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अमुष्मिन् mLs
Today we will look at the form अमुष्मिन् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-55-34
स एव वा भवेन्नूनं यो मे गर्भे धृतोऽर्भकः ।
अमुष्मिन्प्रीतिरधिका वामः स्फुरति मे भुजः ।। १०-५५-३४ ।।
Gita Press translation “Or he may undoubtedly be the selfsame boy who was borne in my womb; (for) great is my affection for him and my left arm is throbbing.”
‘अदस्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सप्तमी-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अदस्’ ।
(1) अदस् + ङि ।
(2) अद अ + ङि । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, अदस् gets the अकारादेशः । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending सकार: gets replaced.
(3) अद + ङि । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, the अकारः at the end of “अद” and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।
(4) अद + स्मिन् । By 7-1-15 ङसिङ्योः स्मात्स्मिनौ, since the pronoun “अद” ends in an अकार:, the affix ‘ङि’ is replaced by स्मिन्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending नकारः of the affix स्मिन् from getting the designation इत्।
(5) अमुस्मिन् । By 8-2-80 अदसोऽसेर्दादु दो मः, there is a substitution of उकार: in place of the अकार: following the दकार: of “अदस्” and the दकार: gets substituted by मकार:।
(6) अमुष्मिन् । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः – The letter ‘स्’ is replaced by the cerebral ‘ष्’ when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (‘क्’, ‘ख्’, ‘ग्’, ‘घ्’, ‘ङ्’)। This substitution only takes place if the ‘स्’ is an आदेश: (substitute) or part of a प्रत्यय: (affix.)
Questions:
1. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?
2. What would have been the final form in this example, if it had been feminine?
3. We have studied one अपवाद-सूत्रम् for 8-2-80 अदसोऽसेर्दादु दो मः। Which one is that? Why did it not apply in this example?
4. In the masculine, 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः applies in all (7 X 3 =) 21 places of the declension table of “अदस्”, except for one place. Which is that one place where 7-2-102 doesn’t apply?
5. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?
6. Which noun in the verse is being referred to by the pronoun “अमुष्मिन्”?
7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This may be my brother’s book.” Use a verb from the verse for “may be.”
8. Please state the one synonym for the word “गर्भ:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “गर्भ” masculine, meaning “womb”) as given in the अमरकोश:। We have already seen this in a prior example. (Search this web site for “गर्भ”)।
Easy questions:
1. Please give the steps in the सन्धि-कार्यम् of भवेत् + नूनम् = भवेन्नूनम्।
2. Derive the form य: (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “यद्”। (Use 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः)।
आपः fNp
Today we will look at the form आपः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 3-20-5
तयोः संवदतोः सूत प्रवृत्ता ह्यमलाः कथाः ।
आपो गाङ्गा इवाघघ्नीर्हरेः पादाम्बुजाश्रयाः ।। ३-२०-५ ।।
Gita Press translation “In the course of their conversation, O Sūta, there must have proceeded sacred stories centering around the lotus-feet of Śrī Hari, and hence capable of wiping out all sins like the waters of the holy Gaṇgā that have their source in those very feet.”
The स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अप्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। This is a नित्यं बहुवचनान्त-शब्द:। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अप्’ ।
(1) अप् + जस् । ‘जस्’ is a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य।
(2) आप् + जस् । By 6-4-11 अप्तृन्तृच्स्वसृनप्तृनेष्टृत्वष्टृक्षत्तृहोतृपोतृप्रशास्तॄणाम्, since a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix that is not a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the penultimate vowel of अप् is elongated.
(3) आप् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
(4) आपः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where is the word “आपः” used in Chapter 2 of the गीता?
2. Can you spot an आर्ष-प्रयोग: (a word form which is not in accordance with the rules of पाणिनि:) in the verse?
3. True or false?
“जस्” is the only सर्वनामस्थान-प्रत्यय: that can come after the प्रातिपदिकम् “अप्”।
4. Can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the शतृँ-प्रत्यय:?
5. Which सूत्रम् was used to replace the ending इकार: of the प्रातिपदिकम् “हरि” by an एकार: in the form “हरे:”?
6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-104 ओसि च been used?
7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Only one question (is) difficult, all the others (are) easy.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “सुकर” for “easy” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दुष्कर” for “difficult.”
8. The अमरकोश: gives eleven synonyms for the word “पापम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पाप” neuter, meaning “sin/evil”). One of them is अघम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “अघ” neuter) used in this verse. Please list the other ten.
We have already seen these in a prior example – search this web site for “पाप”।
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get हि + अमलाः = ह्यमलाः? Which one for इव + अघघ्नी: = इवाघघ्नी:?
2. Derive the form “कथा:” (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “कथा”।
अमीषाम् mGp
Today we will look at the form अमीषाम् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-12-28
कृत्यं किमत्रास्य खलस्य जीवनं न वा अमीषां च सतां विहिंसनम् ।
द्वयं कथं स्यादिति संविचिन्त्य ज्ञात्वाविशत्तुण्डमशेषदृग्घरिः ।। १०-१२-२८ ।।
Gita Press translation “Deeply pondering as to what should be done under such circumstances so that the life of this wicked one might not be prolonged and the death of these good fellows be averted – as to how both these purposes be achieved, the all-perceiving Śrī Hari hit upon a plan and entered the mouth of the python.”
‘अदस्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अदस्’ ।
(1) अदस् + आम् ।
(2) अद अ + आम् । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, अदस् gets the अकारादेशः । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending सकार: gets replaced.
(3) अद + आम् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, the अकारः at the end of “अद” and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।
(4) अद + सुँट् आम् । By 7-1-52 आमि सर्वनाम्नः सुट्, the affix आम् prescribed to a pronoun, takes the augment सुँट् when the base (अङ्गम्) ends in अवर्ण: (short or long अ). As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the सुँट्-आगम: attaches to the beginning of आम्।
(5) अद + साम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(6) अदे + साम् । By 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत्, the ending अकार: of a प्रातिपदिकम् is changed to एकार: when followed by a plural सुँप् affix beginning with a झल् letter.
(7) अमी + साम् । By 8-2-81 एत ईद्बहुवचने, when a plural affix follows, the ईकार: is substituted in place of the एकार: that follows the दकार: of “अदस्” and also the दकार: gets substituted by a मकार:।
(8) अमीषाम् । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः, the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष् ।
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-81 एत ईद्बहुवचने been used in the गीता (Chapter 11)?
2. What would have been the final form in this example if the gender of “अदस्” had been feminine?
3. Do पदच्छेद: of वा अमीषाम्। Please mention the relevant rules.
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-62 क्विन्प्रत्ययस्य कुः been used in this verse?
5. The अव्ययम् “इति” signifies an end-quote. Where does the quotation begin in this verse?
6. Which word has समानाधिकरणम् with अमीषाम्?
7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This stream has come from that mountain over there.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “स्रोतस्” for “stream”, the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आगत” for “has come” and the pronoun प्रातिपदिकम् “अदस्” for “that over there.”
8. Please list the six synonyms for the word “तुण्डम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “तुण्ड” neuter, meaning “mouth”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
वक्त्रास्ये वदनं तुण्डमाननं लपनं मुखम् ।।२-६-८९।।
(इति सप्त “मुखस्य” नामानि)
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to change the हकार: in the word हरि: to a घकार:?
2. Derive the form “जीवनम्” (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “जीवन” (declined like वन/ज्ञान-शब्द:)।
उष्णिक् fNs
Today we will look at the form उष्णिक् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 11-21-41
गायत्र्युष्णिगनुष्टुप्च बृहती पङ्क्तिरेव च ।
त्रिष्टुब्जगत्यतिच्छन्दो ह्यत्यष्ट्यतिजगद्विराट् ।। ११-२१-४१ ।।
Gita Press translation “Some of these metres are (respectively known by the names of) Gāyatrī, Uṣṇik, Anuṣṭubh, Bṛhatī, Paṇkti, Triṣṭubh, Jagatī, Aticchanda, Atyaṣti, Atijagatī and Ativirāṭ.”
The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “उष्णिह्” – just like the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “ऋत्विज्” – is formed by using the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: as per 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च। By अनुबन्ध-लोपः the ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।
The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “उष्णिह्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(1) उष्णिह् + सुँ ।
(2) उष्णिह् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) उष्णिह् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, “उष्णिह्” gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।
(4) उष्णिढ् । By 8-2-31 हो ढः, the हकारः gets ढकारः as replacement since it is at the end of a पदम्।
(5) उष्णिड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter occurring at the end of a पदम् is replaced by a जश् letter.
(6) उष्णिग् । Since ‘उष्णिड्’ ends in the affix क्विन्, by 8-2-62 क्विन्प्रत्ययस्य कुः, ‘उष्णिड्’ which has पद-सञ्ज्ञा, takes the कवर्ग: (in this case गकार:) as a replacement for its ending डकार:।
(7) उष्णिग् / उष्णिक् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.
Questions:
1. What would have been the final form in this example, if “उष्णिह्” were ending in the क्विप्-प्रत्यय: (instead of the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:)?
2. In deriving the प्रथमा-एकवचनम् “ऋत्विक्/ऋत्विग्” from the प्रातिपदिकम् “ऋत्विज्” all the steps would have been the same as in this example – except that at one step a different सूत्रम् would have been used. Which one is that?
3. Can you spot two प्रातिपदिके ending in a भकार:?
4. Besides 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च, which other सूत्रम् (that we have studied) prescribes the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Why did you (feminine) not remember this at that time?” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “स्मृतवती” (feminine) to express the past tense “did remember.”
6. Please list the two meanings in which the अव्ययम् “हि” is used, as given in the अमरकोश:।
हि हेताववधारणे ॥३-३-२५७॥
7. Of the प्रातिपदिकानि listed in 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च which one is used in the गीता?
8. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) that is an अपवाद: for 8-2-31 हो ढः?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get गायत्री + उष्णिग् = गायत्र्युष्णिग्?
2. Derive the form गायत्री (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “गायत्री” (declined like नदी-शब्द:)।
उपानत् fNs
Today we will look at the form उपानत् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-68-24
अहो महच्चित्रमिदं कालगत्या दुरत्यया ।
आरुरुक्षत्युपानद् वै शिरो मुकुटसेवितम् ।। १०-६८-२४ ।।
Gita Press translation “Oh, what a great wonder it is that by force of Time, so hard to overcome, the shoe actually aspires to mount the head, which is occupied by the crown.”
The स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “उपानह्” is formed by adding the क्विप्-प्रत्यय: to the धातु: “नह्” preceded by the उपसर्ग: “उप”। The ending अकार: of “उप” gets the दीर्घादेश: by 6-3-116 नहिवृतिवृषिव्यधिरुचिसहितनिषु क्वौ।
The entire क्विप्-प्रत्यय: takes सर्वापहार-लोप:। The ककार: and पकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विप्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।
The क्विप्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विप्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “उपानह्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(1) उपानह् + सुँ ।
(2) उपानह् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) उपानह् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, उपानह् gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।
(4) उपानध् । By 8-2-34 नहो धः, the “नह्” which is at the end of a पदम् gets धकार-आदेशः। By 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending हकारः of “उपानह्” gets replaced by धकारः।
(5) उपानद् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter occurring at the end of a पदम् is replaced by a जश् letter.
(6) उपानत्/उपानद् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.
Questions:
1. 8-2-34 नहो धः is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?
2. How would you ask the above question in Sanskrit?
3. Which सर्वनामशब्द: has been used in the verse?
4. Can you spot a सकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम्?
5. Please list the two synonyms for the word “उपानत्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “उपानह्” feminine, meaning “shoe”) as listed in the अमरकोश:।
अथ पादुका ।
पादूरुपानत् स्त्री ॥२-१०-३०॥
(इति त्रीणि “पादत्राणस्य” नामानि)
6. Why wasn’t there a नुँम्-आगम: (by 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः) in the form “महत्”? (Which condition was not satisfied?)
7. Where has the word “दुरत्यया” (used in this verse) been used in the गीता?
8. What is the विभक्ति:/वचनम् of “दुरत्यया” in the गीता? What is it here? (This is not an easy question.)
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get आरुरुक्षति + उपानद् = आरुरुक्षत्युपानद्?
2. Please do पदच्छेद: of महच्चित्रम् and mention the relevant rules.
असौ mNs
Today we will look at the form असौ from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
भास्करोदयकालोऽयं गता भगवती निशा |
असौ सुकृष्णो विहगः कोकिलस्तात कूजति || २-५२-२||
Gita Press translation “The hour of sunrise is at hand and the glorious night has departed. Over there the very dark bird, the cuckoo, is uttering its notes, O dear brother!”
‘अदस्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अदस्’ ।
(1) अदस् + सुँ ।
(2) अद औ । By 7-2-107 अदस औ सुलोपश्च, “अदस्” gets औ-आदेशः and सुँ-प्रत्ययः takes लोपः। By 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending सकारः of “अदस्” gets replaced by औ।
(3) अदौ । वृद्धि-आदेशः by 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।
(4) असौ । Even though the सुँ-प्रत्ययः is elided, it is considered as following the अङ्गम् by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Since the affix सुँ follows, by 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः, the दकारः of अदौ gets सकारः as replacement.
Questions:
1. What would have been the final form in this example, if it had been स्त्रीलिङ्गे (instead of पुंलिङ्गे)?
2. The औ-आदेश: (done by 7-2-107 अदस औ सुलोपश्च in step 2) is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?
3. Why didn’t 8-2-80 अदसोऽसेर्दादु दो मः apply in this example?
4. Where is असौ used in the गीता (Chapter 16)?
5. Which other सर्वनाम-शब्द: (besides “अदस्”) has been used in this verse?
6. Can you recall another प्रातिपदिकम् where we have used the सूत्रम् 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः?
7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Those five people over there have come to see you.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आगत” for “have come” and the अव्ययम् “द्रष्टुम्” for “to see.”
8. Please list the twenty-six synonyms for the word “विहग:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “विहग” masculine, meaning “bird”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
खगे विहङ्गविहगविहङ्गमविहायसः ।
शकुन्तिपक्षिशकुनिशकुन्तशकुनद्विजाः ।।२-५-३२।।
पतत्रिपत्रिपतगपतत्पत्ररथाण्डजाः ।
नगौकोवाजिविकिरविविष्किरपतत्रयः ।।२-५-३३।।
नीडोद्भवा गरुत्मन्तः पित्सन्तो नभसंगमाः ।।२-५-३४।।
(इति सप्तविंशति: “पक्षिमात्रस्य” नामानि)
Easy questions:
1. Derive the form भगवती (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “भगवती” (declined like नदी-शब्द:)।
2. Derive the form (हे) तात (सम्बुद्धि:) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “तात” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।
निराशिषः mNp
Today we will look at the form निराशिषः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 8-12-6
तवैव चरणाम्भोजं श्रेयस्कामा निराशिषः ।
विसृज्योभयतः सङ्गं मुनयः समुपासते ।। ८-१२-६ ।।
Gita Press translation “Sages seeking blessedness and devoid of all (other) aspirations duly worship Your lotus-feet alone, giving up attachment to both (this and the other world).”
The प्रातिपदिकम् “निराशिस्” is a समास: (compound) formed by using the अव्ययम् निर्/निस् and the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “आशिस्”। It is an adjective. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।
Note: The ending सकार: of “निराशिस्” comes from the धातु: “शास्” (for details see वार्तिकम् under 6-4-34 शास इदङ्हलोः।)
Being a समासः, by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च, “निराशिस्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा and the सुँप्-प्रत्ययाः are ordained after it by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…।
(1) निराशिस् + जस् ।
(2) निराशिस् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(3) निराशिस: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
(4) निराशिष: । By 8-3-60 शासिवसिघसीनां च, the सकारः of the धातु: “शास्” gets षकारः as a replacement since it is preceded by an इण् letter।
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च been used in this verse?
2. Where has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used? Was an alternate form possible?
3. Can you spot the word in the verse which ends in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:? (Ref. 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले, 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्)। Who is (are) the common doer(s)? Which is the later action of the common doer(s)?
4. This same word (answer to question 3) ending in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय: comes in the last verse of a chapter in the गीता। Which chapter is that? Who is (are) the common doer(s) there? Which is the later action of the common doer(s)?
5. Why couldn’t the usual सूत्रम् 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः be used in step 4?
6. Please list the three synonyms for the word “चरण:/चरणम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “चरण” masculine/neuter, meaning “foot”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
पादः पदङ्घ्रिश्चरणोऽस्त्रियाम् ।।२-६-७१।।
(इति चत्वारि “चरणस्य” नामानि)
7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A man has two feet, but a lion has four.” Use the षष्ठी विभक्ति: to express the meaning of “has.”
8. In the commentary on the सूत्रम् 8-3-60 शासिवसिघसीनां च, the काशिका says – इण्को: इत्येव, शास्ति। Please explain what this means.
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get विसृज्य + उभयतः = विसृज्योभयतः ?
2. Derive the form सङ्गम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “सङ्ग” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।
मीढ्वांसम् mAs
Today we will look at the form मीढ्वांसम् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 4-7-7
ततो मीढ्वांसमामन्त्र्य शुनासीराः सहर्षिभिः ।
भूयस्तद्देवयजनं समीढ्वद्वेधसो ययुः ।। ४-७-७ ।।
Note – शुनासीराः = देवा:।
“Thereafter the gods as well as the sages invited Lord Siva (who showers the desired blessings on His devotees, to grace the sacrifice) and, taking with them the bountiful Lord and Brahma (the creator) went once more to the site of the sacrifice.”
The प्रातिपदिकम् “मीढ्वस्” is formed irregularly from the धातु: “मिह्” using the क्वसुँ-प्रत्यय:। (Ref: 6-1-12 दाश्वान् साह्वान् मीढ्वांश्च।) Thus it is an उगित्।
‘मीढ्वस्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मीढ्वस्’।
(1) मीढ्वस् + अम् ।
(2) मीढ्व नुँम् स् + अम् । By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः, the non-verbal base with an उक् (उ, ऋ, ऌ) as a marker takes the नुँम् augment since it is followed by अम्-प्रत्ययः (a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix).
(3) मीढ्वन्स् + अम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of अम् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(4) मीढ्वान्स् + अम् । By 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य, since the अम्-प्रत्ययः (a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix) follows, the letter preceding the नकारः of a base that ends in a सकारान्त-संयोग: is elongated.
(5) मीढ्वांसम् । By 8-3-24 नश्चापदान्तस्य झलि, the अपदान्त-नकारः gets अनुस्वार-आदेशः since a झल् letter follows.
Questions:
1. Can you spot the word in the verse which ends in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:? (Ref. 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले, 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्)। Who is (are) the common doer(s)? Which is the later action of the common doer(s)?
2. What will be the पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “मीढ्वस्”?
3. By which सूत्रम् does the अम्-प्रत्यय: get the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा (which is required to apply 7-1-70 and 6-4-10)?
4. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः been used?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Today all the questions (are) simple.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “सरल” for “simple.”
7. Please list the twenty-five synonyms for the word “देव:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “देव” masculine, meaning “God”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
अमरा निर्जरा देवास्त्रिदशा विबुधाः सुराः ।
सुपर्वाणः सुमनसस्त्रिदिवेशा दिवौकसः ।।१-१-७।।
आदितेया दिविषदो लेखा अदितिनन्दनाः ।
आदित्या ऋभवोऽस्वप्ना अमर्त्या अमृतान्धसः ।।१-१-८।।
बर्हिर्मुखाः क्रतुभुजो गीर्वाणा दानवारयः ।
वृन्दारका दैवतानि पुंसि वा देवताः स्त्रियाम् ।।१-१-९।।
(इति षड्विंशति: “देवानाम्” नामानि)
8. In the commentary on the सूत्रम् 8-3-24 नश्चापदान्तस्य झलि the काशिका says “झलि इति किम्? रम्यते।” Please explain what this means.
Easy questions:
1. Please do पदच्छेद: of सहर्षिभिः and mention the relevant rules.
2. Derive the form देवयजनम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “देवयजन” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)।
षट्सु mLp
Today we will look at the form षट्सु from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-2-4
हतेषु षट्सु बालेषु देवक्या औग्रसेनिना ।। १०-२-४ ।।
सप्तमो वैष्णवं धाम यमनन्तं प्रचक्षते ।
गर्भो बभूव देवक्या हर्षशोकविवर्धनः ।। १०-२-५ ।।
Gita Press translation “When six boys of Devakī had been killed by Kaṁsa (the son of Ugrasena), a ray of Lord Viṣṇu, whom the devotees speak of as Lord Ananta, entered the womb of Devakī as her seventh child, that went to enhance her delight and grief at the same time.”
‘षष्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘षष्’ । “षष्” is a नित्यं बहुवचनान्त: शब्द:।
(1) षष् + सुप् ।
(2) षष् + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। “षष्” gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनामस्थाने।
(3) षड् + सु । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter occurring at the end of a पदम् is replaced by a जश् letter.
(4) षट्सु । By 8-4-55 खरि च, the डकारः (झल् letter) is replaced by टकारः (चर् letter) since सकारः (खर् letter) follows.
Questions :
1. Is there an alternate (final) form possible in this example?
2. Where has the आट्-आगम: been used in this verse?
3. Can you spot a नकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् in the verse?
4. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used here has the सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा?
5. True or false?
“षष्” is the only षकारान्त-शब्द: that has the षट्-सञ्ज्ञा।
6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् been used?
7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“How would you say this in Sanskrit?” – Paraphrase this to “How is this to be said in the Sanskrit language?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “वक्तव्य” for “to be said” and the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “संस्कृत-भाषा” for the “Sanskrit language.”
8. Please state the one synonym for the word “गर्भ:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “गर्भ” masculine, meaning “womb”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
गर्भो भ्रूण इमौ समौ ।।२-६-३९।।
(इति द्वे “गर्भस्य” नामनी)
Easy questions:
1. Derive the form “बालेषु” (सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “बाल” – declined like राम-शब्द:।
2. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् has been used?
उशना mNs
Today we will look at the form उशना from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 8-11-47
तत्राविनष्टावयवान्विद्यमानशिरोधरान् ।
उशना जीवयामास संजीवन्या स्वविद्यया ।। ८-११-४७ ।।
Gita Press translation “There Uśanā (Śukrācārya, the preceptor of the demons) restored to life, by his (secret) science of reviving the dead, those whose limbs were intact and whose neck was (still) whole.”
‘उशनस्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(1) उशनस् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। The प्रत्यय: “सुँ” has the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य – The five affixes ‘सुँ’, ‘औ’, ‘जस्’, ‘अम्’ and ‘औट्’ get the designation सर्वनामस्थानम् but not if the base is neuter. This allows 6-4-8 to apply in step 5.
(2) उशन अनँङ् + सुँ । By 7-1-94 ऋदुशनस्पुरुदंसोऽनेहसां च – “ऋत्” (short “ऋ”) ending terms, as well as the terms “उशनस्”, “पुरुदंसस्” and “अनेहस्” get the “अनँङ्” replacement when the “सुँ” suffix, that is not सम्बुद्धिः, follows. As per 1-1-53 ङिच्च only the ending सकार: gets replaced.
(3) उशन अन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) उशनन् + स् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, the अकारः at the end of ‘उशन’ and the following अकारः of ‘अन्’ is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।
(5) उशनान् + स् । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ – The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।
(6) उशनान् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”। Now ‘उशनान्’ gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
(7) उशना । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।
Questions:
1. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “उशनस्” used in the गीता (Chapter 10)?
2. In the absence of the special mention of “उशनस्” in 7-1-94 ऋदुशनस्पुरुदंसोऽनेहसां च what would have been the final (undesired) form in this example?
3. What would have been the final form(s) in this example if the सुँ-प्रत्यय: had the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा?
4. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा?
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Another name for Śukrācārya (is) “उशना”” Use इति for end-quote and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अन्य” for another.
7. Please list the five synonyms for the word “उशना” (प्रातिपदिकम् “उशनस्” masculine, meaning “Śukrācārya, the preceptor of the demons”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
शुक्रो दैत्यगुरुः काव्य उशना भार्गवः कविः ।।१-३-२५।।
(इति षट् “शुक्रस्य” नामानि)
8. Can you recall a special इकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् that also takes the अनँङ्-आदेश: when the सुँ-प्रत्यय: (which does not have the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा) follows?
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः has been used?
2. Derive the form विद्यमानशिरोधरान् (द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “विद्यमानशिरोधर” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।
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