णिस्तदहःशेषमच्युतः । तां च रात्रिं नृपकुले वर्तयामास भारत ।। १२-३२५-४५ ।।

Translation – Having washed his feet and said his evening prayers, Śuka sat on the holy seat contemplating that very purpose (liberation.) And there having been absorbed in meditation during the first part of the night, that master (Śuka) appropriately partook of sleep during the middle portion of the night. Having shortly woken up and then washed himself, the wise Śuka (though) surrounded by women restored to meditation alone. It was in this way, O Bharat, that the infallible Śuka (son of Vyāsa) passed the remainder of that day and that night in the royal family.

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) मध्यं रात्रे: = मध्यरात्रः – midnight (middle of the night.)

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) मध्य सुँ + रात्रि ङस् । By 2-2-1 पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे (A पदम् formed by adding a सुँप् affix to) either ‘पूर्व’ (front/prior part) or ‘अपर’ (back/latter part) or ‘अधर’ (lower part) or ‘उत्तर’ (upper part) optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting a single substance/thing consisting of parts and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: षष्ठीसमासापवाद: – The compounding prescribed by this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to the षष्ठी-समास: prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 षष्ठी।

Note: सर्वोऽप्येकदेशोऽह्ना समस्यते – Any word – and not only ‘पूर्व’/’अपर’/’अधर’/’उत्तर’ – which denotes a part may compound with ‘अहन्’ to yield a एकदेशि-समास:। ‘६-३-११० संख्याविसाय-’ इति ज्ञापकात्‌ – We know this from the fact that the सूत्रम् 6-3-110 – which prescribes the optional substitution of ‘अहन्’ in place of ‘अह्न’ when followed by the affix ‘ङि’ and preceded by a numeral or ‘वि’ or ‘साय’ – presupposes the formation of the compound सायोऽह्न: = सायाह्न: – evening (the ending part of the day.) Similarly मध्यमह्न: = मध्याह्न:।

केचित्तु सर्वोऽप्येकदेश: कालेन समस्यते न त्वह्नैव, ज्ञापकस्य सामान्यापेक्षत्वात्‌ – According to some grammarians, any word – and not only ‘पूर्व’/’अपर’/’अधर’/’उत्तर’ – which denotes a part may compound with any word – not only ‘अहन्’ – which denotes a period of time to yield a एकदेशि-समास:। This is inferred by generalizing the indication given by the सूत्रम् 6-3-110. Hence we may form compounds like मध्यं रात्रे: = मध्यरात्र: – mid-night.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘मध्य सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-1 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वापराधरोत्तरम् (extended to include ‘मध्य’) ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘मध्य सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘मध्य सुँ + रात्रि ङस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) मध्य + रात्रि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) मध्यरात्रि + अच् । By 5-4-87 अह:सर्वैकदेशसंख्यातपुण्याच्च रात्रेः – The तद्धित: affix अच् is prescribed following a तत्पुरुष: compound ending in the word ‘रात्रि’ – provided ‘रात्रि’ is preceded by one of the following – and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound –
i) ‘अहन्’
ii) ‘सर्व’
iii) a word denoting a part (of the night)
iv) ‘संख्यात’
v) ‘पुण्य’
vi) a संख्या (numeral)
vii) a अव्ययम् (indeclinable)
Note: अहर्ग्रहणं द्वन्द्वार्थम् – The mention of ‘अहन्’ in this सूत्रम् is for the purpose of a द्वन्द्व: (and not a तत्पुरुष:) compound.

(6) मध्यरात्रि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘मध्यरात्रि’ has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(7) मध्यरात्र् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= मध्यरात्र ।

Note: Since ‘रात्रि’ is feminine in gender, as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मध्यरात्र’ would also be feminine in gender, but the सूत्रम् 2-4-29 रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि intervenes.

(8) By 2-4-29 रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि – The gender of a द्वन्द्व:/तत्पुरुष: compound ending in either ‘रात्र’ or ‘अह्न’ or ‘अह’ is always masculine.
Note: The सिद्धान्तकौमुदी makes the point that this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to not only the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः but also to the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌।

मध्यरात्रे is सप्तमी-एकवचनम् of the पुंल्लिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मध्यरात्र’।

(9) मध्यरात्र + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) मध्यरात्र + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) मध्यरात्रे । By 6-1-87 आद्‍गुणः।

Questions:

1. Where else (besides in मध्यरात्रे) has the सूत्रम् 2-2-1 पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे (used in step 2) been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot a अव्ययीभाव: compound in the verses?

3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विधि’ (used in the form विधिना (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-126 लक्षणहेत्वोः क्रियायाः been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) in the form उपास्य?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I heard a strange sound in the middle of the night.” Use the masculine noun ‘ध्वनि’ for ‘sound’ and the adjective ‘विचित्र’ for ‘strange.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the augment अट् in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-112 अनाप्यकः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form मध्याह्ने mLs from महाभारतम् 7.161.41.

पूजितस्तव पुत्रैश्च सर्वयोधैश्च भारत । वपुषातिप्रजज्वाल मध्याह्न इव भास्करः ।। ७-१६१-४१ ।।
भीमसेनं तु युध्यन्तं भारद्वाजरथं प्रति । स्वयं दुर्योधनो राजा प्रत्यविध्यच्छितैः शरैः ।। ७-१६१-४२ ।।
तं भीमसेनो दशभिः शरैर्विव्याध मारिष । दुर्योधनोऽपि विंशत्या शराणां प्रत्यविध्यत ।। ७-१६१-४३ ।।

Translation – Worshiped by thy sons as also by all warriors, O Bhārata, he (Aśwatthāmā) shone very brightly with his body like the sun at midday. King Duryodhana himself pierced with whetted shafts Bhīmasena who was battling towards Droṇa’s car. Bhīmasena, O respectable sir, pierced him (Duryodhana) with ten arrows. Duryodhana also pierced Bhīmasena in return with twenty arrows.

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) मध्यमह्नः = मध्याह्नः – midday (middle of the day.)

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) मध्य सुँ + अहन् ङस् । By 2-2-1 पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे (A पदम् formed by adding a सुँप् affix to) either ‘पूर्व’ (front/prior part) or ‘अपर’ (back/latter part) or ‘अधर’ (lower part) or ‘उत्तर’ (upper part) optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting a single substance/thing consisting of parts and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: षष्ठीसमासापवाद: – The compounding prescribed by this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to the षष्ठी-समास: prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 षष्ठी।

Note: सर्वोऽप्येकदेशोऽह्ना समस्यते – Any word – and not only ‘पूर्व’/’अपर’/’अधर’/’उत्तर’ – which denotes a part may compound with ‘अहन्’ to yield a एकदेशि-समास:। ‘६-३-११० संख्याविसाय-’ इति ज्ञापकात्‌ – We know this from the fact that the सूत्रम् 6-3-110 – which prescribes the optional substitution of ‘अहन्’ in place of ‘अह्न’ when followed by the affix ‘ङि’ and preceded by a numeral or ‘वि’ or ‘साय’ – presupposes the formation of the compound सायोऽह्न: = सायाह्न: – evening (the ending part of the day.) Similarly मध्यमह्न: = मध्याह्न:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘मध्य सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-1 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वापराधरोत्तरम् (extended to include ‘मध्य’) ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘मध्य सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘मध्य सुँ + अहन् ङस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) मध्य + अहन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) मध्य + अहन् + टच् । By 5-4-91 राजाह:सखिभ्यष्टच्‌ – Following a तत्पुरुष: compound ending in either ‘राजन्’ or ‘अहन्’ or ‘सखि’ the तद्धित: affix टच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.

(6) मध्य + अहन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) मध्य + अह्न + अ । By 5-4-88 अह्नोऽह्न एतेभ्यः – When followed by the affix ‘टच्’ (prescribed by 5-4-91 राजाह:सखिभ्यष्टच्‌), the word ‘अहन्’ is replaced by ‘अह्न’ provided ‘अहन्’ is preceded by any one of the following –
i) ‘सर्व’
ii) a word denoting a part (of the day)
iii) ‘संख्यात’
iv) a संख्या (numeral)
v) a अव्ययम् (indeclinable)
Note: By 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire term ‘अहन्’ is replaced by ‘अह्न’।
Note: एतच्छब्देन ‘अहःसर्वैकदेश-’ इति सूत्रस्थाः परामृश्यन्ते – The pronoun ‘एतद्’ (used in the सूत्रम् 5-4-88 अह्नोऽह्न एतेभ्यः) refers to the terms listed in the सूत्रम् 5-4-87 अह:सर्वैकदेशसंख्यातपुण्याच्च रात्रेः। But अहःशब्द इह न गृह्यते, असंभवात् – the word ‘अहन्’ is not included because it is not possible to compound ‘अहन्’ with ‘अहन्’ itself. ‘पुण्य’ is also not included because of the prohibition contained in the सूत्रम् 5-4-90 उत्तमैकाभ्यां च।

(8) मध्याह्न + अ । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘ मध्याह्न’ has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(9) मध्याह्न् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= मध्याह्न ।

Note: Since ‘अहन्’ is neuter in gender, as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ मध्याह्न’ would also be neuter in gender, but the सूत्रम् 2-4-29 रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि intervenes.

(10) By 2-4-29 रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि – The gender of a द्वन्द्व:/तत्पुरुष: compound ending in either ‘रात्र’ or ‘अह्न’ or ‘अह’ is always masculine.
Note: The सिद्धान्तकौमुदी makes the point that this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to not only the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः but also to the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌।

मध्याह्ने is सप्तमी-एकवचनम् of the पुंल्लिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मध्याह्न’।

(11) मध्याह्न + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(12) मध्याह्न + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(13) मध्याह्ने । By 6-1-87 आद्‍गुणः।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष-समास: in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-4-90 लक्षणेत्थम्भूताख्यानभागवीप्सासु प्रतिपर्यनवः been used in the verses?

3. Which कृत् affix is used to derive the form दुर्योधन: (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दुर्योधन’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भास्कर’ (used in the form भास्कर: (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the verses)? Hint: We have seen this सूत्रम् in a prior post.

5. In which word in the verses has the affix णिच् been elided?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“At midday one should mutter the Gayatrī.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the सम्प्रसारणम् in the form प्रत्यविध्यत्? Which one prescribes it in the form विव्याध?

2. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत्‌ apply in the form दशभिः?