Today we will look at the form बभाषे 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.9.12

ततो गृहीत्वामृतभाजनं हरिर्बभाष ईषत्स्मितशोभया गिरा ।
यद्यभ्युपेत क्व च साध्वसाधु वा कृतं मया वो विभजे सुधामिमाम् ।। ८-९-१२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
ईषत्स्मितेन शोभा यस्यास्तया । मया कृतं साधु वा असाधु यद्यभ्युपेताङ्गीकुरुत तर्हि विभजे ।

Gita Press translation – Having taken possession of the jar of nectar, Lord Śrī Hari then said in a voice brightened with a gentle smile, “If you accept whatever is done by me, whether right or wrong, in any wise, I am prepared to divide this nectar among you (but not otherwise).”

बभाषे is derived from the धातुः √भाष् (भाषँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ६९६)

In the धातु-पाठः, the धातुः √भाष् has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the षकार:। This इत् letter has a अनुदात्त-स्वर:। Thus by 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् √भाष् will get आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। As per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “त” to “महिङ्” get the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √भाष् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “त”।

(1) भाष् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) भाष् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भाष् + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “त” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(3) भाष् + एश् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, “एश्” comes as a substitute for “त”।

(4) भाष् + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) भाष् भाष् + ए । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) भा भाष् + ए । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(7) भ भाष् + ए । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(8) बभाषे । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. Where in the गीता is √भाष् (भाषँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ६९६) used with the प्रत्यय: “त” (as in this example)?

2. In the verse, can you spot a word wherein the शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken लुक् elision?

3. In the form कुरुत (used in the commentary), there are two letters “उ”। Which one is a प्रत्यय: (affix) and which one is a आदेश: (substitute)?

4. Where has 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Ravana said to Sita – ‘You ought to be my wife.'” Use the अव्ययम् “भवितुम्” for “to be” and use √अर्ह् (अर्हँ पूजायाम् १. ८४१) for “ought.” Use the same धातु: as in the example for “to say.” Use the अव्ययम् “इति” as a end-quote.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All the gopis said to Sri Krishna – ‘We are not able to live without you.'” Use the अव्ययम् “जीवितुम्” for “to live” and use √शक् (शकॢँ शक्तौ ५. १७) for “to be able.” Use the अव्ययम् “विना” for “without.” Use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with “you.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the मकारादेश: in the form इमाम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्”, स्त्रीलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?

2. The word गिरा (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) used in the verse is derived from the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “गिर्”। What would be the form in सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्?
i. गिर्षु
ii. गि:सु
iii. गीर्षु
iv. गिरेषु

Today we will look at the form चिच्छेद 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.54.28

तैस्ताडितः शरौघैस्तु चिच्छेद धनुरच्युतः ।
पुनरन्यदुपादत्त तदप्यच्छिनदव्ययः ।। १०-५४-२८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on this verse.

Gita Press translation “Struck with those volleys of arrows, however, Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the immortal Lord) rent his bow asunder. He snatched yet another and the imperishable Lord cleft that too.”

चिच्छेद is derived from the धातुः √छिद् (रुधादि-गणः, छिदिँर् द्वैधीकरणे, धातु-पाठः # ७. ३)

By the वार्तिकम् – इर इत्सञ्ज्ञा वाच्या, “इर्” of “छिदिँर्” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा। The इकारः of “इर्” has a स्वरित-स्वर: here. Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √छिद्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √छिद्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √छिद् will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √छिद्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) छिद् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) छिद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) छिद् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) छिद् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) छिद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) छिद् छिद् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case गुण: of the इकार: by 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case the अकार: of “णल्”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 8 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च।

(7) छि छिद् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) छि छेद् + अ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः
or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।

(9) छि तुँक् छेद । By 6-1-73 छे च, a short vowel (ह्रस्वः) gets the तुँक्-आगमः when a छकारः follows in संहितायाम्। By 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, an augment which is marked with the letter “क्” as an इत् attaches to the end of the term in the genitive case. In the present example, the term in the genitive case in the सूत्रम् is “ह्रस्वस्य” which is coming as अनुवृत्ति: from 6-1-71. Therefore the तुँक्-आगम: comes after the ह्रस्व: (इकार:)।

(10) छि त् छेद । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) छि च् छेद । तकारः gets चकार-आदेशः by 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः।

(12) चिच्छेद । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. Where is 6-1-73 छे च (used in step 9 of the example) used in the last five verses of Chapter Nine of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “श्नम्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Where has 6-1-10 श्लौ been used in the verse?

4. 6-1-73 छे च is the first सूत्रम् in the अधिकार: of 6-1-72 संहितायाम्। Can you recall a अधिकार: which is a subset of (contained in) the अधिकार: of 6-1-72 संहितायाम्?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Krishna removed (cut) all of Arjuna’s doubts.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “संशय” for “doubt.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama made friendship with Sugriva.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “सख्य” for “friendship” and use (a लिँट् form of) √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) for “to make.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-1-25 अद्ड् डतरादिभ्यः पञ्चभ्यः been used in the verse?

2. Why didn’t 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः apply in the form “तद्” (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्”, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form विव्याध 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.54.26

यावन्न मे हतो बाणैः शयीथा मुञ्च दारिकाम् ।
स्मयन्कृष्णो धनुश्छित्त्वा षड्भिर्विव्याध रुक्मिणम् ।। १०-५४-२६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on this verse.

Gita Press translation – “Leave my sister before you bite the dust when struck with my arrows.” Smilingly tearing his bow Śrī Kṛṣṇa pierced Rukmī with six arrows.

विव्याध is derived from the धातुः √व्यध् (दिवादि-गणः, व्यधँ ताडने, धातु-पाठः # ४. ७८)

The ending अकारः (which is an इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of “व्यधँ” has a उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus the √व्यध्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √व्यध्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √व्यध्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “तिप्”।

(1) व्यध् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) व्यध् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) व्यध् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) व्यध् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) व्यध् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) व्यध् व्यध् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case वृद्धि: of the अकार: by 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case the अकार: of “णल्”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 9 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।

(7) व् इ अध् व्यध् + अ । By 6-1-17 लिट्यभ्यासस्योभयेषाम्, when a लिँट् affix follows, सम्प्रसारणम् (ref. 1-1-45 इग्यणः सम्प्रसारणम्) is done in the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) of the verbal roots (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८ etc.) referred to in 6-1-15 वचिस्वपियजादीनां किति as well as in that of the verbal roots (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१ etc.) referred to in 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च।
See question 2.

Note: As per the परिभाषा “सम्प्रसारणं तदाश्रितं च कार्यं बलवत्”, 6-1-17 (which is an earlier rule in the अष्टाध्यायी compared to 7-4-60) applies before 7-4-60. Note: If 7-4-60 had applied first, the यकार: (in the अभ्यास:) would have taken लोप: and we would have ended up with an undesirable form.
परिभाषा – “सम्प्रसारणं तदाश्रितं च कार्यं बलवत्” – A सम्प्रसारणम् (ref. 1-1-45) operation, as well as an operation (6-1-108) which is dependent on it, possesses greater force (takes precedence over other operations which are simultaneously applicable.)

(8) व् इ ध् व्यध् + अ । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च – When a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a अच् (vowel), there is a single replacement (in place of both the सम्प्रसारणम् and the following अच्) of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्)।

(9) वि व्यध् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(10) विव्याध । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

Questions:

1. The सूत्रम् 6-1-17 लिट्यभ्यासस्योभयेषाम् (used in step 7 of the example) is used in only one word (which occurs many times) in the गीता। Which word is it?

2. Why didn’t the वकार: (which is a यण् letter) in the अभ्यास: take सम्प्रसारणम् in step 7?

3. Can you spot a “सीयुट्”-आगम: in the verse?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “नुँम्”-आगम: in the form मुञ्च?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama pierced the demons with sharp arrows.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “राक्षस” for “demon” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “निशित” for “sharp.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sita said to Ravana – ‘How indeed doesn’t shame tear up your heart?'” Use the combination of अव्यये “कथम् + नु = कथं नु” for “how indeed”, use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “लज्जा” for “shame”, use a causative form of √दॄ (दॄ विदारणे ९. २६) with the उपसर्ग: “वि” for “to tear up” and use (a लिँट् form of) √वच् (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८) for “to say.” Use the अव्ययम् “इति” as an end-quote.

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा been used in the verse?

2. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the षट्-सञ्ज्ञा?

Today we will look at the form जगुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.15.7

मैत्रेय उवाच
प्रशंसन्ति स्म तं विप्रा गन्धर्वप्रवरा जगुः।
मुमुचुः सुमनोधाराः सिद्धा नृत्यन्ति स्वःस्त्रियः ।। ४-१५-७ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
स्वःस्त्रियः अप्सरसो नृत्यन्ति स्म ।।

Gita Press translation – Maitreya went on : The Brāhmaṇas extolled Pṛthu, while the demigods known as Gandharvas were singing songs, the chief of them, the Siddhas were releasing showers of (Elysian) flowers, the heavenly damsels were dancing (all for joy at the advent of Pṛthu).”

जगुः is derived from the धातुः √गै (गै शब्दे १. १०६५)।

In the धातु-पाठः, the √गै-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √गै-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √गै-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) गा + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

Note: By 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति, the ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows.
Since there is going to be no शित् (शकार: as a इत्) following, the धातु: “गै” becomes “गा”।

(2) गा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) गा + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) गा + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) गा गा + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case लोप: of the आकार: by 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case the उकार: of “उस्”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 8 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च।

(6) जा गा + उस् । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(7) ज गा + उस् । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(8) ज ग् उस् । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or
(ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।
Note: As per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, the “उस्”-प्रत्यय: is कित्। This allows 6-4-64 to apply.

(9) जगुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. In the last ten verses of Chapter Nine of the गीता where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः (used in step 7 of the example) been used?

2. Where else (besides in जगु:) has लिँट् been used in the verse?

3. Why doesn’t the ऋकार: in नृत्यन्ति take the गुणादेश: by 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च?

4. Can you spot a शप्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

5. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च (used in step 8 of the example) the काशिका says अचि इत्येव, ग्लायते। Please explain.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All the gopis, dancing around Sri Krishna, sang melodiously.” Use the अव्ययम् “परित:” for “around”, use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with “Sri Krishna”, use the प्रातिपदिकम् “नृत्यन्ती” (feminine) for “dancing” and use “सुस्वरम्” as an adverb for “melodiously.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “इयँङ्”-आदेश: in the form स्व:स्त्रिय: (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्व:स्त्री”, प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्)? Is there an alternate form?

2. In how many places has 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form ददौ 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 6.9.3

स एव हि ददौ भागं परोक्षमसुरान्प्रति ।
यजमानोऽवहद्भागं मातृस्नेहवशानुगः ।। ६-९-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
असुरेभ्यस्तु परोक्षं गुप्तं भागं ददौ । तदेवाह – देवान्यजमानोऽसावसुरान्प्रति भागमवहत्, केनाप्युपायेन प्रापयामास । यतो मातृस्नेहवशेनासुराननुगच्छति ।।

Gita Press translation “But he secretly offered a share (of the sacrificial oblations) to the demons (as well), as he (somehow) managed to convey the same to them even while pouring oblations into the sacred fire; for he had his sympathies with the Asuras because of the affection his mother (Racanā) bore to them.”

ददौ is derived from the धातुः √दा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः डुदाञ् दाने,धातु-पाठः #३. १०)।

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since the √दा-धातुः has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √दा-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √दा-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः। In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √दा will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √दा will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: is “तिप्”।

(1) दा + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) दा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) दा + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) दा + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) दा + औ । By 7-1-34 आत औ णलः, the “णल्”-प्रत्यय: is substituted by a औकार:, when it follows a धातु: that ends in a आकार:।

(6) दा दा + औ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case वृद्धि: by 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case “औ”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 8 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(7) द दा + औ । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(8) ददौ । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

Questions:

1. In Chapter One of the गीता, can you spot a word wherein the णल्-प्रत्यय: has been used, but 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य has not applied?

2. Where has 3-4-100 इतश्च been used in the verse?

3. What would have been the final form in the example if a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: had been used?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the छकारादेश: in the form अनुगच्छति in the commentary?

5. In the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी, the वृत्ति: of the सूत्रम् 7-1-34 (used in step 5 of the example) says – आदन्ताद्धातोर्णल औकारादेशः स्यात्। Commenting on this, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इह अङ्गस्येत्यनुवर्तते। धातोरिति तु फलितार्थकथनम्। What does this mean?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lord Vishnu, in the form of Mohini, gave the nectar only to the gods.” Use the (compound) adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “मोहिनी-रूप-धारिन्” for “in the form of Mohini” and use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “gods.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the “अदस्”-प्रातिपदिकम् in the commentary?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “क”-आदेश: in the form केन (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्”, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम्)?