Today we will look at the form श्वेतच्छत्रम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.10.43.

पादुके भरतोऽगृह्णाच्चामरव्यजनोत्तमे । विभीषणः ससुग्रीवः श्वेतच्छत्रं मरुत्सुतः ।। ९-१०-४३ ।।
धनुर्निषङ्गाञ्छत्रुघ्नः सीता तीर्थकमण्डलुम् । अबिभ्रदङ्गदः खड्गं हैमं चर्मर्क्षराण्नृप ।। ९-१०-४४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
अयोध्याप्रवेशप्रकारमाह – पादुके इति सार्धैस्त्रिभिः ।। ४३ ।। धनुश्च निषङ्गौ च तान् । ऋक्षराट् जाम्बवान् ।। ४४ ।।

Translation – Bharata took His pair of wooden sandals; Vibhīṣaṇa along with Sugrīva (who stood severally on His right and left), a cowrie and an excellent fan (respectively); and Hanumān (son of the wind-god, who stood behind the Lord) held the white umbrella (over Him) (43). Śatrughna (the youngest brother of Śrī Rāma) bore His bow and the pair of quivers; Sītā held the Kamaṇḍalu (water-pot of coconut-shell) containing the water of sacred lakes and rivers; Aṅgada carried His sword and Jāmbavān (the king of the bears), His shield of gold, O protector of men! (44)

(1) श्वेतं च तच् छत्रम् = श्वेतच्छत्रम् – white umbrella.
श्वेतच्छत्रम् is a कर्मधारयः compound. पाणिनि: defines the term कर्मधारयः by the सूत्रम् 1-2-42 तत्पुरुषः समानाधिकरणः कर्मधारयः – A तत्पुरुषः compound in which both the members refer to the same item – and hence have the same case ending – gets the designation कर्मधारयः।
Note: पाणिनि: has placed this सूत्रम् outside the अधिकार: ‘1-4-1 आ कडारादेका संज्ञा‘ in order to allow the designation कर्मधारयः to co-exist with the designation तत्पुरुषः prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-22 तत्पुरुषः।
Note: It is hard to come up with a satisfactory explanation for the designation कर्मधारयः। One way would be to take कर्म = भेदकक्रिया – the action of differentiating/qualifying. Then the word कर्मधारयः could mean कर्म भेदकक्रिया, तां धारयत्यसौ कर्मधारयः – a compound which gives a specification of the thing at hand.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) श्वेत सुँ + छत्र सुँ । By 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌ – A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting a qualifier (adjective) variously compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes that which is qualified – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘श्वेत सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 (which prescribes the compounding) the term विशेषणम्‌ ends in the nominative case. Hence the adjective ‘श्वेत सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘श्वेत सुँ + छत्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) श्वेत + छत्र । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) श्वेत तुँक् + छत्र । By 6-1-73 छे च – A short vowel (ह्रस्वः) gets the तुँक् augment when the letter ‘छ्’ follows in संहितायाम् (immediate sequence.) As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the तुँक् augment follows the short vowel.

(6) श्वेत त् + छत्र । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) श्वेत च् + छत्र । By 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः – When the letter ‘स्’ or a letter of the त-वर्ग: (‘त्’, ‘थ्’, ‘द्’, ‘ध्’, ‘न्’) comes in contact with either the letter ‘श्’ or a letter of the च-वर्ग: (‘च्’, ‘छ्’, ‘ज्’, ‘झ्’, ‘ञ्’), then it is replaced respectively by ‘श्’, च-वर्ग: (‘च्’, ‘छ्’, ‘ज्’, ‘झ्’, ‘ञ्’)।
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, the substitutions take place respectively.

= श्वेतच्छत्र ।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘श्वेतच्छत्र’ is neuter since the latter member ‘छत्र’ of the compound is neuter here.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् ।

(8) श्वेतच्छत्र + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(9) श्वेतच्छत्र + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(10) श्वेतच्छत्रम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a कर्मधारयः compound in verses 13-18 of Chapter Fifteen of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌ (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – बहुलग्रहणात्‌ क्वचिन्नित्यम्‌। कृष्णसर्प:। क्वचिन्न। रामो जामदग्न्य:। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – जातिशब्दस्य गुणक्रियाशब्दसमभिव्याहारे विशेष्यसमर्पकतैव। तेन नीलोत्पलं पाचकब्राह्मण इति व्यवस्थित एव प्रयोग:। गुणशब्दयोः क्रियाशब्दयोर्गुणक्रियाशब्दयोश्चानियम एव। खञ्जकुब्जः, कुब्जखञ्जः। पाचकपाठकः, पाठकपाचकः। खञ्जपाचकः, पाचकखञ्ज इति। Please explain.

4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शत्रुघ्न’ (used in the form शत्रुघ्नः (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकचवनम्) in the verses)?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One should worship Gaṇeśa with red flowers.” Form a compound for ‘red flowers.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Arjuna’s chariot was yoked with white horses.” Form a compound for ‘white horses.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the सम्प्रसारणम् in the form अगृह्णात्?

2. The form अबिभ्रत् used in the verses is a आर्ष-प्रयोग: (grammatically irregular form.) What is the grammatically correct form?

Today we will look at the form पराधीनम् mAs/nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.11.19.

गां दुग्धदोहामसतीं च भार्यां देहं पराधीनमसत्प्रजां च । वित्तं त्वतीर्थीकृतमङ्ग वाचं हीनां मया रक्षति दुःखदुःखी ।। ११-११-१९ ।।
यस्यां न मे पावनमङ्ग कर्म स्थित्युद्भवप्राणनिरोधमस्य । लीलावतारेप्सितजन्म वा स्याद्वन्ध्यां गिरं तां बिभृयान्न धीरः ।। ११-११-२० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
एतदेवान्यार्थनिदर्शनैः प्रपञ्चयति – गामिति । दुह्यत इति दोहः पयः । दुग्धो दोहो नोत्तरत्र दोह्योऽस्ति यस्यास्तामर्थशून्याम् । असतीं भार्यां कामशून्याम् । देहं पराधीनं प्रतिक्षणं दुःखहेतुम् । असत्प्रजां दृष्टादृष्टसाधनशून्यं पुत्रम् । अतीर्थीकृतमागते पात्रेऽदत्तं वित्तं दुष्कीर्तिदुरितापादकम् । अङ्ग हे उद्धव, दुःखानन्तरं दुःखमेव यस्य स रक्षति ।। १९ ।। मया हीनां वाचमित्युक्तं विवृणोति । यस्यां वाचि मे जगतः शोधकं चरित्रं न स्यात् । किं तत् । अस्य विश्वस्य स्थित्यादिरूपम्, तद्धेतुरित्यर्थः । लीलावतारेष्वीप्सितं जगतः प्रेमास्पदं श्रीरामकृष्णादिजन्म वा न स्यात् । तां निष्फलां गिरं धीरो धीमान्न धारयेत् ।। २० ।।

Translation – The man who maintains a cow that has been milked for good (offers no more prospect of yielding milk), a false wife, a body depending (for its support) on another and an unworthy son, nay, who guards wealth which is not bestowed on worthy recipients and cultivates, O dear Uddhava, speech which does not glorify Me reaps misery after misery (19). A wise man ought not to cultivate such barren speech as does not glorify, O dear Uddhava, My purifying activity responsible for the appearance, continuance and extinction of this universe and does not describe My advent (in the form of Śrī Rāma, Śrī Kṛṣṇa and so on), which is so dear to the world, among My (numerous) descents taken for the sake of sport (20).

(1) परस्मिन्नधि = पराधीन: – depending on other.
Note: The सूत्रम् 1-4-97 अधिरीश्वरे assigns the designation कर्मप्रवचनीय: to ‘अधि’ here. In connection with ‘अधि’ (which has the designation कर्मप्रवचनीय: here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-97 अधिरीश्वरे), ‘पर’ takes a seventh case affix as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-9 यस्मादधिकं यस्य चेश्वरवचनं तत्र सप्तमी।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) पर ङि + अधि । By 2-1-40 सप्तमी शौण्डैः – A पदम् ending in a seventh case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to ‘शौण्ड’ etc and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: Since ‘अधि’ is a अव्ययम् the default सुँप् affix ‘सुँ’ following ‘अधि’ takes the लुक् elision as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।
Note: The शौण्डादि-गण: is listed in the गणपाठ: as follows – शौण्ड। धूर्त। कितव। व्याड। प्रवीण। संवीत। अन्तर्। अधि। पटु। पण्डित। कुशल। चपल। निपुण।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘पर ङि’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-40 (which prescribes the compounding) the term सप्तमी ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘पर ङि’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘पर ङि + अधि’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) पर + अधि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) पराधि । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

(6) पराधि + ख । By 5-4-7 अषडक्षाशितंग्वलंकर्मालंपुरुषाध्युत्तरपदात्ख: – The following प्रातिपदिकानि invariably take the तद्धित: affix ‘ख’ with no change in meaning – i) ‘अषडक्ष’ ii) ‘आशितङ्गु’ iii) ‘अलंकर्मन्’ vi) ‘अलंपुरुष’ and v) a compound having ‘अधि’ as its latter member.

(7) पराधि + ईन । By 7-1-2 आयनेयीनीयियः फढखछघां प्रत्ययादीना – the letters ‘फ्’, ‘ढ्’, ‘ख्’, ‘छ्’ and ‘घ्’ – when they occur at the beginning of a प्रत्यय: (affix) – are replaced respectively by ‘आयन्’, ‘एय्’, ‘ईन्’, ‘ईय्’ and ‘इय्’।
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, the substitutions take place respectively.

See question 1.

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘पराधि’ has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(8) पराध् + ईन । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= पराधीन ।

Note: In the present example the compound ‘पराधीन’ (which is an adjective) is qualifying the masculine/neuter noun ‘देह’ and hence takes the masculine/neuter gender.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् ।

(9) पराधीन + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) पराधीन + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: In the neuter gender, 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) पराधीनम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Why doesn’t the ending letter ‘न्’ of the substitute ‘ईन्’ (used in step 7) get the designation इत् (as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्)? In answer to this the तत्त्वबोधिनी says आयनीनोर्नकारस्य नेत्त्वम्, फिनो नित्करणसामर्थ्यात्। Please explain. Note: ‘फिन्’ is a तद्धित: affix prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-1-160 प्राचामवृद्धात्‌ फिन् बहुलम्‌।

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-45 ओदितश्च been used in the verses?

3. From which verbal root is the participle ‘ईप्सित’ (used in the compound ‘लीलावतारेप्सितजन्म’ in the verses) derived?

4. What is the विग्रह-वाक्यम् (explanatory sentence) of the अव्ययीभाव: compound प्रतिक्षणम् used in the commentary?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ‘ण्वुल्’ used in the form शोधकम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शोधक’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In childhood I was not independent but now I am.” Paraphrase to “In childhood I was dependent on another but now I am self-dependent.” Use the neuter noun ‘शैशव’ for ‘childhood.’ Form a compound for ‘dependent on another’ and ‘self-dependent (dependent on oneself.)’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘इ’ in the form बिभृयात्?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘श्नु’ in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form दैवाधीनः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.3.23.

तस्यैवं रममाणस्य संवत्सरगणान्बहून् । गृहमेधेषु योगेषु विरागः समजायत ।। ३-३-२२ ।।
दैवाधीनेषु कामेषु दैवाधीनः स्वयं पुमान् । को विस्रम्भेत योगेन योगेश्वरमनुव्रतः ।। ३-३-२३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
गृहमेधेषु गृहधर्मेषु । योगेषु कामभोगोपायेषु । विराग औदासीन्यं जातमित्यर्थः ।। २२ ।। यदा स्वाधीनेष्वपि भगवतो विरागस्तदा दैवाधीनेषु को विस्रम्भेत विश्वासं प्रीतिं वा कुर्यात् । योगेन चेद्योगेश्वरं श्रीकृष्णमनुव्रतः ।। २३ ।।

Translation – As He thus enjoyed life for many years He felt an aversion for the performance of religious duties binding on a householder and conducive to the pleasures of sense (22). What man, then, who is himself in the power of Providence and who seeks to please Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the Master of Yogas) through the practice of Devotion, would set his heart on the pleasures of sense, which are in the power of Providence? (23)

(1) दैवेऽधि = दैवाधीन: – reliant on (in the power of) Providence.
Note: The सूत्रम् 1-4-97 अधिरीश्वरे assigns the designation कर्मप्रवचनीय: to ‘अधि’ here. In connection with ‘अधि’ (which has the designation कर्मप्रवचनीय: here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-97 अधिरीश्वरे), ‘दैव’ takes a seventh case affix as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-9 यस्मादधिकं यस्य चेश्वरवचनं तत्र सप्तमी।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) दैव ङि + अधि । By 2-1-40 सप्तमी शौण्डैः – A पदम् ending in a seventh case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to ‘शौण्ड’ etc and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: Since ‘अधि’ is a अव्ययम् the default सुँप् affix ‘सुँ’ following ‘अधि’ takes the लुक् elision as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।
Note: The शौण्डादि-गण: is listed in the गणपाठ: as follows – शौण्ड। धूर्त। कितव। व्याड। प्रवीण। संवीत। अन्तर्। अधि। पटु। पण्डित। कुशल। चपल। निपुण।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘दैव ङि’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-40 (which prescribes the compounding) the term सप्तमी ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘दैव ङि’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘दैव ङि + अधि’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) दैव + अधि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) दैवाधि । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

(6) दैवाधि + ख । By 5-4-7 अषडक्षाशितंग्वलंकर्मालंपुरुषाध्युत्तरपदात्ख: – The following प्रातिपदिकानि invariably take the तद्धित: affix ‘ख’ with no change in meaning – i) ‘अषडक्ष’ ii) ‘आशितङ्‍गु’ iii) ‘अलंकर्मन्’ vi) ‘अलंपुरुष’ and v) a compound having ‘अधि’ as its latter member.

(7) दैवाधि + ईन । By 7-1-2 आयनेयीनीयियः फढखछघां प्रत्ययादीनाम् – the letters ‘फ्’, ‘ढ्’, ‘ख्’, ‘छ्’ and ‘घ्’ – when they occur at the beginning of a प्रत्यय: (affix) – are replaced respectively by ‘आयन्’, ‘एय्’, ‘ईन्’, ‘ईय्’ and ‘इय्’।
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, the substitutions take place respectively.

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘ दैवाधि’ has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(8) दैवाध् + ईन । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= दैवाधीन ।

Note: In the present example the compound ‘दैवधीन’ (which is an adjective) is qualifying the masculine noun पुमान् and hence takes the masculine gender.

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।

(9) दैवाधीन + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(10) दैवाधीन + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) दैवाधीन: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 5-4-7 अषडक्षाशितंग्वलंकर्मालंपुरुषाध्युत्तरपदात्ख: (used in step 6) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – नित्योऽयं ख:। उत्तरसूत्रे विभाषाग्रहणात्। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-1-2 आयनेयीनीयियः फढखछघां प्रत्ययादीनाम् (used in step 7) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – प्रत्ययेति किम्? धातोरादीनां मा भूत्। फक्कति। ढौकते। खनति। छादयति। घूर्णते। Please explain.

3. Can you spot the augment मुँक् in the verses?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-5 कालाध्वनोरत्यन्तसंयोगे been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘आ’ in the form जातम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जात’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) used in the commentary? Hint: We have seen this सूत्रम् in a prior comment.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even the gods are in the power of Providence.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘जा’ in the form समजायत?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-109 ये च been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form विवेकनिपुणाः mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.24.2.

आसीज्ज्ञानमथो अर्थ एकमेवाविकल्पितम् । यदा विवेकनिपुणा आदौ कृतयुगेऽयुगे ।। ११-२४-२ ।।
तन्मायाफलरूपेण केवलं निर्विकल्पितम् । वाङ्मनोऽगोचरं सत्यं द्विधा समभवद्‍बृहत् ।। ११-२४-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
अथोशब्दः कार्त्स्न्ये । ज्ञानं द्रष्टा तेन दृश्यः कृत्स्नोऽप्यर्थश्चाविकल्पितम् । विकल्पशून्यमेकमेव । ब्रह्मण्येव लीनमासीदित्यर्थः । कदेत्यपेक्षायामाह – अयुगे युगेभ्यः पूर्वम्, प्रलय इत्यर्थः । तथा आदौ यत्कृतयुगं तस्मिंश्चान्यदापि यदा विवेकनिपुणा जना भवन्ति तदापि तेषां भेदास्फूर्तेः ।। २ ।। तद्‍बृहद्ब्रह्म वाङ्मनोऽगोचरं यथा भवति तथा माया दृश्यं फलं तत्प्रकाशस्तद्रूपेण मायाविलासरूपेण वा द्विधाभूत् ।। ३ ।।

Translation – During the period of final dissolution (before the Yugas began to run their course), in the very first Satya Yuga (at the beginning of creation) and whenever there are men shrewd of judgement, (in their eyes too) the subjective consciousness (in the shape of the seer) as well as the entire objective existence was one absolutely undifferentiated substance (Brahma) indeed (2). That absolute undifferentiated reality, Brahma (the Infinite), which is beyond the ken of speech and the mind, became dual (as it were) in the shape of Māyā (objective existence) and that which is reflected in it (viz., the Jīva or the seer) (3).

(1) विवेके निपुणः = विवेकनिपुणः – shrewd of (in) judgment.

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) विवेक ङि + निपुण सुँ । By 2-1-40 सप्तमी शौण्डैः – A पदम् ending in a seventh case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to ‘शौण्ड’ etc and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The शौण्डादि-गण: is listed in the गणपाठ: as follows – शौण्ड। धूर्त। कितव। व्याड। प्रवीण। संवीत। अन्तर्। अधि। पटु। पण्डित। कुशल। चपल। निपुण।

See question 1.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘विवेक ङि’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-40 (which prescribes the compounding) the term सप्तमी ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘विवेक ङि’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘विवेक ङि + निपुण सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) विवेक + निपुण । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= विवेकनिपुण ।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विवेकनिपुण’ is masculine since the latter member ‘निपुण’ of the compound is used in the masculine here. (As shown in the commentary, the compound ‘विवेकनिपुण’ is qualifying the masculine noun ‘जन’।) The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।

(5) विवेकनिपुण + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) विवेकनिपुण + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘जस्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) विवेकनिपुणास् । 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(8) विवेकनिपुणाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. The वृत्ति: of the सूत्रम् 2-1-40 सप्तमी शौण्डैः (used in step 2) says – सप्तम्यन्तं शौण्डादिभि: सुबन्तै: सह वा समस्यते स तत्पुरुष:। Commenting on this the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – बहुवचननिर्देशाद्गणपाठसामर्थ्याच्च आद्यर्थावगति:। Please explain.

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘क्’ in the formation of the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विवेक’ (used as part of the compound ‘विवेकनिपुण’)?

3. Can you spot the affix ‘ल्युट्’ in the verses?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-44 ल्वादिभ्यः been used in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In India even today there are many people who are proficient in grammar.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पण्डित’ for ‘proficient.’ Form a compound for ‘proficient in grammar.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My brother is a skilled musician.” Paraphrase to “My brother is skilled in music.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रवीण’ for ‘skilled’ and the neuter noun ‘संगीत’ for ‘music.’ Form a compound for ‘skilled in music.’

Easy questions:

1. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति apply between अथो + अर्थ:?

2. In the commentary can you spot a word in which the affix ‘सिँच्’ has taken the लुक् elision?

Today we will look at the form आकाशः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.16.37 and आकाशम् nNs from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 13-32.

पृथिवी वायुराकाश आपो ज्योतिरहं महान् । विकारः पुरुषोऽव्यक्तं रजः सत्त्वं तमः परम् ।। ११-१६-३७ ।।
अहमेतत्प्रसङ्ख्यानं ज्ञानं तत्त्वविनिश्चयः । मयेश्वरेण जीवेन गुणेन गुणिना विना । सर्वात्मनापि सर्वेण न भावो विद्यते क्वचित् ।। ११-१६-३८ ।। (श्रीमद्भागवतम्)

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तदेवं तत्र तत्र निर्धारणे तत्तत्संबन्धेन च विशेषतो विभूतीर्निरूप्येदानीं सामान्यतः सर्वा अपि निरूपयति – पृथ्वीति सार्धद्वयेन । पृथिव्यादिशब्दैस्तन्मात्राणि विवक्षितानि । अहमहंकारः । महान्महत्तत्वम् । एताः सप्त प्रकृतिविकृतयः । विकारः पञ्चमहाभूतानि एकादशेन्द्रियाणि चेत्वेवं षोडशसंख्याकः । पुरुषो जीवः । अव्यक्तं प्रकृतिः । एवं पञ्चविंशतितत्त्वानि । तदुक्तम् – ‘मूलप्रकृतिरविकृतिर्महदाद्याः प्रकृतिविकृतयः सप्त ।। षोडशकश्च विकारो न प्रकृतिर्न विकृतिः पुरुषः ।।’ इति । किंच रजः सत्त्वं तम इति प्रकृतेर्गुणाश्च परं ब्रह्म च । तदेतत्सर्वमहमेव । किंचैतत्प्रसंख्यानमेतेषां परिगणनमेतेषां लक्षणतो ज्ञानं च तत्फलं तत्त्वनिश्चयश्चाहमेव । एतदेव संक्षिप्याह – मयेति । जीवेश्वररूपो द्विविधो यो भावो यश्च गुणिगुणरूपो यश्च क्षेत्रज्ञक्षेत्ररूपः स सर्वोऽपि मया विना मद्व्यतिरेकेण नास्ति, अहमेव सर्वमित्यर्थः ।। ३७-३८ ।।

Gita Press translation – I am (the seven categories which are both of the nature of cause and effect, viz., the subtle elements of) earth, the air, ether, water, fire; the (cosmic) Ego and Mahat-tattva (the principle of cosmic intelligence); (sixteen categories which are) modifications (alone, viz., the five gross elements and the eleven Indriyas), the soul (which is neither a cause nor an effect), the Unmanifest (primordial Matter, which is a cause alone), (the three modes of Prakṛti, viz.,) Rajas, Sattva and Tamas as well as Brahma (the Absolute) (37). (Nay,) I am the numbering of these categories, their (distinguishing) knowledge (by means of their characteristics) and the (resultant) Realization of Truth. Nothing exists anywhere apart from Me, who am God as well as Jīva (the individual soul), the (three) Guṇas (modes of Prakṛti) as well as the categories made up of the (three) Guṇas (viz., the Mahat-tattva and so on), (nay,) who am the Inner Controller of all as well as all (38).

यथा सर्वगतं सौक्ष्म्यादाकाशं नोपलिप्यते । सर्वत्रावस्थितो देहे तथात्मा नोपलिप्यते ।। १३-३२ ।। (श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता)

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तत्र दृष्टान्तमाह – यथेति । यथा सर्वत्र पङ्कादिष्वपि स्थितमाकाशं सौक्ष्म्यादसङ्गत्वात्पङ्कादिभिर्नोपलिप्यते तथा सर्वत्र उत्तमे मध्यमेऽधमे वा देहेऽवस्थितोऽप्यात्मा नोपलिप्यते । दैहिकैर्गुणदोषैर्न युज्यत इत्यर्थः ।। ३२ ।।

Gita Press translation – As the all-pervading ether is not contaminated by reason of its subtlety, though permeating the body, the Self is not affected (by the attributes of the body due to Its attribute-less character) (33).

(1) As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-31 अर्धर्चाः पुंसि च – The words ‘अर्धर्च’ etc are masculine as well as neuter in gender.

Note: एवं ध्‍वजतीर्थशरीरमण्‍डपयूपदेहाङ्‍कुशपात्रसूत्रादयः । Similarly, the words ‘ध्‍वज’, ‘तीर्थ’, ‘शरीर’, ‘मण्‍डप’, ‘यूप’, ‘देह’, ‘अङ्‍कुश’, ‘पात्र’, ‘सूत्र’ (as well as ‘आकाश’) etc – which are listed in the अर्धर्चादि-गण: – are masculine as well as neuter in gender.

The form आकाशः as in the verse श्रीमद्भागवतम् ११-१६-३७ is derived in the masculine. The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(2) आकाश + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(3) आकाश + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) आकाश: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

The form आकाशम् as in the verse श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता १३-३२ is derived in the neuter. The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(1) आकाश + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(2) आकाश + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(3) आकाशम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. In the गीता verse 13-32 quoted in the example above can you spot another word (besides ‘आकाश’) which belongs to the अर्धर्चादि-गण:?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-4-31 अर्धर्चाः पुंसि च (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इह केषांचिदर्थभेदेन व्यवस्थेष्यते। सा च व्यवस्था — मद्यमकरन्दमक्षिकाणां वाची मधुशब्दो द्विलिङ्गः, चैत्रादिवाची तु पुंलिङ्गः; भूतः पिशाचे द्विलिङ्गः, क्रियावचनस्तु विशेष्यलिङ्ग इत्येवं यथायथं ज्ञेयम्। Please explain.

3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वायु’ (used in the form वायु: (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the verses from the भागवतम् quoted in the example above)?

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a fifth case affix in the form सौक्ष्म्यात् used in the गीता verse 13-32?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः been used in the गीता verse 13-32?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“At night the sky is decorated by the stars.” Use the verbal root √भूष् (भूषँ अलङ्कारे १०.२५५) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘वि’ for ‘to decorate.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the affix श्यन् in the verses from the भागवतम् quoted in the example above?

2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix यक् used in the form उपलिप्यते in the गीता verse 13-32?

Today we will look at the form अपराह्णे mLs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 6.8.21.

मां केशवो गदया प्रातरव्याद्गोविन्द आसङ्गवमात्तवेणुः । नारायणः प्राह्ण उदात्तशक्तिर्मध्यन्दिने विष्णुररीन्द्रपाणिः ।। ६-८-२० ।।
देवोऽपराह्णे मधुहोग्रधन्वा सायं त्रिधामावतु माधवो माम् । दोषे हृषीकेश उतार्धरात्रे निशीथ एकोऽवतु पद्मनाभः ।। ६-८-२१ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
दिनस्य षट्सु भागेषु क्रमेण प्रातरादिसंज्ञेषु रात्रेश्च प्रदोषादिसंज्ञेषु रक्षाप्रार्थनम् – मां केशव इति त्रिभिः । आसङ्गवं सङ्गवमभिव्याप्य ।। २० ।। त्रिधामा ब्रह्मादित्रिमूर्तिः श्रीमाधवः । दोषे प्रदोषे आर्धरात्रे अर्धरात्रिपर्यन्ते काले निशीथे चैक एव पद्मनाभोऽवतु ।। २१ ।।

Gita Press translation – May Lord Keśava (the Supreme Deity the Ruler of even Brahmā and Śiva) protect me with His mace in the morning (the first of the six divisions of the day, each consisting of two hours); Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the Protector of cows), who holds a flute (in His hand), through the Saṅgava hours (the second part of the day); Lord Nārāyaṇa (who has His abode in water), who wields an uplifted javelin, in the forenoon and (the all-pervading) Lord Viṣṇu, carrying Sudarśana (the chief of all discuses) in His hand, at midday (20). May Lord Madhusūdana (the Slayer of the demon Madhu), who wields a terrible bow, protect me in the afternoon and Lord Mādhava (the Spouse of Goddess Lakṣmī), manifested in three glorious forms (Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Śiva), at dusk. May Lord Hṛṣīkeśa guard me in the first part of the night (and) Lord Padmanābha (who has a lotus spring from His navel), alone, during the second part (till midnight) as well as at midnight (during the third part) (21).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) अपरमह्नः = अपराह्ण: – PM (afternoon.)

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) अपर सुँ + अहन् ङस् । By 2-2-1 पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे (A पदम् formed by adding a सुँप् affix to) either ‘पूर्व’ (front/prior part) or ‘अपर’ (back/latter part) or ‘अधर’ (lower part) or ‘उत्तर’ (upper part) optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting a single substance/thing consisting of parts and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: षष्ठीसमासापवाद: – The compounding prescribed by this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to the षष्ठी-समास: prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 षष्ठी।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘अपर सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-1 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वापराधरोत्तरम् ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘अपर सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘अपर सुँ + अहन् ङस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) अपर + अहन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) अपर + अहन् + टच् । By 5-4-91 राजाह:सखिभ्यष्टच्‌ – Following a तत्पुरुष: compound ending in either ‘राजन्’ or ‘अहन्’ or ‘सखि’ the तद्धित: affix टच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.

(6) अपर + अहन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) अपर + अह्न + अ । By 5-4-88 अह्नोऽह्न एतेभ्यः – When followed by the affix ‘टच्’ (prescribed by 5-4-91 राजाह:सखिभ्यष्टच्‌), the word ‘अहन्’ is replaced by ‘अह्न’ provided ‘अहन्’ is preceded by any one of the following –
i) ‘सर्व’
ii) a word denoting a part (of the day)
iii) ‘संख्यात’
iv) a संख्या (numeral)
v) a अव्ययम् (indeclinable)
Note: By 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire term ‘अहन्’ is replaced by ‘अह्न’।
Note: एतच्छब्देन ‘अहःसर्वैकदेश-’ इति सूत्रस्थाः परामृश्यन्ते – The pronoun ‘एतद्’ (used in the सूत्रम् 5-4-88 अह्नोऽह्न एतेभ्यः) refers to the terms listed in the सूत्रम् 5-4-87 अह:सर्वैकदेशसंख्यातपुण्याच्च रात्रेः। But अहःशब्द इह न गृह्यते, असंभवात् – the word ‘अहन्’ is not included because it is not possible to compound ‘अहन्’ with ‘अहन्’ itself. ‘पुण्य’ is also not included because of the prohibition contained in the सूत्रम् 5-4-90 उत्तमैकाभ्यां च।

(8) अपराह्न + अ । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Note: The अङ्गम् ‘अपराह्न’ has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(9) अपराह्न् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

(10) अपराह्ण । By 8-4-7 अह्नोऽदन्तात्‌ – The letter ‘न्’ of the term ‘अह्न’ (ref. 5-4-88 अह्नोऽह्न एतेभ्यः) is substituted by the letter ‘ण्’ when preceded by a पूर्वपदम् (prior member of a compound) which ends in the letter ‘अ’ and contains the cause – the letter ‘र्’ – for the substitution.
Note: The प्रथमा विभक्ति: (nominative case ending) used in the word अह्न: (in this सूत्रम् 8-4-7) actually stands for the षष्ठी विभक्ति: (genitive case ending.)

Note: Since ‘अहन्’ is neuter in gender, as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपराह्ण’ would also be neuter in gender, but the सूत्रम् 2-4-29 रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि intervenes.

(11) By 2-4-29 रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि – The gender of a द्वन्द्व:/तत्पुरुष: compound ending in either ‘रात्र’ or ‘अह्न’ or ‘अह’ is always masculine.
Note: The सिद्धान्तकौमुदी makes the point that this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to not only the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः but also to the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌।

अपराह्णे is सप्तमी-एकवचनम् of the पुंल्लिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपराह्ण’।

(12) अपराह्ण + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(13) अपराह्ण + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(14) अपराह्णे । By 6-1-87 आद्गुणः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-1 पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – एकदेशिना किम्‌? पूर्वं नाभे: कायस्य। Please explain.

2. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम् 2-2-1 the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – एकाधिकरणे किम्‌? पूर्वश्छात्राणाम्‌। Please explain.

3. Can you spot a अव्ययीभाव: compound in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form गदया used in the verses?

5. From which verbal root is the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आत्त’ (used as part of the compound आत्तवेणु: in the verses) derived? Hint: Recall the सूत्रम् 7-4-47 अच उपसर्गात्तः which we have seen in a prior post.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us go to the temple in the afternoon.”

Easy questions:

1. What is the alternate form for षट्सु (used in the commentary)?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form अपररात्रे mLs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 6.8.22.

श्रीवत्सधामापररात्र ईशः प्रत्यूष ईशोऽसिधरो जनार्दनः । दामोदरोऽव्यादनुसन्ध्यं प्रभाते विश्वेश्वरो भगवान्कालमूर्तिः ।। ६-८-२२ ।।
चक्रं युगान्तानलतिग्मनेमि भ्रमत्समन्ताद्भगवत्प्रयुक्तम् । दन्दग्धि दन्दग्ध्यरिसैन्यमाशु कक्षं यथा वातसखो हुताशः ।। ६-८-२३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
अपररात्रे ईशः श्रीवत्सधामा अवतु । प्रत्यूष ईशः श्रीजनार्दनः । श्रीदामोदरः प्रभाते श्रीविश्वेश्वरोऽनुसन्ध्यम् ।। २२ ।। युगान्तानलवत्तिग्मा तीक्ष्णा नेमिर्यस्य तच्चक्रं भगवता प्रयुक्तं सत् अरिसैन्यं दन्दग्धि दन्दग्धि अतिशयेन दहति । तस्यायं स्वभाव एव, नतु तस्मात्प्रार्थनीयमित्यर्थः । यद्वा दन्दग्धीति लोण्मध्यमपुरुषः । अत्र त्वमेवंभूतं चक्रमिति स्वरूपमुक्त्वा संबोध्य प्रार्थ्यतेऽतिशयेन दहेति । कक्षं शुष्कतृणम् ।। २३ ।।

Gita Press translation – May the Lord bearing the mark of Śrīvatsa (a white curl of hair representing the foot-print of the sage Bhṛgu) on His chest, protect me in the latter (fourth) part of the night; Lord Janārdana (who is supplicated by men), carrying a sword (in His hand), at the close (during the fifth part) of the night; Dāmodara (Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa as bound at the waist with a string to a wooden mortar used for threshing paddy etc., by mother Yaśodā as a punishment for His childish pranks) at dawn and Lord Viśweśwara (the Ruler of the universe), manifested as the Time-Spirit (or Death), during both twilights (morning and evening) (22). (Addressing Sudarśana, a divine attendant of Lord Viṣṇu, who when commanded by Him, assumes the form of a discus and is employed by Him is destroying His adversaries or the enemies of His devotees,) Revolving all round, (when) hurled by the Lord in the form of a discus with a rim fierce as the fire raging at the time of universal dissolution, (pray,) completely burn, (O) completely burn (my) enemy’s host at once, (even) as fire helped by the wind consumes (a pile of) hay (23).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) अपरं रात्रे: = अपररात्रः – After mid-night (latter part of the night.)

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) अपर सुँ + रात्रि ङस् । By 2-2-1 पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे (A पदम् formed by adding a सुँप् affix to) either ‘पूर्व’ (front/prior part) or ‘अपर’ (back/latter part) or ‘अधर’ (lower part) or ‘उत्तर’ (upper part) optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting a single substance/thing consisting of parts and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

See question 1.

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘अपर सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-1 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वापराधरोत्तरम् ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘अपर सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘अपर सुँ + रात्रि ङस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) अपर + रात्रि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) अपररात्रि + अच् । By 5-4-87 अह:सर्वैकदेशसंख्यातपुण्याच्च रात्रेः – The तद्धित: affix अच् is prescribed following a तत्पुरुष: compound ending in the word ‘रात्रि’ – provided ‘रात्रि’ is preceded by one of the following – and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound –
i) ‘अहन्’
ii) ‘सर्व’
iii) a word denoting a part (of the night)
iv) ‘संख्यात’
v) ‘पुण्य’
vi) a संख्या (numeral)
vii) a अव्ययम् (indeclinable)
Note: अहर्ग्रहणं द्वन्द्वार्थम् – The mention of ‘अहन्’ in this सूत्रम् is for the purpose of a द्वन्द्व: (and not a तत्पुरुष:) compound.

(6) अपररात्रि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘अपररात्रि’ has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(7) अपररात्र् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= अपररात्र ।

Note: Since ‘रात्रि’ is feminine in gender, as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपररात्र’ would also be feminine in gender, but the सूत्रम् 2-4-29 रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि intervenes.

(8) By 2-4-29 रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि – The gender of a द्वन्द्व:/तत्पुरुष: compound ending in either ‘रात्र’ or ‘अह्न’ or ‘अह’ is always masculine.
Note: The सिद्धान्तकौमुदी makes the point that this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to not only the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः but also to the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्‌।

अपररात्रे is सप्तमी-एकवचनम् of the पुंल्लिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपररात्र’।

(9) अपररात्र + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) अपररात्र + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) अपररात्रे । By 6-1-87 आद्गुणः।

Questions:

1. The compounding prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-1 पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे (used in step 2) is a अपवाद: (exception) to which compound prescribed by which सूत्रम्?

2. Derive the form दन्दग्धि। Note: There are two possibilities – लँट्, प्रथम-पुरुष:, एकवचनम् or लोँट्, मध्यम-पुरुष:, एकवचनम्।

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot the affix अण् in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix अनीयर् used in the form प्रार्थनीयम् in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One should not eat anything in the latter part of the night.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-86 एरुः been used in the commentary?

2. Can you spot the affix यक् in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form नरसखम् mAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.7.18.

सत्यस्य ते स्वदृश आत्मन आत्मनोऽन्यं वक्तारमीश विबुधेष्वपि नानुचक्षे । सर्वे विमोहितधियस्तव माययेमे ब्रह्मादयस्तनुभृतो बहिरर्थभावाः ।। ११-७-१७ ।।
तस्माद्भवन्तमनवद्यमनन्तपारं सर्वज्ञमीश्वरमकुण्ठविकुण्ठधिष्ण्यम् । निर्विण्णधीरहमु ह वृजिनाभितप्तो नारायणं नरसखं शरणं प्रपद्ये ।। ११-७-१८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
मया संक्षेपत उक्तं विस्तरतस्त्वन्यान्पृच्छेति चेदत आह – सत्यस्येति । स्वदृशः स्वप्रकाशस्य सत्यस्यात्मन आत्मनो मां प्रति वक्तारं ते त्वत्तोऽन्यं नानुचक्षे न पश्यामि । स्वदृशः स्वतःसिद्धज्ञानात्त्वत्तोऽन्यमिति वा । कुत इत्यत आह – सर्व इति । बहिरर्थभावा विषयेष्वर्थबुद्धयः ।। १७ ।। केचिद्‍दुःशीला भवन्ति केचित्सेविताः फलकाले विनश्यन्ति केचिदज्ञाः केचिद्रक्षणेऽसमर्थाः केचित्तु स्थानाद्भ्रष्टास्तद्व्यावृत्त्यर्थमनवद्यमित्यादीनि पञ्च विशेषणानि । न अन्तः कालतः पारं देशतश्च यस्य तम् । कालादिभिरकुण्ठो विकुण्ठलोको धिष्ण्यं स्थानं यस्य तम् । उ हे भगवन्, ह स्फुटम् । निर्वेदे हेतुः – वृजिनैर्दुःखैरभितप्तः । हकारगौरवाय वृकारो युक्त इव पठनीयः । नन्वनवद्यत्वादीनि कुतो मम तदाह – नारायणमिति । अनुकम्पितामाह (नरसखं नीयते विक्षिप्यते दुःखैरिति) नरो जीवस्तस्य सखायं भवन्तं शरणं प्रपद्ये ।। १८ ।।

Gita Press translation – O Lord, I do not see, except You, anyone even among the celestials, who can give me instruction about the self-revealed Ātmā, the only Truth. (Even) Brahmā and all these beings are deluded by Your Māyā as they look upon external things as real (17). Therefore, afflicted as I am with sorrows and with my mind turned away from the world, O Lord, I, seek refuge in You, who are (no other than) Lord Nārāyaṇa, the friend of (all) living beings, devoid of (all) defects, eternal and infinite, omniscient, the supreme Ruler of all, whose abode is the eternal Vaikuṇṭha! (18)

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) नराणां सखा = नरसख: – the friend of (all) living beings (Lord Nārāyaṇa).
Note: The sixth case affix in नराणाम् is as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-50 षष्ठी शेषे।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) नर आम् + सखि सुँ । By 2-2-8 षष्ठी – A पदम् ending in a sixth case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् ending in a सुँप् affix and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘नर आम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 (which prescribes the compounding) the term षष्ठी ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘नर आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘नर आम् + सखि सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) नर + सखि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) नरसखि + टच् । By 5-4-91 राजाह:सखिभ्यष्टच्‌ – Following a तत्पुरुष: compound ending in either ‘राजन्’ or ‘अहन्’ or ‘सखि’ the तद्धित: affix टच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.

(6) नरसखि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘ नरसखि’ has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.

(7) नरसख् + अ । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।

= नरसख ।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नरसख’ is masculine since the latter member ‘सखि’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(8) नरसख + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(9) नरसखम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a तृतीया-तत्पुरुष-समास: in the verses?

2. Where has the कृत् affix ‘क’ been used in the verses?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-175 स्थेशभासपिसकसो वरच् been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the seventh case affix used in the form रक्षणे in the commentary?

5. In the commentary can you spot a word in which the nasal letter ‘न्’ of a verbal root has been elided?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“It is said that wind (is) a friend of fire.”

Easy questions:

1. In which word in the verses has the affix शप् taken the लुक् elision?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-92 सख्युरसम्बुद्धौ been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form देवराजाय mDs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.11.30.

अश्मसारमयं शूलं घण्टावद्धेमभूषणम् । प्रगृह्याभ्यद्रवत्क्रुद्धो हतोऽसीति वितर्जयन् । प्राहिणोद्देवराजाय निनदन्मृगराडिव ।। ८-११-३० ।।
तदापतद्गगनतले महाजवं विचिच्छिदे हरिरिषुभिः सहस्रधा । तमाहनन्नृप कुलिशेन कन्धरे रुषान्वितस्त्रिदशपतिः शिरो हरन् ।। ८-११-३१ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
घण्टावद्घण्टाभिर्युक्तम् ।। ३० ।। ३१ ।।

Gita Press translation – Taking up a lance of steel, furnished with bells and adorned with gold ornaments he darted, full of rage, threatening in the word “You are slain!” and flung it at Indra (the ruler of the gods), roaring like a lion (the king of beasts) (30). Hari (Indra) cut it with (his) arrows into a thousand pieces (even) as it flew towards him through the air with great speed. Full of anger, the ruler of the gods (then) struck him (Namuci) with his thunderbolt in the neck, aiming to chop off the latter’s head (31).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) देवानां राजा = देवराज: – the ruler of the gods (Indra).
Note: The sixth case affix in देवानाम् is as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-50 षष्ठी शेषे।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) देव आम् + राजन् सुँ । By 2-2-8 षष्ठी – A पदम् ending in a sixth case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् ending in a सुँप् affix and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘देव आम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 (which prescribes the compounding) the term षष्ठी ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘देव आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘देव आम् + राजन् सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) देव + राजन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) देवराजन् + टच् । By 5-4-91 राजाह:सखिभ्यष्टच्‌ – Following a तत्पुरुष: compound ending in either ‘राजन्’ or ‘अहन्’ or ‘सखि’ the तद्धित: affix टच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.

(6) देवराजन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘ देवराजन्’ has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows 6-4-144 to apply in the next step.

(7) देवराज् + अ । By 6-4-144 नस्तद्धिते – The ‘टि’ portion (ref. 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि) of a अङ्गम् (base) is elided provided the अङ्गम् –
i) has the designation ‘भ’ (ref. 1-4-18 यचि भम्)
ii) ends in the letter ‘न्’ and
iii) is followed by a तद्धित: affix
Note: The ‘अन्’ part of the अङ्गम् ‘देवराजन्’ has the designation ‘टि’ by the सूत्रम् 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि – That part of a group of sounds which begins with the last vowel of the group (and goes to the end of the group) gets the designation ‘टि’।

= देवराज ।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देवराज’ is masculine since the latter member ‘राजन्’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्।

(8) देवराज + ङे । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(9) देवराज + य । By 7-1-13 ङेर्यः – Following a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the letter ‘अ’, the affix ‘ङे’ (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्) is replaced by ‘य’।

(10) देवराजाय । By 7-3-102 सुपि च – The ending letter ‘अ’ of a प्रातिपदिकम् is elongated if it is followed by a सुँप् affix beginning with a letter of the यञ्-प्रत्याहार:।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 5-4-91 राजाह:सखिभ्यष्टच्‌ been used for the first time in the गीता?

2. Can you spot three other (besides देवराजाय) षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष-समासा: in the verses?

3. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form हतः (प्रातिपदिकम् ’हत’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

4. In which word in the verses has सम्प्रसारणम् taken place?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sugrīva the king of monkeys became a friend of Śrī Rāma.” Form a compound for ‘the king of monkeys’ and ‘friend of Śrī Rāma.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ण्’ (in place of ‘न्’) in the form प्राहिणोत्? (We have seen this सूत्रम् in a prior post.)

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-50 तासस्त्योर्लोपः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form पुरुषोत्तम mVs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.26.9.

देवहूतिरुवाच
प्रकृतेः पुरुषस्यापि लक्षणं पुरुषोत्तम । ब्रूहि कारणयोरस्य सदसच्च यदात्मकम् ।। ३-२६-९ ।।
श्रीभगवानुवाच
यत्तत्त्रिगुणमव्यक्तं नित्यं सदसदात्मकम् । प्रधानं प्रकृतिं प्राहुरविशेषं विशेषवत् ।। ३-२६-१० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तदेवं संसारिणं पुरुषं तद्धेतुं प्रकृतिं च ज्ञात्वेदानीं जगत्कारणमीश्वरं तत्प्रकृतिं च पृच्छति – प्रकृतेरिति । अस्य विश्वस्य । सदसच्च स्थूलं सूक्ष्मं च कार्यं यदात्मकं तयोः प्रकृतिपुरुषयोः ।। ९ ।। तत्र प्रकृतिं लक्षयति । यत्प्रधानं तदेव प्रकृतिं प्राहुः । किं तत्प्रधानम्, स्वतोऽविशेषं विशेषवद्विशेषाणामाश्रयः । तर्हि किं ब्रह्म, न, त्रिगुणम् । किं महत्तत्वादि, न, अव्यक्तमकार्यम् । किं कालादि, न, सदसदात्मकं कार्यकारणरूपम् ।। किं जीवः प्रकृतिः, न, नित्यम् ।। १० ।।

Gita Press translation – Devahūti said: Kindly also tell me, O Supreme Person, the characteristics of Prakṛti and Puruṣa, the two causes of this universe, which in its gross and subtle forms is nothing but a manifestation of these (9). The Lord resumed: The wise speak of Pradhāna (Primordial Matter) as Prakṛti – the Pradhāna, which consists of the three Guṇas (Sattva, Rajas and Tamas), nay, which is unmanifest and eternal and exists both as cause and effect and which, though undifferentiated (in its causal state) is the source of distinct categories (such as Mahat-tattva and so on) (10).

लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) पुरुषाणामुत्तम: = पुरुषोत्तम: – best among men (Supreme Person).
Note: The sixth case affix in पुरुषाणाम् is as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-41 यतश्च निर्धारणम्‌।

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) पुरुष आम् + उत्तम सुँ । By 2-2-8 षष्ठी – A पदम् ending in a sixth case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् ending in a सुँप् affix and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-2-10 न निर्धारणे – A पदम् ending in a sixth case affix prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-41 यतश्च निर्धारणम्‌ cannot be compounded. अथ कथं पुरुषोत्तम इति? Then how do we explain the compound पुरुषाणामुत्तम: = पुरुषोत्तम:? The answer is – यस्मान्निर्धार्यते, यश्चैकदेशो निर्धार्यते, यश्च निर्धारणहेतुः – एतत्त्रितयसंनिधाने सत्येवायं निषेध इति ‘५-३-५७ द्विवचनविभज्योप-’ इति सूत्रे कैयटः। Commenting on the सूत्रम् 5-3-57 द्विवचनविभज्योपपदे तरबीयसुनौ, the grammarian कैयटः (who has written a well-acclaimed commentary on the महाभाष्यम्) says that the prohibition ordained by the सूत्रम् 2-2-10 न निर्धारणे applies only when all the following three are present – i) the group/whole from which an element/part is singled out ii) the item that is singled out and iii) the cause or basis for singling out. In the example पुरुषाणामुत्तम: = पुरुषोत्तम: compounding is not prohibited because ii) is not present. If the example were to be पुरुषाणां राम उत्तम: then the सूत्रम् 2-2-10 न निर्धारणे would prohibit पुरुषाणाम् (‘पुरुष आम्’) from compounding with राम: (‘राम सुँ’)।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘पुरुष आम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 (which prescribes the compounding) the term षष्ठी ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘पुरुष आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘पुरुष आम् + उत्तम सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) पुरुष + उत्तम । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) पुरुषोत्तम । By 6-1-87 आद्‍गुणः।

Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ पुरुषोत्तम’ is masculine since the latter member ‘उत्तम’ of the compound is used here in the masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is सम्बुद्धिः। By 2-3-49 एकवचनं सम्बुद्धि: – The nominative singular affix (‘सुँ’) when used in a vocative form gets the designation सम्बुद्धि:।

(6) (हे) पुरुषोत्तम + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌। By 2-3-47 सम्बोधने च – A first case affix (‘सुँ’, ‘औ’, ‘जस्’) is used to denote ‘address’ (in addition to the meaning of the nominal stem) also. Note: सम् (सम्मुखीकृत्य) बोधनम् (ज्ञापनम्) = सम्बोधनम्। सम्बोधनम् means drawing someone’s attention (to inform him/her of something.)

(7) (हे) पुरुषोत्तम + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The letter ‘स्’ which is an एकाल् (single letter) affix gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः।

(8) (हे) पुरुषोत्तम । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in ‘एङ्’ (letter ‘ए’ or ‘ओ’) or a short vowel, a consonant is dropped if it belongs to a सम्बुद्धि: affix.

Questions:

1. The compound ‘पुरुषोत्तम’ has been used in the first verse of which chapter of the गीता?

2. The कृत् affix ल्युट् used to construct the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रधान’ (used in the form प्रधानम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses) is prescribed by which सूत्रम्? Note: The विग्रह: is प्रधत्तेऽत्र (सर्वम्) इति प्रधानम्।

3. In which word in the verses has the affix णिच् been elided?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले been used in the commentary?

5.  How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In our village we have the best of temples.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Only the best of students would know the answer to this question.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘हि’ (in place of the affix ‘सि’) in the form ब्रूहि?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-77 तुदादिभ्यः शः been used in the commentary?