AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form कुपुरुषः  mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.8.53.

यक्षा ऊचुः
वयमनुचरमुख्याः कर्मभिस्ते मनोज्ञैस्त इह दितिसुतेन प्रापिता वाहकत्वम् । स तु जनपरितापं तत्कृतं जानता ते नरहर उपनीतः पञ्चतां पञ्चविंश ।। ७-८-५२ ।।
किम्पुरुषा ऊचुः
वयं किम्पुरुषास्त्वं तु महापुरुष ईश्वरः । अयं कुपुरुषो नष्टो धिक्कृतः साधुभिर्यदा ।। ७-८-५३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
मनोज्ञैः कर्मभिस्तवानुचरेषु मुख्यास्ते वयं दितिसुतेन शिबिकावाहकत्वं प्रापिताः । पञ्चतां मृत्युम् । हे पञ्चविंश चतुर्विंशतितत्त्वनियामक ।। ५२ ।। किंपुरुषास्तु त्वां स्तोतुं के वयं वराका इत्याहुः – वयमिति । वयं किंपुरुषास्तुच्छप्राणिनस्त्वं तु महानद्‍भुतप्रभावः पुरुषः । नन्वयं महान्दैत्यो हत इति न वर्ण्यत इत्याशङ्क्य कियदेतदित्याहुः – अयमिति । यदा साधुभिर्भगवद्भक्तैस्तिरस्कृतस्तदैव नष्टः ।। ५३ ।।

Gita Press translation – The Yakṣas said: We, who are well-known as the chief among Your servants by virtue of (our) agreeable actions, had hitherto been reduced to the position of mere palanquin-bearers by Hiraṇyakaśipu (Diti’s son). He, however, has (now) been put to death by You, O Narasiṁha, the Controller of the twenty-four categories, knowing as You did the agony caused to the people by him (52). The Kimpuruṣas said: We are Kimpuruṣas (insignificant creatures), while You are the almighty Supreme Person. This wretched fellow was no more (even) when he was reproached by pious souls (53).

(1) कुत्सितः पुरुषः = कुपुरुषः – a wretched fellow

(2) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
कु + पुरुष सुँ । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘कु’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘कु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘कु + पुरुष सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) कु + पुरुष । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= कुपुरुष ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कुपुरुष’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पुरुष’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(5) कुपुरुष + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) कुपुरुष + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) कुपुरुष: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः (used in step 2) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘कु’शब्दोऽत्राव्ययं गृह्यते न तु पृथिवीवाचको गत्यादिसाहचर्यात्। Please explain.

2. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form कर्मभि: (and मनोज्ञै:) used in the verses?

3. What is the लौकिक-विग्रह: of the compound ‘किम्पुरुष’ (used in the form किम्पुरुषा: (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) in the verses)?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः been used in the verses?

5. In which word in the verses has the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in place of ‘लँट्’) taken place?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Not getting a son is better than getting a despicable son.” Paraphrase to “Non-obtaining of a son is better than obtaining of a despicable son.” Use the कृत् affix ‘क्तिन्’ with the verbal root √आप् (आपॢँ व्याप्तौ ५. १६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ to form a feminine प्रातिपदिकम् for ‘obtaining.’ Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘non-obtaining.’ Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वर’ (feminine ‘वरा’) for ‘better.’

Easy questions:

1. From which verbal root is the form ऊचुः derived?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the affix णिच् in the form वर्ण्यते used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form अनृतम्  nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.88.34.

यदि वस्तत्र विश्रम्भो दानवेन्द्र जगद्‍गुरौ । तर्ह्यङ्गाशु स्वशिरसि हस्तं न्यस्य प्रतीयताम् ।। १०-८८-३३ ।।
यद्यसत्यं वचः शम्भोः कथञ्चिद्दानवर्षभ । तदैनं जह्यसद्वाचं न यद्वक्तानृतं पुनः ।। १०-८८-३४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
यद्यथा वक्ता वदिष्यति ।। ३४ ।।

Gita Press translation – O lord of demons, if you still repose faith in Śaṅkara as the Teacher of the world, the truth may be verified (by you) this very instant, O dear friend, by placing your hand on your own head (33). O chief of Asuras, if the words of Śaṅkara are found to deviate from truth in any wise, you had better do away with that liar so that he may not (live to) utter a falsehood again (34).

(1) न ऋतम् = अनृतम् – falsehood.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) नञ्‌ + ऋत सुँ । By 2-2-6 नञ्‌ – The negation particle नञ्‌ (meaning ‘not’) optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The negation particle नञ्‌ belongs to the चादि-गणः (referenced in 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे)। Hence it gets the designation निपात: by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: तत्सादृश्यमभावश्च तदन्यत्वं तदल्पता । अप्राशस्त्यं विरोधश्च नञर्था: षट् प्रकीर्तिता: ॥ The negation particle नञ्‌ may convey any of the following senses –
i) तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated.
ii) अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated.
iii) तदन्यत्वम् – different from that which is being negated.
iv) तदल्पता – smallness of that which is being negated.
v) अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness.
vi) विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
In the present example the negation particle नञ्‌ conveys the sense of opposite to that which is being negated. अनृतम् – Opposite of truth = falsehood.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. Hence the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

(4) न + ऋत सुँ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘न + ऋत सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(5) न + ऋत । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) अ + ऋत । By 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – The letter ‘न्’ of the negation particle नञ्‌ is elided when followed by a final member of a compound.

(7) अ + नुँट् ऋत । By 6-3-74 तस्मान्नुडचि – When preceded by the particle नञ्‌ whose letter ‘न्’ has been elided (by the prior सूत्रम् 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः), a final member (of a compound) which begins with a vowel takes the augment नुँट्।
Note: As per the परिभाषा ‘उभयनिर्देशे पञ्चमीनिर्देशो बलीयान्’ the fifth case affix used in तस्मात् has greater force than the seventh case affix used in अचि। Hence the operation (of attaching the augment नुँट्) takes place on the उत्तरपदम् and not on the particle नञ्‌।
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the augment नुँट् attaches at the beginning of the final member (of a compound) which begins with a vowel.

(8) अ + न् ऋत । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

= अनृत ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ अनृत’ is neuter since the latter member ‘ऋत’ of the compound is neuter. The compound declines like वन-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(9) अनृत + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) अनृत + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) अनृतम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. The first verse of which Chapter(s) of the गीता begins with a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-74 (used in step 7) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – नैकधेत्‍यादौ तु नशब्‍देन सह सुप्‍सुपेति समासः। Please explain.

3. What kind of compound is दानवेन्द्र (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दानवेन्द्र’, सम्बुद्धिः) used in the verses?
i. अव्ययीभाव:
ii. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
iii. नञ्-तत्पुरुष:
iv. कर्मधारय:

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a seventh case affix in the form जगद्‍गुरौ?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌ been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Yudhiṣṭhira never uttered a falsehood.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution आम् in the form प्रतीयताम्?

2. In which word in the verses has लुँट् been used?

Today we will look at the form अकाले mLs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 7.73.5.

रुदन्बहुविधा वाचः स्नेहदुःखसमन्वितः । असकृत्पुत्रपुत्रेति वाक्यमेतदुवाच ह ।। ७-७३-३ ।।
किं नु मे दुष्कृतं कर्म पुरा देहान्तरे कृतम् । यदहं पुत्रमेकं तु पश्यामि निधनं गतम् ।। ७-७३-४ ।।
अप्राप्तयौवनं बालं पञ्चवर्षसहस्रकम् । अकाले कालमापन्नं दुःखाय मम पुत्रक ।। ७-७३-५ ।।

Translation – Filled with affection and sorrow, and lamenting in various words and repeatedly exclaiming ‘O son! O son!’ (he) said the following – What evil deed have I committed in my former birth that I should see my only son dead (3-4). O son, seeing you, a boy of (mere) five thousand days (about fourteen years), who has met with untimely death before reaching youth, leads to my sorrow (5).

(1) न काल: = अकाल: – inopportune time.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) नञ्‌ + काल सुँ । By 2-2-6 नञ्‌ – The negation particle नञ्‌ (meaning ‘not’) optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The negation particle नञ्‌ belongs to the चादि-गणः (referenced in 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे)। Hence it gets the designation निपात: by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: तत्सादृश्यमभावश्च तदन्यत्वं तदल्पता । अप्राशस्त्यं विरोधश्च नञर्था: षट् प्रकीर्तिता: ॥ The negation particle नञ्‌ may convey any of the following senses –
i) तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated.
ii) अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated.
iii) तदन्यत्वम् – different from that which is being negated.
iv) तदल्पता – smallness of that which is being negated.
v) अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness.
vi) विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
In the present example the negation particle नञ्‌ conveys the sense of अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness. अकालः – An inopportune time.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. Hence the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

(4) न + काल सुँ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘न + काल सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(5) न + काल । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) अकाल । By 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – The letter ‘न्’ of the negation particle नञ्‌ is elided when followed by a final member of a compound.

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अकाल’ is masculine since the latter member ‘काल’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्।

(7) अकाल + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(8) अकाल + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) अकाले । By 6-1-87 आद्‍गुणः।

Questions:

1. The last verse of which Chapter of the गीता begins with a नञ्‌-तत्पुरुष: compound?

2. Can you spot a नञ्‌-तत्पुरुष: compound in verse ७-७३-३ (from the रामायणम्) above?

3. In the verses can you spot a compound which may be justified using the सूत्रम् 2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः been used in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who flees from a righteous war is not fit to be called a Kṣatriya.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धर्म्य’ for ‘righteous.’ Use the verbal root √अय् (अयँ [गतौ] १. ५४६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘परा’ for ‘to flee.’ (Remember to apply the सूत्रम् 8-2-19 उपसर्गस्यायतौ।) Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘not fit to be called a Kṣatriya’ = ‘not a (praiseworthy) Kṣatriya’ = न क्षत्रिय:।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who does not serve (his) parents is not fit to be called a son.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पितृ’ (in the dual) for ‘parent.’ Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘not fit to be called a son’ = ‘not a (praiseworthy) son’ = न पुत्र:।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्त्तिसर्त्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः been used in the verses?

2. In which word in the verses has सम्प्रसारणम् occurred?

Today we will look at the form असंशयः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवद्गीता 18.68

सर्वधर्मान्परित्यज्य मामेकं शरणं व्रज । अहं त्वा सर्वपापेभ्यो मोक्षयिष्यामि मा शुचः ।। 18-66 ।।
इदं ते नातपस्काय नाभक्ताय कदाचन । न चाशुश्रूषवे वाच्यं न च मां योऽभ्यसूयति ।। 18-67 ।।
य इदं परमं गुह्यं मद्भक्तेष्वभिधास्यति । भक्तिं मयि परां कृत्वा मामेवैष्यत्यसंशयः ।। 18-68 ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
ततोऽपि गुह्यतममाह – सर्वेति । मद्भक्तस्यैव सर्वं भविष्यतीति दृढविश्वासेन विधिकैंकर्यं त्यक्त्वा मदेकशरणो भव । एवंवर्तमानः कर्मत्यागनिमित्तं पापं स्यादिति मा शुचः शोकं मा कार्षीः । यतस्त्वा त्वां मदेकशरणं सर्वपापेभ्योऽहं मोक्षयिष्यामि ।। ६६ ।। एवं गीतार्थतत्त्वमुपदिश्य तत्संप्रदायप्रवर्तने नियममाह – इदमिति । इदं गीतार्थतत्त्वं ते त्वयाऽतपस्काय स्वधर्मानुष्ठानहीनाय न वाच्यं, न चाभक्ताय गुरौ ईश्वरे च भक्तिशून्याय कदाचिदपि न वाच्यं, न चाशुश्रूषवे परिचर्यामकुर्वते वाच्यं, मां परमेश्वरं योऽभ्यसूयति मनुष्यदृष्ट्या दोषारोपेण निन्दति तस्मै च न वाच्यम् ।। ६७ ।। एतैर्दोषैर्विरहितेभ्यो मद्भक्तेभ्यो गीताशास्त्रोपदेष्टुः फलमाह – य इति । मद्भक्तेष्वभिधास्यति मद्भक्तेभ्यो यो वक्ष्यति स मयि परां भक्तिं करोति । ततो निःसंशयः सन् मामेव प्राप्नोतीत्यर्थः ।। ६८ ।।

Gita Press translation – Resigning all your duties (to Me, the all-powerful and all supporting Lord), take refuge in Me alone; I shall absolve you of all sins, worry not (66). This secret gospel of the Gītā should never be imparted to a man who lacks in austerity, nor to him who is wanting in devotion, nor even to him who is not willing to hear; and in no case to him who finds fault with Me (67). He who, offering the highest love to Me, preaches the most profound gospel of the Gītā among my devotees, shall come to Me alone; there is no doubt about it (68).

Note: श्रीधर-स्वामी has taken असंशयः as a बहुव्रीहि: compound (meaning ‘one who is free of doubt’) here. Gita Press has translated it as a तत्पुरुष: compound (meaning ‘no doubt.’) In the steps below we have analyzed the compound as a तत्पुरुष:।

(1) न संशय: = असंशय: – No doubt.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) नञ्‌ + संशय सुँ । By 2-2-6 नञ्‌ – The negation particle नञ्‌ (meaning ‘not’) optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The negation particle नञ्‌ belongs to the चादि-गणः (referenced in 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे)। Hence it gets the designation निपात: by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: तत्सादृश्यमभावश्च तदन्यत्वं तदल्पता । अप्राशस्त्यं विरोधश्च नञर्था: षट् प्रकीर्तिता: ॥ The negation particle नञ्‌ may convey any of the following senses –
i) तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated.
ii) अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated.
iii) तदन्यत्वम् – different from that which is being negated.
iv) तदल्पता – smallness of that which is being negated.
v) अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness.
vi) विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
In the present example the negation particle नञ्‌ conveys the sense of अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated. An absence of doubt.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. Hence the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

(4) न + संशय सुँ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘न + संशय सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(5) न + संशय । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) असंशय । By 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – The letter ‘न्’ of the negation particle नञ्‌ is elided when followed by a final member of a compound.

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘असंशय’ is masculine since the latter member ‘संशय’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(7) असंशय + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(8) असंशय + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) असंशय: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 नञ्‌ (used in step 2) been used for the first time in Chapter Sixteen of the गीता?

2. Can you spot two other (besides असंशय:) नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compounds in the verses?

3. In which word(s) in the verses has the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन been used?

4. Which कृत्य-प्रत्यय: is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वाच्य’ (used in the form वाच्यम् (नपुंसकलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?

5. What kind of compound is दृढविश्वासेन (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दृढविश्वास’, तृतीया-एकवचनम्) used in the commentary?
i. अव्ययीभाव:
ii. नञ्-तत्पुरुष:
iii. कर्मधारय:
iv. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“It’s definitely going to rain tomorrow.” Paraphrase to “There will be rain tomorrow. (There is) no doubt.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वर्षा’ for ‘rain.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-27 कण्ड्वादिभ्यो यक् been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix णिच् in the verses?

Today we will look at the form अब्राह्मणः mNs from महाभारतम् 1.92.13.

ययातिरुवाच
नास्मद्विधो ब्राह्मणो ब्रह्मविच्च प्रतिग्रहे वर्तते राजमुख्य । यथा प्रदेयं सततं द्विजेभ्यस्तथाददं पूर्वमहं नरेन्द्र ।। १-९२-१२ ।।
नाब्राह्मणः कृपणो जातु जीवेद्याच्ञापि स्याद्ब्राह्मणी वीरपत्नी । सोऽहं नैवाकृतपूर्वं चरेयं विधित्समानः किमु तत्र साधु ।। १-९२-१३ ।।

Translation – Yayāti said: O best of kings! A Brāhmaṇa, and that too only one who knows the Veda, accepts gifts; not men (Kṣatriyas) like us. O king! Previously I myself have always engaged in charity towards Brāhmaṇas, as it should be done (12). One who is not a Brāhmaṇa should never live a wretched life (accepting charity.) And solicitation is (like) the wife of a Brāhmaṇa who has conquered the world by (his) knowledge. (Meaning that – only such a Brāhmaṇa should engage in accepting charity.) I should never perform an action which has not been done before. Why indeed, desirous as I am of doing virtuous deeds there (in the land of karma)? (Meaning that – I should not perform such an action.) (13) 

(1) न ब्राह्मण: = अब्राह्मण: – Not a Brāhmaṇa.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) नञ्‌ + ब्राह्मण सुँ । By 2-2-6 नञ्‌ – The negation particle नञ्‌ (meaning ‘not’) optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The negation particle नञ्‌ belongs to the चादि-गणः (referenced in 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे)। Hence it gets the designation निपात: by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: तत्सादृश्यमभावश्च तदन्यत्वं तदल्पता । अप्राशस्त्यं विरोधश्च नञर्था: षट् प्रकीर्तिता: ॥ The negation particle नञ्‌ may convey any of the following senses –
i) तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated.
ii) अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated.
iii) तदन्यत्वम् – different from that which is being negated.
iv) तदल्पता – smallness of that which is being negated.
v) अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness.
vi) विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
In the present example the negation particle नञ्‌ conveys the sense of तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated. अब्राह्मण: refers to one who is different from yet similar to a Brāhmaṇa. Hence the compound refers to a man and not an animal or an inanimate object.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. Hence the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

(4) न + ब्राह्मण सुँ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘न + ब्राह्मण सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(5) न + ब्राह्मण । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) अब्राह्मण । By 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – The letter ‘न्’ of the negation particle नञ्‌ is elided when followed by a final member of a compound.

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अब्राह्मण’ is masculine since the latter member ‘ब्राह्मण’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(7) अब्राह्मण + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(8) अब्राह्मण + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) अब्राह्मण: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 नञ्‌ (used in step 2) been used for the first time in the गीता?

2. Where else (besides in अब्राह्मण:) has नञ्‌ been used in the verses?

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 नञ्‌ the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इह ‘नलोपो नञः’ इत्यत्र विशेषणार्थो ञकारः। तत्फलं च नैकधेत्यत्रालोपः। Please explain.

4. The वृत्ति: of the सूत्रम् 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः (used in step 6) in the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – नञो नस्‍य लोप: स्यादुत्तरपदे। Commenting on this the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘अलुगुत्तरपदे’ इत्यधिकारादिति भावः। Please explain.

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-54 सनि मीमाघुरभलभशकपतपदामच इस् been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who is not Rudra should not drink poison.” Construct a तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘one who is not Rudra’ = न रुद्र:।

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ए’ in the form वर्तते?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-80 अतो येयः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form प्रवरान्तरम्  nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.16.37

एष वः कुशिका वीरो देवरातस्तमन्वित । अन्ये चाष्टकहारीतजयक्रतुमदादयः ।। ९-१६-३६ ।।
एवं कौशिकगोत्रं तु विश्वामित्रैः पृथग्विधम् । प्रवरान्तरमापन्नं तद्धि चैवं प्रकल्पितम् ।। ९-१६-३७ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
हे कुशिकाः, एष देवरातो वो युष्मदीयः कौशिक एव । यतो वीरो मत्पुत्रस्तमेनमन्वितानुगच्छत । अन्ये चाष्टकादयस्तस्य सुता आसन् ।। ३६ ।। उपसंहरति – एवमिति । एके शप्ता एकेऽनुगृहीता अन्यस्तु पुत्रत्वेन स्वीकृत इत्येवं कौशिकगोत्रं पृथग्विधं नानाप्रकारं जातं तच्च प्रवरान्तरमापन्नं प्राप्तम् । हि यस्मादेवं देवरातज्येष्ठत्वेन तत्प्रकल्पितम् ।। ३७ ।।

Gita Press translation – “This valiant Devarāta is one of you (as good a scion of Kuśika as you), O scions of Kuśika! (Hence) follow him (as an elder brother).” There were other sons too of Viśwāmitra – Aṣṭaka, Hārīta, Jaya, Kratumān and so on (36). Thus, of course, the line of Kuśika was ramified into various off-shoots due to the sons of Viśwāmitra. And it acquired a different Pravara (branch name, viz., that of Devarāta) inasmuch as it was given a new shape (with Devarāta as the eldest son of Viśwāmitra) (37).

(1) अन्यः प्रवरः = प्रवरान्तरम् – different Pravara (branch name.)

(2) प्रवर सुँ + अन्तर सुँ । As per 2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च – ‘मयूरव्यंसक’ etc are given as ready-made तत्पुरुषः compounds.
Note: अविहितलक्षणस्तत्पुरुषो मयूरव्यंसकादिषु द्रष्टव्य: – A तत्पुरुषः compound that is accepted in usage but is not prescribed by any rule should be considered to be part of the मयूरव्यंसकादि-गण:। Hence even though the तत्पुरुषः compound प्रवरान्तरम् is not specifically listed in the मयूरव्यंसकादिगण: we may consider it to be included therein.
Note: ‘अन्तर’ is used in the sense of ‘अन्य’ (another)/ ‘भिन्न’ (different) here and it has been placed in the latter position in the compound even though it is the adjective. The सूत्रम् 2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च is necessary to justify this compound because if we were to use the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌ the विशेषणम् (adjective) ‘अन्तर’ would have to be placed in the prior position in the compound.
Note: ‘प्रवर सुँ + अन्तर सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(3) प्रवर + अन्तर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) प्रवरान्तर । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Note: Even though ‘प्रवर’ is masculine, the compound ‘प्रवरान्तर’ is used in the neuter gender because that is how it is (considered to be ) listed in the मयूरव्यंसकादिगण:। It declines like वन-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(5) प्रवरान्तर + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(6) प्रवरान्तर + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.

(7) प्रवरान्तरम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च (used in step 2) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – चकारोऽत्रावधारणार्थः। तेन ‘परममयूरव्यंसकः’ इत्यादि समासान्तरं न भवति। Please explain.

2. Where does the सूत्रम् 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च find application in the verses?

3. In which word in the verses has the affix णिच् been elided?

4. Which वार्त्तिकम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the word पुत्रत्वेन in the commentary?

5. In the commentary can you spot a word in which सम्प्रसारणम् has taken place?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I don’t want to have (get) another birth.” Form a तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘another birth’ = अन्यज्जन्म।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the augment आट् in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form एकादश  fAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.2.26.

वसुदेवस्य देवक्यां जातो भोजेन्द्रबन्धने । चिकीर्षुर्भगवानस्याः शमजेनाभियाचितः ।। ३-२-२५ ।।
ततो नन्दव्रजमितः पित्रा कंसाद्विबिभ्यता । एकादश समास्तत्र गूढार्चिः सबलोऽवसत् ।। ३-२-२६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
इदानीं तस्यान्तर्धानप्रकारं वक्तुमादित आरभ्य तच्चरितं संक्षेपतः कथयति । वसुदेवस्य भार्यायां जातः । भोजेन्द्रः कंसस्तस्य बन्धनागारे । अस्याः पृथिव्याः शं सुखं स्वयं चिकीर्षुः । अजेन ब्रह्मणा च याचितः सन् ।। २५ ।। पित्रा हेतुभूतेन नन्दव्रजमितो गतः । समाः संवत्सरान् । गूढार्चिर्गुप्ततेजाः ।। २६ ।।

Gita Press translation – In order to bring relief to this earth, the Lord was born of Vasudeva and Devakī in the prison-house of Kaṁsa (the chief of the Bhojas) in response to the prayer of Brahmā (the unborn) (25). Having been removed therefrom to Nanda’s Vraja by His father (Vasudeva), who was terribly afraid of Kaṁsa, He lived there with Balarāma (His elder brother) for eleven years, concealing His glory (from the outside world) (26).

(1) एकाधिका दश = एकादश – one plus ten = eleven
Note: एकाधिकाः itself is a तृतीया-तत्पुरुष: compound explained as follows – एकेनाधिकाः = एकाधिकाः – exceeding by one. The compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘एकाधिक’ is then used in the following derivation –

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) एकाधिक जस् + दशन् जस् । By 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌ – A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting a qualifier (adjective) variously compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes that which is qualified – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘एकाधिक जस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 (which prescribes the compounding) the term विशेषणम्‌ ends in the nominative case. Hence the adjective ‘एकाधिक जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘एकाधिक जस् + दशन् जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) एकाधिक + दशन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) एक + दशन् । By the वार्तिकम् – शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्‍योपसंख्‍यानम् – In order to explain compounds like शाकपार्थिवः, an additional provision is made to allow for the elision of the latter member of a compound (which itself is the prior member of the final compound.) In the present example, the latter member ‘अधिक’ of the compound ‘एकाधिक’ is elided in order to explain the compound ‘एकादश’।
Note: A compound composed using this वार्तिकम् is referred to as a शाकपार्थिवादिसमास: or a मध्यमपदलोपिसमास:।

(6) एकादशन् । There are two possible ways to justify the substitution ‘आ’ (in place of the ending letter ‘अ’ of ‘एक’) in this compound –
i) ‘आत्‌’ इति योगविभागात् – Split the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः in to two parts – (a) आत्‌ and (b) महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः। The meaning of part (a) becomes – The ending letter of a पदम् is (sometimes) substituted by ‘आ’ when it is followed by a latter member (of a compound.) We can use this part (a) to justify the substitution ‘आ’ (in place of the ending letter ‘अ’ of ‘एक’) in the compound ‘एकादशन्’।
The अनुवृत्ति: of ‘आत्‌’ is taken into the part (b). Hence the meaning of part (b) is the same as the meaning of the entire सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः।
ii) ‘5-3-49 प्रागेकादशभ्योऽच्छन्दसि’ इति निर्देशाद्वा – or we use the ज्ञापकम् (indication) given by the सूत्रम् 5-3-49 wherein पाणिनि: himself has used the compound ‘एकादशन्’ in the form एकादशभ्य:।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘एकादशन्’ is an adjective since the latter member ‘दशन्’ of the compound is an adjective. Here it is used in the feminine since it is an adjective to समाः। The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्।

(7) एकादशन् + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।
Note: ‘एकादशन्’ gets the षट्-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-1-24 ष्णान्ता षट् – A numeral stem ending in the letter ‘ष्’ or the letter ‘न्’ gets the designation षट्। This allows the सूत्रम् 7-1-22 to apply in the next step.

See question 1.

(8) एकादशन् । By 7-1-22 षड्भ्यो लुक् – The affixes ‘जस्’ and ‘शस्’ take the लुक् elision when they follow terms that are designated षट्।
Note: Now ‘एकादशन्’ gets the designation पदम् by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.

(9) एकादश । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a second case affix (‘शस्’) in the above example?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘सन्’ in the verses?

3. In which word in the verses has the substitution ‘शतृँ’ (in the place of ‘लँट्’) been used?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-4-25 भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः been used in the verses?

5. In which sense has a third case affix been used in the form पित्रा in the verses?
i) कर्तरि
ii) करणे
iii) हेतौ
iv) None of the above.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Among the eleven Rudras, Śaṅkara is the most worshiped.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पूजिततम’ for ‘most worshiped.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used in the verses?

2. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः apply in the form कथयति (used in the commentary)?

Today we will look at the form महादेव mVs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.7.21.

श्रीप्रजापतय ऊचुः
देवदेव महादेव भूतात्मन्भूतभावन । त्राहि नः शरणापन्नांस्त्रैलोक्यदहनाद्विषात् ।। ८-७-२१ ।।
त्वमेकः सर्वजगत ईश्वरो बन्धमोक्षयोः । तं त्वामर्चन्ति कुशलाः प्रपन्नार्तिहरं गुरुम् ।। ८-७-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
“निर्गुणं सगुणं चैव शिवं हरिपराक्रमैः ।। स्तुवन्तस्तु प्रजेशाना नामन्यन्ताऽन्तरं तयोः” इति ।। २१ ।।

Gita Press translation – The lords of created beings prayed: O God of gods, O supreme Deity, the Protector, nay, the very Self of (all) created beings, save us, that have sought refuge in You, from this poison, which is burning (all) the three worlds (21). You are the one Lord competent to enthrall and liberate the whole world. Such as You are, the wise worship You, the Preceptor (of the universe), capable of relieving the agony of those who have sought refuge in You (22).

(1) महांश्चासौ देव: = महादेव: – supreme Deity

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) महत् सुँ + देव सुँ । By 2-1-61 सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः – A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which is (composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) ‘सत्’/’महत्’/’परम’/’उत्तम’/’उत्कृष्ट’ optionally compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes the one being respected/honored – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The compounds prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 could also be constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌। Then what is the purpose of composing the सूत्रम् 2-1-61? गुणक्रियाशब्दैः सह समासे सदादीनां पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थं सूत्रम् – The सूत्रम् 2-1-61 is composed for the purpose of placing the terms सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः in the prior position in the compound. In the absence of this सूत्रम्, the terms सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः would not necessarily be placed in the prior position of the compound when the other member of the compound is a गुणशब्द: (a term denoting a quality) or a क्रियाशब्द: (a term denoting an action.)

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘महत् सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 (which prescribes the compounding) the term सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘महत् सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘महत् सुँ + देव सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) महत् + देव । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) मह आ + देव । By 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः – The ending letter (‘त्’) of ‘महत्’ is substituted by ‘आ’ when ‘महत्’ is followed by either –
i) a latter member (of a compound) which has समानाधिकरणम् (refers to the same item as does ‘महत्’) or
ii) affix ‘जातीय’ (ref. 5-3-69 प्रकारवचने जातीयर्)।
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending letter ‘त्’ of ‘महत्’ is substituted by ‘आ’।

(6) महादेव । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महादेव’ is masculine since the latter member ‘देव’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is सम्बुद्धिः। By 2-3-49 एकवचनं सम्बुद्धि: – The nominative singular affix (‘सुँ’) when used in a vocative form gets the designation सम्बुद्धि:।

(7) (हे) महादेव + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। By 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च – A first case affix (‘सुँ’, ‘औ’, ‘जस्’) is used to denote ‘address’ (in addition to the meaning of the nominal stem) also. Note: सम् (सम्मुखीकृत्य) बोधनम् (ज्ञापनम्) = सम्बोधनम्। सम्बोधनम् means drawing someone’s attention (to inform him/her of something.)

(8) (हे) महादेव + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) (हे) महादेव । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in ‘एङ्’ (letter ‘ए’ or ‘ओ’) or a short vowel, a consonant is dropped if it belongs to a सम्बुद्धि: affix.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः (used in step 2) been used along with the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः (used in step 5) in verses 10-15 of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – समानाधिकरणे किम्‌? महत: सेवा महत्सेवा। Please explain.

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot a द्वितीया-तत्पुरुष: compound in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the word विषात् (and त्रैलोक्यदहनात्) used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The killing of a cow is a great sin.” Construct a कर्मधार: compound for ‘great sin’ = महच्च तत् पापम्।

Easy questions:

1. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verses has the designation ‘घि’?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form परमभागवतैः  mIp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.6.11.

स्यान्नस्तवाङ्घ्रिरशुभाशयधूमकेतुः क्षेमाय यो मुनिभिरार्द्रहृदोह्यमानः । यः सात्वतैः समविभूतय आत्मवद्भिर्व्यूहेऽर्चितः सवनशः स्वरतिक्रमाय ।। ११-६-१० ।।
यश्चिन्त्यते प्रयतपाणिभिरध्वराग्नौ त्रय्या निरुक्तविधिनेश हविर्गृहीत्वा । अध्यात्मयोग उत योगिभिरात्ममायां जिज्ञासुभिः परमभागवतैः परीष्टः ।। ११-६-११ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तदेवं त्वद्यशसि श्रद्धैव शुद्धिहेतुः, अस्माभिस्तु तवाङ्घ्रिर्दृष्टोऽतस्तवाङ्घ्रिर्नोऽस्माकमशुभाशयानां विषयवासनानां धूमकेतुस्तद्दाहकः स्यात् । कथंभूतः । य: क्षेमाय मोक्षाय मुनिभिर्मुमुक्षुभिः प्रेमार्द्रहृदा ऊह्यमानश्चिन्त्यमानः । यश्च सात्वतैर्भक्तैः समविभूतये समानैश्वर्याय वासुदेवादिव्यूहेऽर्चितः । तेषु च कैश्चिदात्मवद्भिर्धीरै: स्वरितक्रमाय स्वर्गमतिक्रम्य वैकुण्ठप्राप्तये सवनशस्त्रिकालमर्चितः ।। १० ।। किंच प्रयतपाणिभिः संयतहस्तैर्हविर्गृहीत्वाऽध्वराग्नौ आहवनीयादौ याज्ञिकैर्यश्चिन्त्यते । ननु ‘यस्यै देवतायै हविर्गृहीतं स्यात्तां ध्यायेद्वषट्करिष्यन्’ इति वचनात्तत्तद्देवताश्चिन्त्यन्ते । अत आहुः – त्रय्या निरुक्तेन विधिनेन्द्रादिरूपेणैव यज्ञपुरुषश्चिन्त्यत इत्यर्थः । उत किंच । अध्यात्मयोगे आत्माधिकारे योगे योगिभिरप्यात्मनस्तव माया अणिमादिस्तां जिज्ञासुभिस्तत्तत्कामैर्यश्चिन्त्यते । परमभागवतैस्तु मुक्तैर्यः परीष्टः सर्वतः पूजितः स तवाङ्घ्रिर्नोऽशुभाशयधूमकेतुः स्यादिति पूर्वेणान्वयः ।। ११ ।।

Gita Press translation – May Your feet serve as a fire to consume all our unholy cravings – the feet which are being contemplated upon with a heart moistened with love by ascetics for the sake of blessedness; which are worshipped by devotees through individual divine manifestations (Vāsudeva and so on) for attaining a glory similar to that of the Lord; and by the wise (as many as) three times (a day) in order that they may transcend heaven (and ascend to Vaikuṇṭha); (nay,) which are contemplated, O Lord, in the sacrificial fire (by those well-versed in sacrifices) taking in their outstretched hands the material for being consigned to that fire according to the procedure laid down by the three Vedas (Ṛk, Sāma and Yajus); and which are contemplated in the course of their Yogic practice for the realization of the Self by strivers seeking to obtain an insight into the Māyā that veils the true character of the Spirit, and are worshipped everywhere by the highest devotees of the Lord (10-11).

(1) परमश्चासौ भागवत: = परमभागवत: – highest devotee of the Lord.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) परम सुँ + भागवत सुँ । By 2-1-61 सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः – A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which is (composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) ‘सत्’/’महत्’/’परम’/’उत्तम’/’उत्कृष्ट’ optionally compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes the one being respected/honored – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The compounds prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 could also be constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌। Then what is the purpose of composing the सूत्रम् 2-1-61? गुणक्रियाशब्दैः सह समासे सदादीनां पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थं सूत्रम् – The सूत्रम् 2-1-61 is composed for the purpose of placing the terms सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः in the prior position in the compound. In the absence of this सूत्रम्, the terms सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः would not necessarily be placed in the prior position of the compound when the other member of the compound is a गुणशब्द: (a term denoting a quality) or a क्रियाशब्द: (a term denoting an action.)

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘परम सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 (which prescribes the compounding) the term सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘परम सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘परम सुँ + भागवत सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) परम + भागवत । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= परमभागवत ।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परमभागवत’ is masculine since the latter member ‘भागवत’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

परमभागवतैः is तृतीया-बहुवचनम् of the compound पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परमभागवत’।

(5) परमभागवत + भिस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(6) परमभागवत + ऐस् । By 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् – Following a अङ्गम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affix ‘भिस्’ is replaced by ‘ऐस्’। As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire affix ‘भिस्’ is replaced by ‘ऐस्’। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘ऐस्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) परमभागवतैस् । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(8) परमभागवतैः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः (used in step 2) been used in the first five verses of Chapter Eleven of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – पूज्यमानै: किम्‌? उत्कृष्टो गौ:। पङ्‌कादुद्‍धृत इत्यर्थ:। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the same सूत्रम्, the काशिका says – पूज्यमानैरिति वचनात् पूजावचनाः सदादयो विज्ञायन्ते। Please explain.

4. In which word in the verses has the सूत्रम् 6-1-15 वचिस्वपियजादीनां किति been used?

5. Can you spot the affix सन् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“O Almighty God! (Please) forgive all my mistakes/sins.” Construct a कर्मधारय: compound for ‘Almighty God’ = परमश्च स ईश्वरः। Use the verbal root √क्षम् (क्षमूँष् सहने १.५१०) for ‘to forgive’ and the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपराध’ for ‘mistake/sin.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the affix णिच् in the word चिन्त्यते?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-80 अतो येयः been used in the commentary?