Today we will look at the form कृतज्ञः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.31.22.

न भजति कुमनीषिणां स इज्यां हरिरधनात्मधनप्रियो रसज्ञः । श्रुतधनकुलकर्मणां मदैर्ये विदधति पापमकिञ्चनेषु सत्सु ।। ४-३१-२१ ।।
श्रियमनुचरतीं तदर्थिनश्च द्विपदपतीन्विबुधांश्च यत्स्वपूर्णः । न भजति निजभृत्यवर्गतन्त्रः कथममुमुद्विसृजेत्पुमान्कृतज्ञः ।। ४-३१-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
सतामेव वश्योऽसावसतां तु पूजामपि न गृह्णातीत्याह – नेति । कुमनीषिणां कुत्सितमतीनाम् । अधनाश्च भगवद्धनास्ते प्रिया यस्य । रसज्ञो भक्तिसुखज्ञः । के कुमनीषिणस्तानाह । श्रुतादिनिमित्तैर्मदैर्ये सत्सु पापं तिरस्कारं कुर्वन्ति ।। २१ ।। भक्ताधीनत्वं प्रपञ्चयन्नाह । अनुवर्तमानामपि श्रियं तदर्थिनः सकामान् द्विपदपतीन्नरेन्द्रान्विबुधान् देवानपि यो नानुवर्तते । यतः स्वेनैव पूर्णोऽतः स्वभृत्यवर्गानुरक्त एव । एवंभूतममुमुत् ईषदपि कथं परित्यजेत् ।। २२ ।।

Gita Press translation – Śrī Hari, who loves the destitute looking upon Him as their (only) wealth, and knows the bliss inherent in Devotion, does not accept the worship of those foolish men who through their pride of learning, affluence, pedigree and (remarkable) deeds show disrespect to such destitute devotees (21). How can a man who has any sense of gratitude in him give up even for a while (the thought of) Him who has no regard (even) for Śrī (the goddess of beauty and prosperity and His own Consort) – even though She (ever) waits on Him – much less for kings (rulers of men) and gods seeking Her favor – inasmuch as He is perfect in Himself – but who is (nonetheless) subject to the will of His servants? (22)

कृतं जानातीति कृतज्ञः।

“ज्ञ” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √ज्ञा (क्र्यादि-गणः, ज्ञा अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४३) – in composition with “कृत”।

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “कृतज्ञ” is derived as follows:

(1) कृत + ङस् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + ज्ञा + क । By 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः – When in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action) a verbal root which ends in a आकारः may take the affix “क” as long as there is no उपसर्गः (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे) associated with the verbal root. Note: The affix “क” (prescribed by this सूत्रम्) is an exception to the affix “अण्” prescribed by 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्।
Note: The term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “कृत + ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of जानाति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) कृत + ङस् + ज्ञा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कृत + ङस् + ज्ञ् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either: (i) a “इट्”-आगम: or (ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as a इत्।

(4) कृत + ङस् + ज्ञ । We form a compound between “कृत + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज्ञ” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “कृत + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज्ञ”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “कृत + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “कृत + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”। “कृत + ङस् + ज्ञ” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) कृतज्ञ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) कृतज्ञ + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) कृतज्ञ + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) कृतज्ञ: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In the first verse of which chapter of the गीता has the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः been used?

2. Where else (besides in कृतज्ञ:) in the verses has the the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः been used?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रिय”?

4. Can you spot the affix “झि” in the verses?

5. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 8-2-77 हलि च apply in कुर्वन्ति (used in the commentary)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“No one knows everything.” Paraphrase to “No one is a knower of everything.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “अदस्” been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix शप् in the verses?

Today we will look at the form धनदम् mAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.2.32.

तं भेजेऽलम्बुषा देवी भजनीयगुणालयम् । वराप्सरा यतः पुत्राः कन्या चेडविडाभवत् ।। ९-२-३१ ।।
तस्यामुत्पादयामास विश्रवा धनदं सुतम् । प्रादाय विद्यां परमामृषिर्योगेश्वरात् पितुः ।। ९-२-३२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
यतो यस्यां तृणबिन्दोः पुत्रा अभवन् ।। ३१ ।। ३२ ।।

Gita Press translation – A heavenly damsel, Alambuṣā, the foremost of the celestial nymphs, chose for her husband Tṛṇabindu, who was a repository of qualities worth acquiring. From their union were born a number of sons as well as a girl Iḍaviḍā (by name) (31). Through her the sage Viśravā begot a son in the person of the god Kubera (the lord and bestower of riches) after receiving the highest knowledge (of the Self or of Brahma) from his father, the sage Pulastya (a mind-born son of Brahmā and a master of Yoga) (32).

धनं ददातीति धनदः।

“द” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √दा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुदाञ् दाने, धातु-पाठः #३. १०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “धनद” is derived as follows:

(1) धन + ङस् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + दा + क । By 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः – When in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action) a verbal root which ends in a आकारः may take the affix “क” as long as there is no उपसर्गः (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे) associated with the verbal root. Note: The affix “क” (prescribed by this सूत्रम्) is an exception to the affix “अण्” prescribed by 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्।

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः, the term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “धन + ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of ददाति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) धन + ङस् + दा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) धन + ङस् + द् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or (ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।

(4) धन + ङस् + द । We form a compound between “धन + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “द” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “धन + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “द”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “धन + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “धन + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“धन + ङस् + द” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) धनद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(6) धनद + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “अम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(7) धनदम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः (used in step 1) been used in Chapter Nine of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says अनुपसर्गे किम्? गोसंदाय:। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the अभ्यासलोप: in भेजे?

4. In the verses, in which प्रातिपदिकम् (used as part of a compound) has a कृत्य-प्रत्यय: been used?

5. Can you spot the affix णिच् in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“May Kubera make you rich.” In this sentence “May” has been used in the sense of a blessing. So use a आशीर्लिँङ् form of √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) to express the meaning of “May make.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “धनवत्” for “rich.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत्‌ been used in the verses?

2. In the verses, can you spot two प्रातिपदिके which end in a सकार:?

 

Today we will look at the form नृशंसम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 6.11.13

न सन्नवाहाय विषण्णचेतसे प्रायुङ्क्त भूयः स गदां महात्मा । इन्द्रोऽमृतस्यन्दिकराभिमर्शवीतव्यथक्षतवाहोऽवतस्थे ।। ६-११-१२ ।।
स तं नृपेन्द्राहवकाम्यया रिपुं वज्रायुधं भ्रातृहणं विलोक्य । स्मरंश्च तत्कर्म नृशंसमंहः शोकेन मोहेन हसन्जगाद ।। ६-११-१३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
सन्नोऽवसन्नो वाहो यस्य तस्मै न प्रायुङ्क्त । अमृतस्यन्दी अमृतस्रावी यः स्वकरस्तेनाभिमर्शः स्पर्शस्तेन वीतव्यथो गतदुःखः क्षतो वाहो यस्येन्द्रस्य स तथाभूतोऽवतस्थे ।। १२ ।। स वृत्रः हे नृपेन्द्र, आहवकाम्यया युद्धेच्छयावस्थितम् । भ्रातृहणं भ्राता विश्वरूपस्तस्य हन्तारम् । नृशंसं क्रूरं तदेवांहः पापं तस्य कर्म स्मरन् ।। १३ ।।

Gita Press translation – That noble soul (Vṛtra) did not aim the mace for a second time at Indra, who felt dejected in mind and whose elephant was stunned (with the blow.) (Meanwhile,) O king of kings, Indra, whose wounded elephant was rid of its pain by the (very) touch of his hand, that shed drops of nectar, stood (once more) before Vṛtra (12). Seeing the aforesaid Indra (his own enemy and) the slayer of his (elder) brother (Viśwarūpa,) standing (before him) armed with the thunderbolt and seeking a (single) combat with him, O king of kings, Vṛtra was filled with grief and infatuation as he recollected that cruel and sinful deed of his adversary, and spoke laughing (13).

नॄञ्शंसतीति नृशंसः।

“शंस” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √शंस् (शंसुँ स्तुतौ | दुर्गतावपीत्येके (इति दुर्गः)१. ८२९). Note: This verbal root has been used here in the sense of हिंसायाम्।

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “नृशंस” is derived as follows:

(1) नृ + आम् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + शंस् + अण् । By 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण् – The affix “अण्” may be used after a verbal root when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action.) Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्, the term कर्मणि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “नृ + आम्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of शंसति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix आम् is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) नृ + आम् +शंस । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) नृ + आम् + शंस । We form a compound between “नृ + आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “शंस” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “नृ + आम्”)  invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “शंस”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “नृ + आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “नृ + आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“नृ आम् + शंस” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) नृशंस । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(5) नृशंस + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) नृशंस + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) नृशंसम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अतिङ्ग्रहणं ज्ञापयति सुपेत्येतन्नेहानुवर्तत इति। Please explain.

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the affix “काम्यच्” in the word आहवकाम्यया?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-3-22 समवप्रविभ्यः स्थः been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot the affix “श्नम्” in the verses?

5. Can you spot the affix “तृच्” in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Where there is smoke there must be fire.” Paraphrase to “Where smoke is there fire must be.” Use the अव्ययम् “एव” to express the meaning of “must.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “fire” = “one who bears (carries) the oblation.” (हव्यं वहति)।

Easy Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the णकारादेश: in the word भ्रातृहणम्?

2. Can you spot a place in the verses where a सन्धि-कार्यम् has not been done?

Today we will look at the form गृहेषु nLp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.60.44

तं त्वानुरूपमभजं जगतामधीशमात्मानमत्र च परत्र च कामपूरम् । स्यान्मे तवाङ्घ्रिररणं सृतिभिर्भ्रमन्त्या यो वै भजन्तमुपयात्यनृतापवर्गः ।। १०-६०-४३ ।।
तस्याः स्युरच्युत नृपा भवतोपदिष्टाः स्त्रीणां गृहेषु खरगोश्वविडालभृत्याः । यत्कर्णमूलमरिकर्षण नोपयायाद् युष्मत्कथा मृडविरिञ्चसभासु गीता ।। १०-६०-४४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अतस्त्वामेवाहमभजमित्याह – तं त्वेति । किंच प्रार्थयते – स्यादिति । अरणं शरणम् । सृतिभिर्देवतिर्यगादिभिर्जन्मभिः । पाठान्तरे त्वर्थवादबहुलकर्मश्रवणैरित्यर्थः । कथंभूतस्य तव । यस्त्वमनृतस्य संसारस्यापवर्गो नाशो यस्मात्स भजन्तमुपयात्यात्मसात्करोति तस्य तवाङ्घ्रिरिति । भीतस्य हि शरणमेवानुरूपं भजनयोग्यमतस्त्वामहमभजमित्यर्थः ।। ४३ ।। ये चोक्ता राज्ञां बहवो गुणा ‘राजपुत्रीप्सिता भूपैर्लोकपालविभूतिभिः’ इत्यादिना तत्र सेर्ष्यं सशापं साङ्गुलिभङगं चाह द्वाभ्याम् – तस्याः स्युरिति । खरा इव केवलं भारवाहा गावो बलिवर्दा इव नित्यं व्यापारक्लिष्टाः, श्वान इवावमताः, बिडाला इव कृपणा हिंस्राश्च, भृत्या इव किंकरा नृपास्तस्या दुर्भाग्याः पतयः स्युः । यस्याः कर्णपथं त्वत्कथा न प्राप्नुयादिति ।। ४४ ।।

Gita Press translation – I have sought as my befitting partner You, who are the suzerain lord of the universe, (nay,) my own Self and the granter of (all) desired boons both here as well as hereafter. May Your feet, which seek him who worships You and release him from the deceptive cycle of births and deaths, prove to be an asylum to me, who have been wandering through (repeated) births (43). O infallible One, O Destroyer of foes, let the kings (Śiśupāla and others) suggested by You be the choice of that woman into whose ears has not entered a lay pertaining to You and sung in the courts of Śiva and Brahmā. Within their homes those kings behave towards the ladies like a donkey, an ox, a dog, a cat and a slave (44).

गृह्णाति (धान्यादिकम्) इति गृहम्।

“गृह” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “गृह” is derived as follows:

(1) ग्रह् + क । By 3-1-144 गेहे कः – The affix ‘क’ is used following the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१) when the agent (of the action) denotes a house.

(2) ग्रह् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The affix ‘क’ is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्)। This allows 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च to apply in the next step.

(3) ग् ऋ अ ह् + अ । By 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च – The verbal roots √ग्रह (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१), √ज्या (ज्या वयोहानौ ९. ३४), √वय् (वयँ गतौ १. ५४७), √व्यध् (व्यधँ ताडने ४. ७८), √वश् (वशँ कान्तौ २. ७५), √व्यच् (व्यचँ व्याजीकरणे ६. १३), √व्रश्च् (ओँव्रश्चूँ छेदने ६. १२), √प्रच्छ् (प्रच्छँ ज्ञीप्सायाम् ६.१४९) and √भ्रस्ज् (भ्रस्जँ पाके ६. ४) take सम्प्रसारणम् (ref. 1-1-45 इग्यणः सम्प्रसारणम्) when followed by an affix which is a कित् or a ङित्।

(4) गृह । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च – When a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a अच् (vowel), there is a single replacement (in place of both the सम्प्रसारणम् and the following अच्) of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्)।

“गृह” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। It is a नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्।

(5) गृह + सुप् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) गृह + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) गृहे + सु । By 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत् – The ending “अ” of a अङ्गम् changes to “ए” when followed by a plural सुँप् affix beginning with a झल् letter.

(9) गृहेषु । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः ।

Questions:

1. In the गीता where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “गृह” been used (as part of a compound)?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-144  गेहे कः (used in step 1), the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – गेह इति प्रत्ययार्थस्य कर्तुर्विशेषणं, नोपपदम्। ‘४-४-९० गृहपतिना संयुक्ते ञ्यः’ इति निर्देशात्। Please explain.

3. Commenting further on the सूत्रम् 3-1-144, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – एतत्सूत्रं तु शक्यमकर्तुम्। ‘गृहूँ ग्रहणे’ इति भ्वादेरिगुपधलक्षणे कप्रत्यये कृते गृहशब्दस्य सिद्धेः। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the अकार-लोप: in the form स्युः?

5. Can you spot an augment यासुट् in the verses? Can you spot one in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My home is on the left side of the temple.” Use the masculine/neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “पार्श्व” for “side.”

Easy Questions:

1. The word श्वानः (used in the commentary) is derived from the प्रातिपदिकम् “श्वन्”। Can you recall a सूत्रम् in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions this प्रातिपदिकम्?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत् (used in step 8), the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – बहुवचने किम्? राम:। रामस्य। Please explain.

Today we will look at the form निशायाम् fLs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.35.1

उपास्य रात्रिशेषं तु शोणाकूले महर्षिभिः | निशायां सुप्रभातायां विश्वामित्रोऽभ्यभाषत || १-३५-१ ||
सुप्रभाता निशा राम पूर्वा सन्ध्या प्रवर्तते | उत्तिष्ठोत्तिष्ठ भद्रं ते गमनायाभिरोचय || १-३५-२ ||
तच्छ्रुत्वा वचनं तस्य कृतपूर्वाह्णिकक्रियः | गमनं रोचयामास वाक्यं चेदमुवाच ह || १-३५-३ ||
अयं शोणः शुभजलो गाधः पुलिनमण्डितः | कतरेण पथा ब्रह्मन्सन्तरिष्यामहे वयम् || १-३५-४ ||

Gita Press translation – Having reposed for the rest of the night on the bank of Ṣoṇa along with the great Ṛṣis (who accompanied him on the journey,) Viśwāmitra spoke (as follows) on the night having culminated in a beautiful sunrise: – (1) “The night has ended in a lovely dawn, O Rāma! The morning twilight has set in. Get up, arise and make yourself inclined to proceed (further.) May prosperity attend you!” (2) Hearing his instruction as aforesaid and having finished his morning duties (Sandhyā etc.,) Śrī Rāma made himself inclined to leave (for the journey) and spoke the following words: so the tradition goes: – (3) “The river Sona, whose waters are so holy, is fordable here and (as such) adorned with sandy banks. By which of the two fords (appearing before us) shall we wade through it, O holy sir?” (4)

नितरां श्यति (नाशयति व्यापारान्) इति निशा।

“निश” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √शो (शो तनूकरणे ४. ४०) along with the उपसर्गः “नि”।

(1) In the सूत्रम् 3-1-136 आतश्चोपसर्गे (to be used in the next step) the term उपसर्गे ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “नि” (which is a उपसर्ग: by 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्। (The affixes which are prescribed from this सूत्रम् onward only apply in the presence of the उपपदम् when applicable.) Note: This is a अधिकार-सूत्रम् which runs up to the end of Chapter Three of the अष्टाध्यायी। Note: The term उपपदम् is derived as follows: उप (= समीपे) उच्चारितं पदम् = उपपदम्।

(2) नि शा + क । By 3-1-136 आतश्चोपसर्गे – The affix “क” may be used after a verbal root ending in a आकार:, when in composition with a उपसर्गः (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)। By 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति – The ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows. Hence the ending ओकार: of the verbal root “शो” is replaced by a आकार: here.

(3) नि शा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) नि श् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or
(ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।

(5) निश । We form a compound between “नि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “श” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “नि”)  invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “श”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “नि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “नि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“निश” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “निशा” is derived as follows:

(6) निश + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.

(7) निश + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) निशा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्।

(9) निशा + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) निशा + आम् । By 7-3-116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः – The affix “ङि”, following a base ending in “नदी” or “आप्” or following the term “नी”, gets “आम्” as the substitute. The entire प्रत्ययः is replaced as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “आम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) निशा + याट् आम् । By 7-3-113 याडापः – The ङित् affixes following a base ending in an “आप्” affix get the augment “याट्”। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “याट्”-आगम: joins at the beginning of the प्रत्ययः “आम्”।

(12) निशा + या आम् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(13) निशायाम् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “निशा” been used in Chapter Two of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम्  2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (used in step 5), the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – अतिङ् किम्? मा भवान् भूत्। ‘3-3-175 माङि लुङ्’  इति सप्तमीनिर्देशान्माङुपपदम्। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ककारादेश: in the word वाक्यम्?

4. What would be an alternate form for सन्तरिष्यामहे?

5. Can you spot the affix णिच् in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Śrī Hanumān thought – “I should enter Laṅkā at night.”

Easy Questions:

1. Can you spot an augment अट् in the verses?

2. From which प्रातिपदिकम् is the word पथा derived? Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions this प्रातिपदिकम्?

Today we will look at the form प्रियः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.10.17

प्रासादशिखरारूढाः कुरुनार्यो दिदृक्षया । ववृषुः कुसुमैः कृष्णं प्रेमव्रीडास्मितेक्षणाः ।। १-१०-१६ ।।
सितातपत्रं जग्राह मुक्तादामविभूषितम् । रत्नदण्डं गुडाकेशः प्रियः प्रियतमस्य ह ।। १-१०-१७ ।।
उद्धवः सात्यकिश्चैव व्यजने परमाद्भुते । विकीर्यमाणः कुसुमै रेजे मधुपतिः पथि ।। १-१०-१८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
प्रेमव्रीडास्मितपूर्वकमीक्षणं यासां ताः ।। १६ ।। गुडाका निद्रा तस्या ईशो जितनिद्रोऽर्जुनः ।। १७ ।। व्यजने चामरे जगृहतुः । मधुपतिः श्रीकृष्णः ।। १८ ।।

Gita Press translation – Going up to the top of their mansions in order to have a look at Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the ladies of the Kuru race rained flowers on Him, greeting Him with smiling through mingled feelings of affection and bashfulness (16). The thick-haired Arjuna, the favorite of Śrī Kṛṣṇa, held over his most beloved friend His white umbrella which was bordered with strings of pearls and a handle of precious stones; while Uddhava and Sātyaki held a pair of most wonderful chowries. Greeted with showers of flowers on the way, Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the Lord of the Madhus) shone brilliantly (17-18).

प्रीणातीति प्रियः।

“प्रिय” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √प्री (प्रीञ् तर्पणे कान्तौ च ९. २).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रिय” is derived as follows:

(1) प्री + क । By 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः – The affix “क” may be used following
i) a verbal root which has a penultimate इक् letter
ii) the verbal root √ज्ञा (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३), √प्री (प्रीञ् तर्पणे कान्तौ च ९. २) or √कॄ (कॄ विक्षेपे (निक्षेपे) ६. १४५)

(2) प्री + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The affix “क” is a कित्। Therefore 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops the गुणादेशः which would have been done by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(3) प्र् इयँङ् + अ । By 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियङुवङौ – If a प्रत्यय: beginning with an अच् (vowel) follows, then the (ending letter of the) अङ्गम् is replaced by इयँङ्/उवँङ् in the following three cases – (1) If the अङ्गम् ends in the प्रत्यय: “श्नु” or (2) If the अङ्गम् ends in the इवर्ण: or उवर्ण: of a धातु: or (3) If the अङ्गम् is the word “भ्रू”। As per 1-1-53 ङिच्च, only the ending ईकार: is replaced by “इयँङ्”।

(4) प्रिय । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

“प्रिय” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) प्रिय + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) प्रिय + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) प्रियः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In which chapter of the गीता has the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रिय” been used in the last word of the chapter?

2. The form ववृषुः is derived from the verbal root √वृष् (वृषुँ सेचने हिंसासङ्क्लेशनयोश्च १. ८०३). Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions this verbal root?

3. Why does 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च apply in the word जगृहतुः (used in the commentary) but not in the word जग्राह (used in the verses)? Both are derived from √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१).

4. Can you spot an affix सन् in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The Self is dear to (of) everyone.” Use षष्ठी विभक्ति: with “everyone.”

Advanced question:

1. Does the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि work for  the एकारादेश: in the from रेजे?  If not, can you find a सूत्रम् for performing this operation?

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-14 रो रि been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the टि-लोप: in the form पथि?

 

Today we will look at the form बुधः mNS from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.60.48

व्यूढायाश्चापि पुंश्चल्या मनोऽभ्येति नवं नवम् । बुधोऽसतीं न बिभृयात्तां बिभ्रदुभयच्युतः ।। १०-६०-४८ ।।
श्रीभगवानुवाच
साध्व्येतच्छ्रोतुकामैस्त्वं राजपुत्रि प्रलम्भिता । मयोदितं यदन्वात्थ सर्वं तत्सत्यमेव हि ।। १०-६०-४९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
व्यूढायाः परिणीताया अपीति, उभयस्मादिहपरलोकद्वयाच्च्युतो भ्रष्ट इति ।। ४८ ।। प्रलम्भिता उपहसिता । अन्वात्थ अन्वाख्यातवती ।। ४९ ।।

Gita Press translation – The mind of a woman of easy virtue, though married, is always attracted towards a new person. A wise man should not (therefore) maintain such an unchaste woman; for by doing so he falls both here and hereafter (48). The glorious Lord replied: O virtuous lady! It was with intent to hear you speak in this strain, O princess, that you were subject to a joke by Me. In fact, the interpretation you have put on My words is wholly and literally true (49).

बोधति बुध्यत इति वा बुधः।

“बुध” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √बुध् (बुधँ अवगमने १. ९९४, बुधँ अवगमने ४. ६८).

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘बुध’ is derived as follows:

(1) बुध् + क । By 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः – The affix ‘क’ may be used following
i) a verbal root which has a penultimate इक् letter
ii) the verbal root √ज्ञा (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३), √प्री (प्रीञ् तर्पणे कान्तौ च ९. २) or √कॄ (कॄ विक्षेपे (निक्षेपे) ६. १४५)
Note: The सूत्रम् 3-1-135 applies in the present example because the penultimate letter of the verbal root √बुध् is ‘उ’ which belongs to the प्रत्याहारः ‘इक्’।

(2) बुध् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The affix ‘क’ is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्।) Therefore 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops the गुणादेशः which would have been done by 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।

‘बुध’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) बुध + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) बुध + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) बुधः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the word बुधः been used in Chapter Five of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says वासरूपविधिना ण्वुल्तृचावपि । क्षेपक: । क्षेप्ता । Please explain.

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः, the काशिका says देवसेवमेषादय: पचादौ पठितव्या:। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the इकारादेश: in the form बिभृयात्?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-35 आहस्थः been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A wise man should not behave in this manner.” Use the अव्ययम् ‘इत्थम्’ for ‘in this manner.’

Easy questions:

1. In the verses, where has the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-107 अम्बार्थनद्योर्ह्रस्वः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form योधाः mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.59.15

तान्पीठमुख्याननयद्यमक्षयं निकृत्तशीर्षोरुभुजाङ्घ्रिवर्मणः । स्वानीकपानच्युतचक्रसायकैस्तथा निरस्तान्नरको धरासुतः ।। १०-५९-१४ ।।
निरीक्ष्य दुर्मर्षण आस्रवन्मदैर्गजैः पयोधिप्रभवैर्निराक्रमत् । दृष्ट्वा सभार्यं गरुडोपरि स्थितं सूर्योपरिष्टात्सतडिद्घनं यथा । कृष्णं स तस्मै व्यसृजच्छतघ्नीं योधाश्च सर्वे युगपच्च विव्यधुः।। १०-५९-१५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
कृत्तानि शीर्षादीनि येषां तान् ।। १४ ।। शतघ्नीं शक्तिविशेषम् ।। १५ ।।

Gita Press translation – The Lord sent them (all), Pītha and others, to the abode of Death, their heads, thighs, arms, feet and armors having been lopped off or split open. Enraged to see (from the top of the fortress) the generals of his army having been killed by the discus (Sudarśana) and arrows of Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the immortal Lord,) the demon Naraka, son of Mother Earth, rushed forth with (an army of) sea-born elephants (whose descent was traceable from Airāvata, the king of elephants, the carrier of Indra.) Perceiving Śrī Kṛṣṇa with His spouse (Satyabhāmā) mounted on Garuḍa (the king of birds) like a cloud united with lightning and appearing above the sun, Naraka hurled at Him the javelin known by the name of Śataghnī; (nay), all his warriors too hit Him all at once (14-15).

युध्यत इति योधः।

“योध” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √युध् (युधँ सम्प्रहारे ४. ६९).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “योध” is derived as follows:

(1) युध् + अच् । By वार्तिकम् (under 3-1-134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः) – अज्विधिः सर्वधातुभ्यः – The affix ‘अच्’ may be used after any verbal root (to denote the agent/doer of the action.)

(2) युध् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: “अ” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।

(3) योध् + अ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च – When a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुकम् affix or a आर्धधातुकम् affix, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases:
i) The अङ्गम् ends in the augment ‘पुक्’। or
ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।

‘योध’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।

(1) योध + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(2) योध + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “जस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(3) योधास् । 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(4) योधाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the word योधाः been used in the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says पचादिराकृतिगणः । “4-4-143 शिवशमरिष्टस्य करे”, “5-2-35 कर्मणि घटोऽठच्” इति सूत्रयोः करोतेर्घटेश्चाच्प्रयोगात् । अच्प्रत्यये परे यङ्लुग्विधानाच्च। Please explain.

3. Why is निराक्रमत् a आर्ष-प्रयोगः?

4. Can you spot an affix “श” in the verses?

5. Where does the सूत्रम् 6-1-37 न सम्प्रसारणे सम्प्रसारणम् find application in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Duryodhana said to his (own) warriors – “All of you should protect Bhīṣma.” Use the pronoun “स्व” for “own.”

Easy Questions:

1. Which अव्ययम् in the verses has been translated to “all at once.”

2. Where has this अव्ययम् (answer to question above) been used in the गीता?

Today we will look at the form विभीषणस्य mGs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.89.5.

ततो विस्फारयामास महद्धनुरवस्थितः । उत्ससर्ज च तीक्ष्णाग्रान्राक्षसेषु महाशरान् ।। ६-८९-३ ।।
ते शराः शिखिसंस्पर्शा निपतन्तः समाहिताः । राक्षसान्द्रावयामासुर्वज्राणीव महागिरीन् ।। ६-८९-४ ।।
विभीषणस्यानुचरास्तेऽपि शूलासिपट्टिशैः । चिच्छिदुः समरे वीरान्राक्षसान्राक्षसोत्तमाः ।। ६-८९-५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Standing firm, he now stretched his mighty bow and loosed long sharp-pointed arrows against the ogres (3). Falling thick and fast, the aforesaid shafts, which impinged like fire, tore the ogres to pieces as thunderbolts would cleave mighty mountains (4). The well-known followers of Vibhīṣaṇa, too, who were the foremost of ogres, rent asunder the heroic ogres in combat with their pikes, swords and sharp-edged spears (5).

विशेषेण भीषयतीति विभीषणः।

“विभीषण” is a causative form derived from the verbal root √भी (ञिभी भये ३. २) with the उपसर्गः “वि”।

(1) भी + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.

(2) भी + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भी षुँक् + इ । By 7-3-40 भियो हेतुभये षुक् – The verbal root √भी (ञिभी भये ३. २) – when it ends in a ईकार: – takes the “षुँक्”-आगम: when the “णि”-प्रत्यय: follows and the हेतु: (ref. 1-4-55 तत्प्रयोजको हेतुश्च) is directly the cause of the fear.

(4) भी ष् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

“भीषि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

The प्रातिपदिकम् “विभीषण” is derived as follows:

(5) वि भीषि + ल्यु । By 3-1-134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः – The affix “ल्यु” may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by “नन्दि”; the affix “णिनिँ” may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by “ग्रहि”; and the affix “अच्” may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by “पच्”। Note: The word विभीषणः is listed in the नन्द्यादि-गण:।

(6) वि भीषि + यु । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) वि भीषि + अन । By 7-1-1 युवोरनाकौ – The affixes “यु” and “वु” are substituted respectively by “अन” and “अक”।

(8) वि भीष् + अन । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि – The “णि”-प्रत्यय: is elided when followed by an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: which does not have the augment इट्।

(9) विभीषण । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्।

(10) विभीषण + ङस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(11) विभीषणस्य । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः, since the “ङस्”-प्रत्यय: is following an अङ्गम् ending in an अकार:, it is replaced by “स्य”। As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire ङस्-प्रत्यय: is replaced.

Questions:

1. Where has the affix “ल्यु” been used in the last five verses of Chapter Eleven of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-3-40 भियो हेतुभये षुक् the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says भी ई इतीकार: प्रश्लिष्यते। ईकारान्तस्य भिय: षुक् स्याण्णौ हेतुभये। Explaining this वृत्तिः the तत्त्वबोधिनी says तेन आत्वपक्षे भापयते इत्येव न त्वत्र षुगित्यर्थः। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-3-40 भियो हेतुभये षुक् the काशिका says हेतुभय इति किम्? कुञ्चिकयैनं भाययति। Please explain.

4. From which verbal root is the form द्रावयामासुः derived?

5. Can you spot an augment “तुँक्” in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Arjuna said to Śrī Kṛṣṇa “Having withdrawn this frightful form show me your gentle one.” Use the अव्ययम् “संहृत्य” for “having withdrawn.”

Easy Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the नकारादेशः in the form राक्षसान्?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ been used in the verses?