ओ३म्।
अथ कर्मधारयसमासप्रकरणम्।
1-2-42 तत्पुरुषः समानाधिकरणः कर्मधारयः । Video
वृत्तिः स्पष्टम् । A तत्पुरुषः compound in which both the members refer to the same item – and hence have the same case ending – gets the designation कर्मधारयः।
Note: पाणिनि: has placed this सूत्रम् outside the अधिकार: ’1-4-1 आ कडारादेका संज्ञा’ in order to allow the designation कर्मधारयः to co-exist with the designation तत्पुरुषः prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-22 तत्पुरुषः।
Note: It is hard to come up with a satisfactory explanation for the designation कर्मधारयः। One way would be to take कर्म = भेदकक्रिया – the action of differentiating/qualifying. Then the word कर्मधारयः could mean कर्म भेदकक्रिया, तां धारयत्यसौ कर्मधारयः – a compound which gives a specification of the thing at hand.
2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम् Video
वृत्तिः भेदकं समानाधिकरणेन भेद्येन बहुलं समस्यते स तत्पुरुष: । A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting a qualifier (adjective) variously compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes that which is qualified – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
उदाहरणम् –
वृद्धश्चासौ व्याघ्र: = वृद्धव्याघ्र: an aged tiger.
Note: The लौकिक-विग्रह: may also be stated as – वृद्धश्चासौ व्याघ्रश्च = वृद्धव्याघ्र: or वृद्धश्च स व्याघ्र: = वृद्धव्याघ्र: or वृद्धश्च स व्याघ्रश्च = वृद्धव्याघ्र: or वृद्धश्च यो व्याघ्र: = वृद्धव्याघ्र: or वृद्धश्च यो व्याघ्रश्च = वृद्धव्याघ्र:।
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
वृद्ध सुँ + व्याघ्र सुँ 2-1-57. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘वृद्ध सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 (which prescribes the compounding) the term विशेषणम् ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘वृद्ध सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘वृद्ध सुँ + व्याघ्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= वृद्धव्याघ्र 2-4-71
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वृद्धव्याघ्र’ is masculine since the latter member ‘व्याघ्र’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
बहुलग्रहणात् क्वचिन्नित्यम् – The mention of बहुलम् (in spite of the अनुवृत्ति: of 2-1-11 विभाषा being available) in this सूत्रम् tells us that sometimes the compounding is compulsory (not optional.) For example – लोहितशालि: (a particular variety of) red rice. लोहितशालि: does not refer to just any rice which is red. It refers to a particular variety of rice. Hence it is not possible to form a स्वपद-विग्रह: as लिहितश्चासौ शालि: ।
क्वचिन्न – The mention of बहुलम् also tells us that sometimes compounding does not take place – for example रामो जामदग्न्य: Rāma the son of Jamadagni. Even though there is a qualifier/qualified relationship between राम: and जामदग्न्य:, we don’t see compounding taking place in the language.
Note: जातिशब्दस्य गुणक्रियाशब्दसमभिव्याहारे विशेष्यसमर्पकतैव। तेन नीलोत्पलं पाचकब्राह्मण इति व्यवस्थित एव प्रयोग:। गुणशब्दयोः क्रियाशब्दयोर्गुणक्रियाशब्दयोश्चानियम एव।
खञ्जकुब्जः, कुब्जखञ्जः। पाचकपाठकः, पाठकपाचकः। खञ्जपाचकः, पाचकखञ्ज इति। (How do we decide which term is the qualifier and which one is the qualified?) When a जातिशब्द: (a term denoting a class) is used with a गुणशब्द: (a term denoting a quality) or a क्रियाशब्द: (a term denoting an action) then the जातिशब्द: is the qualified and the गुणशब्द:/क्रियाशब्द: is the qualifier. For example नीलोत्पलम् a blue lotus and पाचकब्राह्मण: a Brāhmaṇa who is a cook. But when a गुणशब्द:/क्रियाशब्द: compounds with another गुणशब्द:/क्रियाशब्द: then either term may be considered to be qualifying the other term. For example खञ्जकुब्जः a lame hump-back, कुब्जखञ्जः a hump-back lame, पाचकपाठकः one who cooks and teaches, पाठकपाचकः one who teaches and cooks, खञ्जपाचकः one who is lame and cooks, पाचकखञ्ज: one who cooks and is lame.
2-1-49 पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन। Video
वृत्तिः पूर्वकालादिप्रकृतिकानि सुबन्तानि समानाधिकरणेन सुबन्तेन सह वा समस्यन्ते स च तत्पुरुषः । A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which either i) denotes an action which naturally precedes in time or ii) is (composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) ‘एक’/’सर्व’/’जरत्’/’पुराण’/’नव’/’केवल’ optionally compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: ‘समानाधिकरणेन’ इत्यापादपरिसमाप्तेरधिकार: – The अधिकार: of ‘समानाधिकरणेन’ runs from this सूत्रम् down to the end of this first quarter of the second chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी।
Note: पूर्वकाल इत्यर्थनिर्देशः, परिशिष्टानां स्वरूपग्रहणम् – the meaning (and not the form) of the term ‘पूर्वकाल’ is to be taken while the form (and not the meaning) of the remaining terms ‘एक’/’सर्व’/’जरत्’/’पुराण’/’नव’/’केवल’ is to be taken.
Note: ’2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्’ इति सिद्धे पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थं सूत्रम्। The compounds prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 could also be constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्। The सूत्रम् 2-1-49 is composed for the purpose of placing the terms पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः in the prior position in the compound. एकशब्दस्य ’2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्’ इति नियमबाधनार्थं च – and in the case of ‘एक’, the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 serves the additional purpose of negating the restriction imposed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्।
उदाहरणानि –
पूर्वं स्नात: पश्चादनुलिप्त: = स्नातानुलिप्त: First bathed and then anointed.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
स्नात सुँ + अनुलिप्त सुँ 2-1-49. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘स्नात सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘स्नात सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘स्नात सुँ + अनुलिप्त सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= स्नात + अनुलिप्त 2-4-71
= स्नातानुलिप्त 6-1-101
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘स्नातानुलिप्त’ is masculine since the latter member ‘अनुलिप्त’ of the compound is used in the masculine here. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
एकश्चासौ नाथ: = एकनाथ: one (and only) master.
Note: Due to the restriction imposed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम् we would be able to construct the compound एकनाथ: only if it were to be a proper name. But the specific mention of ‘एक’ in the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन now allows us to construct a compound like एकनाथ: even when it is not a proper name.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
एक सुँ + नाथ सुँ 2-1-49. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘एक सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-49 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘एक सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘एक सुँ + नाथ सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= एकनाथ 2-4-71
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘एकनाथ’ is masculine since the latter member ‘नाथ’ of the compound is used in the masculine here. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
We can similarly construct the following compounds –
सर्वे च ते याज्ञिका: = सर्वयाज्ञिका: all the performers of sacrifice.
जरन्तश्च ते नैयायिका: = जरन्नैयायिका: aged logicians
पुराणाश्च ते मीमांसका: = पुराणमीमांसका: ancient investigators
नवाश्च ते पाठका: = नवपाठका: new/modern teachers
केवलाश्च ते वैयाकरणा: = केवलवैयाकरणा: only (exclusively) grammarians
2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम् Video
वृत्तिः तत्पुरुषे संज्ञायामेव दिक्संख्ये समानाधिकरणेन सुबन्तेन सह समस्येते । In a तत्पुरुष: compound, a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.
Note: सञ्ज्ञायामेवेति नियमार्थं सूत्रम् – This is a नियम-सूत्रम् – a restriction rule. Compounding is already available by the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्। All this सूत्रम् does is that (if the prior member of the compound denotes either a direction of the compass or a numeral) it allows 2-1-57 to apply only if the resulting compound denotes a proper name.
Note: सञ्ज्ञायामिति किम्? In order to understand the significance of the restriction सञ्ज्ञायाम् consider the following examples – उत्तरा वृक्षा:। पञ्च ब्राह्मणा:। No compounding is allowed here because the resulting compound would not denote a proper name.
Note: How do we justify the construction of compounds like पूर्वसूत्रम्, उत्तरमास: etc where the compounds do not denote a proper name? The answer is that in compounds like पूर्वसूत्रम्, उत्तरमास: the terms ‘पूर्व’/’उत्तर’ do not denote a direction of the compass but earlier/later in time. Hence the restriction imposed by the present सूत्रम् does not apply.
उदाहरणम् –
उत्तरकोसला: – The North-Kosala territories
Note: We cannot form a लौकिक-विग्रह: for this compound because उत्तरकोसला: is a proper name and a proper name cannot be expressed via a sentence.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
उत्तर जस् + कोसल जस् 2-1-57 with the permission of 2-1-50. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘उत्तर जस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 (which allows the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘उत्तर जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘उत्तर जस् + कोसल जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= उत्तरकोसल 2-4-71
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उत्तरकोसल’ is masculine since the latter member ‘कोसल’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:। As a convention, compounds which denote territories are used only in the plural.
We can similarly construct the compound नवग्रहा: – The nine planets – the Sun etc by name. (सूर्यश्चन्द्रो मङ्गलश्च बुधश्चापि बृहस्पति:। शुक्र: शनैश्चरो राहु: केतुश्चेति ग्रहा नव॥)
वृत्तिः ऋति परे पदान्ता अको ह्रस्वा वा स्यु: । A letter of the प्रत्याहार: ‘अक्’ occurring at the end of a पदम् is optionally substituted by its short counterpart when the letter ‘ऋ’ follows.
Note: ह्रस्वविधिसामर्थ्यान्न स्वरसन्धिः – The very fact of the substitution of the short vowel prevents any further vowel सन्धि: operation from taking place because otherwise the substitution of the short vowel would be futile.
उदाहरणम् –
सप्तऋषय:/सप्तर्षय: – the seven sages ‘मरीचि’, ‘अत्रि’, ‘अङ्गिरस्’, ‘पुलस्त्य’, ‘पुलह’, ‘क्रतु’, and ‘वसिष्ठ’ by name; as well as the constellation called Ursa Major/Great Bear (the seven stars of which are said to be the seven sages mentioned above.)
Note: We cannot form a लौकिक-विग्रह: for this compound because सप्तऋषय:/सप्तर्षय: is a proper name and a proper name cannot be expressed via a sentence.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
सप्तन् जस् + ऋषि जस् 2-1-57 with the permission of 2-1-50. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘सप्तन् जस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 (which allows the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘सप्तन् जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘सप्तन् जस् + ऋषि जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= सप्तन् + ऋषि 2-4-71. Note: ‘सप्तन्’ has the designation पदम् here by the सूत्रम् 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.
= सप्तऋषि 8-2-7
= सप्तऋषि 6-1-128 or optionally सप्तर्षि 6-1-87, 1-1-51. Note: 8-2-1 does not apply here because of the नियम-सूत्रम् 8-2-2.
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सप्तऋषि’/’सप्तर्षि’ is masculine since the latter member ‘ऋषि’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like हरि-शब्द:।
7-2-117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः Video
वृत्तिः ञिति णिति च तद्धितेष्वचामादेरचो वृद्धिः स्यात् । The first vowel among the vowels of a अङ्गम् which is followed by a तद्धित: affix (ref. 4-1-76 तद्धिताः) which is either a ञित् (has the letter ‘ञ्’ as a इत्) or a णित् (has the letter ‘ण्’ as a इत्) takes the वृद्धि: (ref. 1-1-1 वृद्धिरादैच्) substitute.
Note: In the word अचाम् (used in the सूत्रम् 7-2-117) the sixth case affix is in the sense of निर्धारणे (ref. 2-3-41 यतश्च निर्धारणम्।)
For an application of this सूत्रम् please see the example षाण्मातुर: under the सूत्रम् 2-1-51.
2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च Video
वृत्तिः तद्धितार्थे विषये उत्तरपदे च परत: समाहारे च वाच्ये दिक्संख्ये समानाधिकरणेन सुबन्तेन सह वा समस्येते स च तत्पुरुषः । In the following three situations a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting either a direction of the compass or a numeral combines with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् referring to the same item and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष: –
i) in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed
ii) when a उत्तरपदम् (a final member) of a compound follows
iii) when the compound denotes a समाहार: (aggregate.)
Note: दिक्षु समाहारो नास्त्यनभिधानात् – Among words which denote directions of the compass, there is no usage wherein a समाहार: (aggregate) is denoted. Thus in the case of words which denote directions of the compass only the first two categories are possible.
Note: असञ्ज्ञार्थं वचनम् – This सूत्रम् is composed to cover those situations where the resulting compound does not denote a सञ्ज्ञा (a proper name) and hence would not be permitted as per the नियम-सूत्रम् (restriction rule) 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्।
उदाहरणम् –
i) षण्णां मातॄणामपत्यम् = षाण्मातुर: – Having six mothers, an epithet of Kārtikeya.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
षष् आम् + मातृ आम् 2-1-51. Compounding is allowed here on the condition that the sense (तस्यापत्यम्) of the तद्धित: affix अण् (prescribed by 4-1-115 मातुरुत् संख्यासम्भद्रपूर्वायाः) is to be expressed. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘षष् आम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्) ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘षष् आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘षष् आम् + मातृ आम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= षष् + मातृ 2-4-71. Note: ‘षष्’ has the designation पदम् here by the सूत्रम् 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते to apply in the next step.
= षड् + मातृ 8-2-39
= षण्मातृ 8-4-45
षण्मातुर् आम् + अण् 4-1-115, 1-1-51. Note: ‘षण्मातुर् आम् + अण्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= षण्मातुर् + अण् 2-4-71.
= षण्मातुर् + अ 1-3-3, 1-3-9
= षाण्मातुर 7-2-117
The compound ‘षाण्मातुर’ is an adjective. Since here it is qualifying कार्तिकेयः, it is declined in the masculine.
ii) पञ्च गावो धनं यस्य = पञ्चगवधन: – One whose wealth is five cows.
Note: द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोरुत्तरपदे नित्यसमासवचनम् – the compounding of a द्वन्द्व:/तत्पुरुष: compound is compulsory (not optional) when a उत्तरपदम् (a final member) of a compound follows. In the absence of this वार्तिकम् we would have a problem in the present example because in the case where compounding is not done we would get the undesirable form पञ्चगोधन: as 5-4-92 गोरतद्धितलुकि would not apply.
iii) पञ्चानां गवां समाहार: = पञ्चगवम् – A collection of five cows.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
पञ्चन् आम् + गो आम् 2-1-51. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘पञ्चन् आम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्) ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘पञ्चन् आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘पञ्चन् आम् + गो आम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= पञ्चन् + गो 2-4-71. Note: ‘पञ्चन्’ has the designation पदम् here by the सूत्रम् 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.
= पञ्चगो 8-2-7
Example continued under 5-4-92
वृत्तिः गोऽन्तात्तत्पुरुषाट्टच् स्यात्समासान्तो न तद्धितलुकि । Following a तत्पुरुष: compound ending in ‘गो’ the तद्धित: affix टच् is prescribed – provided there has not been a लुक् elision of a तद्धित: affix – and this affix टच् becomes the ending member of the compound.
Example continued from 2-1-51
पञ्चगो
= पञ्चगो + टच् 5-4-92
= पञ्चगो + अ 1-3-3, 1-3-7, 1-3-9
= पञ्चगव 6-1-78
Example continued under 2-1-52
2-1-52 संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुः Video
वृत्तिः ’2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च’ इत्यत्रोक्तस्त्रिविध: संख्यापूर्वो द्विगु: स्यात् । When the prior member of a compound constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च denotes a numeral, the compound gets the designation द्विगुः।
Note: Recall that as per the सूत्रम् 2-1-23 द्विगुश्च a द्विगु: compound also has the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Example continued from 5-4-92
As per this सूत्रम् 2-1-52, the compound ‘पञ्चगव’ gets the designation द्विगु: (in addition to the designation तत्पुरुष:।) This allows the सूत्रम् 2-4-1 to apply.
Example continued under the सूत्रम् 2-4-1
वृत्तिः द्विग्वर्थ: समाहार एकवत्स्यात् । A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the singular.
Note: समाहारग्रहणं कर्तव्यम् – It is to be understood that this सूत्रम् applies only when the द्विगुः compound expresses a समाहार: (aggregation.)
Example continued from 2-1-52
As per this सूत्रम् 2-4-1, the compound ‘पञ्चगव’ which has the designation द्विगु: (by 2-1-52) and which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the singular.
Example continued under 2-4-17
वृत्तिः समाहारे द्विगुर्द्वन्द्वश्च नपुंसकं स्यात् । A द्विगुः/द्वन्द्व: compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the neuter gender.
Note: परवल्लिङ्गापवाद: – This सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः।
Example continued from 2-4-1
As per this सूत्रम् 2-4-17, the compound ‘पञ्चगव’ which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) is used (only) in the neuter gender. It declines like वन-शब्द:।
Note: The वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्) अकारान्तोत्तरपदो द्विगु: स्त्रियामिष्ट: does not apply to this compound ‘पञ्चगव’ because the उत्तरपदम् of this compound is ‘गो’ which does not end in the letter ‘अ’। The affix टच् (which after removing the इत् letters reduces to ‘अ’) is the last member of the entire compound and not the last member of the उत्तरपदम्।
वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्) अकारान्तोत्तरपदो द्विगु: स्त्रियामिष्ट:। Video
A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) and whose final member ends in the letter ‘अ’ is used (only) in the feminine gender.
उदाहरणम् –
अष्टानामध्यायानां समाहार: = अष्टाध्यायी – A collection of eight chapters.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
अष्टन् आम् + अध्याय आम् 2-1-51. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘अष्टन् आम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्) ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘अष्टन् आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘अष्टन् आम् + अध्याय आम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= अष्टन् + अध्याय 2-4-71. Note: ‘अष्टन्’ has the designation पदम् here by the सूत्रम् 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.
= अष्ट + अध्याय 8-2-7
= अष्टाध्याय 6-1-101. Note: 6-1-101 is able to apply here because 8-2-2 नलोपः सुप्स्वरसंज्ञातुग्विधिषु कृति restricts the application of 8-2-1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम्।
As per the present वार्तिकम्, the compound ‘अष्टाध्याय’ – which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) and whose final member ends in the letter ‘अ’ – is used (only) in the feminine gender.
Example continued under 4-1-21
वृत्तिः अदन्ताद् द्विगोर्ङीप् स्यात् । Following a द्विगुः compound that ends in the letter ‘अ’ the affix ‘ङीप्’ is added in the feminine gender.
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of अत: (which comes down from the सूत्रम् 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप् in to this सूत्रम्) qualifies द्विगोः and hence as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-72 येन विधिस्तदन्तस्य we get the meaning अदन्ताद् द्विगो: – following a द्विगुः compound that ends in the letter ‘अ’।
Note: टापोऽपवाद: – The affix ‘ङीप्’ prescribed by this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to the affix ‘टाप्’ which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्।
Example continued from the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्) अकारान्तोत्तरपदो द्विगु: स्त्रियामिष्ट:
अष्टाध्याय + ङीप् 4-1-21
= अष्टाध्याय + ई 1-3-3, 1-3-8, 1-3-9
= अष्टाध्याय् + ई 1-4-18, 6-4-148
= अष्टाध्यायी
वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्) पात्राद्यन्तस्य न। Video
A द्विगुः compound which expresses a समाहार: (aggregation) and whose final member belongs to the पात्रादि-गण: (list of words ‘पात्र’ etc) is not used in the feminine gender. (It is used exclusively in the neuter gender as per 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्।)
Note: The पात्रादि-गण: is a आकृतिगण: – which is a class or group of words in which some words are actually mentioned and room is left to include others which are found undergoing the same operations.
उदाहरणम् –
पञ्चानां पात्राणां समाहार: = पञ्चपात्रम् – A collection of five vessels.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
पञ्चन् आम् + पात्र आम् 2-1-51. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘पञ्चन् आम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-51 (which prescribes the compounding) the term दिक्संख्ये (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from the सूत्रम् 2-1-50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्) ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘पञ्चन् आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘पञ्चन् आम् + पात्र आम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= पञ्चन् + पात्र 2-4-71. Note: ‘पञ्चन्’ has the designation पदम् here by the सूत्रम् 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.
= पञ्चपात्र 8-2-7.
The present वार्तिकम् stops the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्) अकारान्तोत्तरपदो द्विगु: स्त्रियामिष्ट: which would have assigned the feminine gender to the compound ‘पञ्चपात्र’। Hence this compound takes the neuter gender as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-17. It declines like वन-शब्द:।
We can similarly construct the following compounds –
त्रयाणां भुवनानां समाहार: = त्रिभुवनम् – A collection of the three worlds.
चतुर्णां युगानां समाहार: = चतुर्युगम् – A collection of the four ages.
etc
2-1-55 उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः
वृत्तिः उपमानवाचकानि सुबन्तानि समानाधिकरणै: सामान्यवचनै: सुबन्तै: सह वा समस्यन्ते स च तत्पुरुषः । सुबन्तानि (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदानि which denote a standard of comparison optionally compound with सुबन्तानि (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदानि which have denoted the common attribute – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: उपमीयते येन तदुपमानम् – That to which something is compared is called उपमानम् – the standard of comparison.
Note: ये शब्दा: पूर्वं साधारणधर्ममुक्त्वाधुना तद्वति द्रव्ये वर्तन्ते ते सामान्यवचना इत्युच्यन्ते – Those words which having previously described a common attribute, presently denote the thing/substance which possesses that common attribute are known as सामान्यवचना:।
उदाहरणम् –
घन इव श्याम: = घनश्यामः – Dark like a cloud.
Note: इह पूर्वपदं तत्सदृशे लाक्षणिकमिति सूचयितुं लौकिकविग्रहे ‘इव’शब्द: प्रयुज्यते – In the लौकिक-विग्रह:, the term ‘इव’ (‘like’) is used to indicate that the prior member (‘घन’) of the compound is to be interpreted as ‘घनसदृश’ (‘like a cloud.’)
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
घन सुँ + श्याम सुँ 2-1-55. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘घन सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-55 (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपमानानि ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘घन सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘घन सुँ + श्याम सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= घनश्याम 2-4-71
Since the latter member (‘श्याम’) of the compound is an adjective, as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः the compound may be declined in all three genders. In the masculine it is declined like राम-शब्द:।
Note: पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थं सूत्रम् – The सूत्रम् 2-1-55 उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः is composed for the purpose of placing the term denoting the उपमानम् in the prior position in the compound. (The compounding itself is already authorized by the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्। But using 2-1-57 would allow us to place either term in the prior position in the compound, which would be undesirable.)
2-1-56 उपमितं व्याघ्रादिभिः सामान्याप्रयोगे
वृत्तिः उपमेयं व्याघ्रादिभिः सह वा समस्यते स च तत्पुरुषः, साधारणधर्मस्याप्रयोगे सति। A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes that which is to be compared optionally compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to ‘व्याघ्र’ etc – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item and the common attribute is not mentioned – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: उपमेयमुपमितम् – The word उपमितम् used in this सूत्रम् stands for उपमेयम् – that which is to be compared.
उदाहरणम् –
पुरुषो व्याघ्र इव = पुरुषव्याघ्र: A man (mighty) as a tiger.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
पुरुष सुँ + व्याघ्र सुँ 2-1-56. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘पुरुष सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-56 (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपमितम् ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘पुरुष सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘पुरुष सुँ + व्याघ्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= पुरुषव्याघ्र 2-4-71
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पुरुषव्याघ्र’ is masculine since the latter member ‘व्याघ्र’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
Note: विशेष्यस्य पूर्वनिपातार्थं सूत्रम् – The सूत्रम् 2-1-56 उपमितं व्याघ्रादिभिः सामान्याप्रयोगे is composed for the purpose of placing the विशेष्यम् (that which is qualified) in the prior position in the compound. (If compounding were to be done using the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्, the विशेष्यम् would be placed in the latter position in the compound.)
Note: व्याघ्रादिराकृतिगण:। The व्याघ्रादि-गण: (list of terms ‘व्याघ्र’ etc.) is a आकृतिगण: – which is a class or group of words in which some words are actually mentioned and room is left to include others which are found undergoing the same operations. Hence we see compounds such as मुखं कमलमिव = मुखकमलम् even though कमलम् may not be specifically listed in the व्याघ्रादि-गण:।
सामान्याप्रयोगे किम्? Why does the सूत्रम् stipulate the condition सामान्याप्रयोगे – provided the common attribute is not mentioned? Consider the example पुरुषो व्याघ्र इव शूर: – here since the common attribute शूर: (mighty) is mentioned, compounding cannot take place between पुरुष: and व्याघ्र:।
2-1-58 पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीराश्च
वृत्तिः पूर्वादिप्रकृतिकानि सुबन्तानि समानाधिकरणेन सुबन्तेन सह वा समस्यन्ते स च तत्पुरुषः । A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which is (composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) ‘पूर्व’/’अपर’/’प्रथम’/’चरम’/’जघन्य’/’समान’/’मध्य’/’मध्यम’/’वीर’ optionally compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थमिदम्। The compounds prescribed by this सूत्रम् 2-1-58 could also be constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्। The सूत्रम् 2-1-58 is composed for the purpose of placing the terms पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीरा: in the prior position in the compound.
उदाहरणम् –
पूर्वश्चासौ वैयाकरण: = पूर्ववैयाकरण: Prior (earlier) grammarian.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
पूर्व सुँ + वैयाकरण सुँ 2-1-58. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘पूर्व सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-58 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीरा: ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘पूर्व सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘पूर्व सुँ + वैयाकरण सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= पूर्ववैयाकरण 2-4-71
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पूर्ववैयाकरण’ is masculine since the latter member ‘वैयाकरण’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
The following examples can be similarly derived –
अपरा चासौ भार्या = अपरभार्या Later/another/second wife. (See derivation under the सूत्रम् 6-3-42 पुंवत् कर्मधारयजातीयदेशीयेषु।)
प्रथमश्चासौ भाग: = प्रथमभाग: First part
चरमश्चासौ भाग: = चरमभाग: Last part
जघन्यश्चासौ गुण: = जघन्यगुण: Hindmost/worst quality
समानश्चासौ पुरुष: = समानपुरुष: Same/similar man
मध्य/मध्यमश्चासौ पुरुष: = मध्य/मध्यमपुरुष: Middle man
वीरश्चासौ पुरुष: = वीरपुरुष: Heroic man
6-3-42 पुंवत् कर्मधारयजातीयदेशीयेषु
वृत्तिः कर्मधारये जातीयदेशीययोश्च परतो भाषितपुंस्कात्पर ऊङभावो यस्मिंस्तथाभूतं पूर्वं पुंवत् । A feminine adjective which does not end in the feminine affix ‘ऊङ्’ (ref. 4-1-66 ऊङुतः etc) and is formed from a masculine base denoting the same meaning becomes masculine-like when it is either the prior member of a कर्मधारय: compound or is followed by the affix ‘जातीय’ (ref. 5-3-69 प्रकारवचने जातीयर्) or ‘देशीय’ (ref. 5-3-67 ईषदसमाप्तौ कल्पब्देश्यदेशीयरः)।
उदाहरणम् –
अपरा चासौ भार्या = अपरभार्या – Later/another/second wife.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
अपरा सुँ + भार्या सुँ 2-1-58. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘अपरा सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-58 (which prescribes the compounding) the term पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीरा: ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘अपरा सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘अपरा सुँ + भार्या सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= अपरा + भार्या 2-4-71
= अपरभार्या 6-3-42
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपरभार्या’ is feminine since the latter member ‘भार्या’ of the compound is feminine. The compound declines like रमा-शब्द:।
Note: पूरणीप्रियादिष्वप्राप्त: पुंवद्भावोऽनेन विधीयते – This सूत्रम् 6-3-42 prescribes पुंवद्भाव: which would otherwise not be possible because of the exclusion अपूरणीप्रियादिषु mentioned in the सूत्रम् 6-3-34 स्त्रियाः पुंवद्भाषितपुंस्कादनूङ् समानाधिकरणे स्त्रियामपूरणीप्रियादिषु। Hence the सूत्रम् 6-3-42 is necessary for bringing about पुंवद्भाव: in the following examples –
महती चासौ नवमी = महानवमी – the great ninth day (of the bright half of the month आश्विन:।)
कृष्णा चासौ चतुर्दशी = कृष्णचतुर्दशी – the fourteenth day of the dark half of the lunar month.
महती चासौ प्रिया = महाप्रिया – highly dear.
तथा कोपधादे: प्रतिषिद्ध: पुंवद्भाव: कर्मधारयादौ प्रतिप्रसूयते – So also the पुंवद्भाव: which is stopped by the prohibition rules 6-3-37 न कोपधायाः through 6-3-41 जातेश्च is now again made possible in the situations covered by 6-3-42 पुंवत् कर्मधारयजातीयदेशीयेषु। Hence पुंवद्भाव: does take place by the सूत्रम् 6-3-42 in the following examples –
पाचिका चासौ स्त्री = पाचकस्त्री – a woman cook. Note: Here the पुंवद्भाव: which would have been done by the सूत्रम् 6-3-34 is stopped by the निषेध-सूत्रम् 6-3-37 न कोपधायाः but is again made possible by the सूत्रम् 6-3-42.
दत्ता चासौ भार्या = दत्तभार्या – a wife (by name) Dattā. Note: Here the पुंवद्भाव: which would have been done by the सूत्रम् 6-3-34 is stopped by the निषेध-सूत्रम् 6-3-38 संज्ञापूरण्योश्च but is again made possible by the सूत्रम् 6-3-42.
पञ्चमी चासौ भार्या = पञ्चमभार्या – the fifth wife. Note: Here the पुंवद्भाव: which would have been done by the सूत्रम् 6-3-34 is stopped by the निषेध-सूत्रम् 6-3-38 संज्ञापूरण्योश्च but is again made possible by the सूत्रम् 6-3-42.
स्रौघ्नी चासौ भार्या = स्रौघ्नभार्या – a wife from Srughna district. Note: Here the पुंवद्भाव: which would have been done by the सूत्रम् 6-3-34 is stopped by the निषेध-सूत्रम् 6-3-39 वृद्धिनिमित्तस्य च तद्धितस्यारक्तविकारे but is again made possible by the सूत्रम् 6-3-42.
सुकेशी चासौ भार्या = सुकेशभार्या – a wife with beautiful hair. Note: Here the पुंवद्भाव: which would have been done by the सूत्रम् 6-3-34 is stopped by the निषेध-सूत्रम् 6-3-40 स्वाङ्गाच्चेतोऽमानिनि but is again made possible by the सूत्रम् 6-3-42.
ब्राह्मणी चासौ भार्या = ब्राह्मणभार्या – a Brahmin wife. Note: Here the पुंवद्भाव: which would have been done by the सूत्रम् 6-3-34 is stopped by the निषेध-सूत्रम् 6-3-41 जातेश्च but is again made possible by the सूत्रम् 6-3-42.
एवं पाचकजातीया। पाचकदेशीयेत्यादि – We can similarly construct the forms पाचकजातीया, पाचकदेशीया etc.
2-1-60 क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ्
वृत्तिः नञ्विशिष्टेन क्तान्तेनानञ् क्तान्तं वा समस्यते स च तत्पुरुषः । (नञ्मात्राधिकेन नञ्रहितं समस्यत इति सूत्रार्थः।) A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the affix ‘क्त’ optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which refers to the same item and is identical to the prior पदम् – the only difference being that while the latter पदम् has the additional negation particle ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्) the prior पदम् does not – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-72 येन विधिस्तदन्तस्य, the term क्तेन (used in the सूत्रम् 2-1-60 क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ्) is interpreted as क्तान्तेन।
उदाहरणम् –
कृतं च तदकृतम् = कृताकृतम् – (Something which is) done and not-done. (How can the same thing be at the same time done and not-done?) एकदेशान्तरस्याकरणात्तदेवाकृतम् – When something is done but a part of it is not-done then we say that the same thing is done and at the same time not-done.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
कृत सुँ + अकृत सुँ 2-1-60. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘कृत सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-60 (which prescribes the compounding) the term अनञ् ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘कृत सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘कृत सुँ + अकृत सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= कृत + अकृत 2-4-71
= कृताकृत 6-1-101
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृताकृत’ is neuter since the latter member ‘अकृत’ of the compound is used in the neuter here. The compound declines like वन-शब्द:।
Note: नञ्मात्राधिकेन नञ्रहितं समस्यत इति सूत्रार्थः – This सूत्रम् applies when the only difference between the prior पदम् and the latter पदम् is that while the latter पदम् has the additional negation particle ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्) the prior पदम् does not. तेनेह न – hence this सूत्रम् does not apply in the following situation — सिद्धं च तदभुक्तम् – Something which is accomplished/performed but not enjoyed/eaten.
Note: ‘नुडिडधिकेनापि’ इति वाच्यम् – It should be noted that the addition of the augment नुँट् or इट् to the latter पदम् (which contains the negation particle ‘नञ्’) does not debar the application of this सूत्रम्। Hence we may construct examples such as –
i) अशितं च तदनशितम् = अशितानशितम् – eaten and uneaten. Here the latter पदम् differs from the prior पदम् not only due to the addition of the negation particle ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्) but also the augment नुँट् (ref. 6-3-74 तस्मान्नुडचि)।
ii) क्लिष्टं च तदक्लिशितम् = क्लिष्टाक्लिशितम् – tedious and non-tedious. Here the latter पदम् differs from the prior पदम् not only due to the addition of the negation particle ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्) but also the (optional) augment इट् (ref. 7-2-50 क्लिशः क्त्वानिष्ठयोः)।
वार्तिकम् (under 2-1-60 क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ् in the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी) शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्योपसंख्यानम्।
In order to explain compounds like शाकपार्थिव:, an additional provision is made to allow for the elision of the latter member of a compound (which itself is the prior member of the final compound.)
Note: A compound composed using this वार्तिकम् is referred to as a शाकपार्थिवादिसमास: or a मध्यमपदलोपिसमास:।
शाकप्रियश्चासौ पार्थिव: = शाकपार्थिव: – A king who likes vegetables.
Note: We first form the following बहुव्रीहि-समास: –
शाक: प्रियो यस्य स: = शाकप्रिय: – One who likes vegetables. The compound शाकप्रिय: is then used in the following derivation –
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
शाकप्रिय सुँ + पार्थिव सुँ 2-1-57. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘शाकप्रिय सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 (which prescribes the compounding) the term विशेषणम् ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘शाकप्रिय सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘शाकप्रिय सुँ + पार्थिव सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= शाकप्रियपार्थिव 2-4-71
= शाकपार्थिव By the वार्तिकम् – शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्योपसंख्यानम्।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शाकपार्थिव’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पार्थिव’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
Here are some other examples of compounds composed using the above वार्तिकम् –
पर्णनिर्मिता शाला = पर्णशाला – A cottage made of leaves
परशुप्रहरणो राम: = परशुराम: – Rāma whose weapon is the ax
पञ्चाधिका दश = पञ्चदश – Five plus ten = Fifteen
etc
2-1-61 सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः
वृत्तिः सदादिप्रकृतिकानि सुबन्तानि समानाधिकरणै: पूज्यमानवाचिभि: सुबन्तै: सह वा समस्यन्ते स च तत्पुरुषः । A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which is (composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) ‘सत्’/’महत्’/’परम’/’उत्तम’/’उत्कृष्ट’ optionally compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes the one being respected/honored – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: पूज्यमानैरिति वचनात् पूजावचनाः सदादयो विज्ञायन्ते – since the latter member of the compound denotes the one being respected/honored, it obviously implies that the terms ‘सत्’/’महत्’/’परम’/’उत्तम’/’उकृष्ट’ used in this सूत्रम् convey a sense of ‘respect/honor.’ Hence here ‘सत्’ does not refer to the affixes ‘शतृँ’/’शानच्’ (ref. 3-2-127 तौ सत्) because these affixes do not convey any sense of ‘respect/honor.’
Note: पूज्यमानै: किम्? उत्कृष्टो गौ:। पङ्कादुद्धृत इत्यर्थ: – To understand the importance of the condition पूज्यमानैः consider the example उत्कृष्टो गौ: – the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 does not apply here because उत्कृष्ट: means lifted up (from the mud) and hence गौ: does not denote the one being respected/honored.
Note: The compounds prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 could also be constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्। Then what is the purpose of composing the सूत्रम् 2-1-61? गुणक्रियाशब्दैः सह समासे सदादीनां पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थं सूत्रम् – The सूत्रम् 2-1-61 is composed for the purpose of placing the terms सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः in the prior position in the compound. In the absence of this सूत्रम्, the terms सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः would not necessarily be placed in the prior position of the compound when the other member of the compound is a गुणशब्द: (a term denoting a quality) or a क्रियाशब्द: (a term denoting an action.)
उदाहरणम् –
महांश्चासौ वैयाकरण: = महावैयाकरण: – a great grammarian.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
महत् सुँ + वैयाकरण सुँ 2-1-61. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘महत् सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-61 (which prescribes the compounding) the term सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘महत् सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘महत् सुँ + वैयाकरण सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= महत् + वैयाकरण 2-4-71
Example continued under 6-3-46
6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः
वृत्तिः महत आकारोऽन्तादेश: स्यात्समानाधिकरणे उत्तरपदे जातीये च परे । The ending letter (‘त्’) of ‘महत्’ is substituted by ‘आ’ when ‘महत्’ is followed by either –
i) a latter member (of a compound) which has समानाधिकरणम् – refers to the same item as does ‘महत्’ or
ii) affix ‘जातीय’ (ref. 5-3-69 प्रकारवचने जातीयर्)।
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending letter ‘त्’ of ‘महत्’ is substituted by ‘आ’।
Note: समानाधिकरणे किम्? In order to understand the importance of the condition समानाधिकरणे consider the example महत: सेवा = महत्सेवा – service of a great person. Since ‘महत्’ and ‘सेवा’ do not have समानाधिकरणम् here the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 does not apply.
Example continued from 2-1-61
महत् + वैयाकरण
= मह आ + वैयाकरण 6-3-46, 1-1-52
= महावैयाकरण 6-1-101
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महावैयाकरण’ is masculine since the latter member ‘वैयाकरण’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
Note: Consider the example एकाधिका दश = एकादश – One plus ten = Eleven. How do we justify the substitution ‘आ’ here? ‘आत्’ इति योगविभागादात्वम्, ’5-3-49 प्रागेकादशभ्योऽच्छन्दसि’ इति निर्देशाद्वा – We have to either split ‘आत्’ from the सूत्रम् 6-3-46 आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः or we have to use the ज्ञापकम् (indication) given by the सूत्रम् 5-3-49 wherein पाणिनि: himself has used the form ‘एकादश’।
2-1-64 किं क्षेपे
वृत्तिः किमित्येतत्प्रकृतिकं सबन्तं क्षेपे गम्यमाने समानाधिकरणेन सुबन्तेन सह समस्यते स च तत्पुरुषः । A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which is composed by adding a सुँप् affix to ‘किम्’ when indicating censure compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: This सूत्रम् prescribes a नित्य-समास: because in order to convey the meaning of क्षेपे (censure) the लौकिक-विग्रह: has to be constructed using words other than those present in the compound.
उदाहरणम् –
कुत्सितो राजा = किंराजा (यो न रक्षति) – A contemptible king (is one who does not protect his subjects.)
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
किम् सुँ + राजन् सुँ 2-1-64. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘किम् सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-64 (which prescribes the compounding) the term किम् ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘किम् सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘किम् सुँ + राजन् सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= किम् + राजन् 2-4-71
= किंराजन् 8-3-23. At this point the सूत्रम् 5-4-91 राजाह:सखिभ्यष्टच् comes for application but it is blocked by the सूत्रम् 5-4-70 किमः क्षेपे।
Example continued under 5-4-70
5-4-70 किमः क्षेपे
वृत्तिः क्षेपे य: किंशब्दस्तत: परं यत्तदन्तात्समासान्ता न स्यु: । Affixes prescribed in the अधिकार: ’5-4-68 समासान्ताः’ are not allowed following a compound which ends in a term which follows the term ‘किम्’ used in the sense of contempt.
Example continued from 2-1-64
किंराजन् – 5-4-70 blocks the application of the affix टच् which would have been prescribed by the सूत्रम् 5-4-91 राजाह:सखिभ्यष्टच्।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘किंराजन्’ is masculine since the latter member ‘राजन्’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like ‘राजन्’-शब्द:।
2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च
वृत्तिः एते निपात्यन्ते । ‘मयूरव्यंसक’ etc are given as ready-made तत्पुरुषः compounds.
Note: चकारोऽत्रावधारणार्थः – The use of ‘च’ in this सूत्रम् is for the purpose of limitation. तेन ‘परममयूरव्यंसकः’ इत्यादि समासान्तरं न भवति – hence the compounds मयूरव्यंसकः etc cannot be further compounded to give compounds like परममयूरव्यंसकः etc.
Note: अविहितलक्षणस्तत्पुरुषो मयूरव्यंसकादिषु द्रष्टव्य: – A तत्पुरुषः compound that is accepted in usage but is not prescribed by any rule should be considered to be part of the मयूरव्यंसकादि-गण:।
व्यंसको धूर्त: – The meaning of व्यंसक: is धूर्त: – cunning/rogue. The compound मयूरव्यंसकः may be analyzed in two ways –
i) मयूरश्चासौ व्यंसक: – a peacock who is cunning/rogue. Note: 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम् would not work here because it would place the adjective ‘व्यंसक’ in the prior position in the compound.
ii) मयूर इव व्यंसक: – cunning/rogue like a peacock. Note: Even though the सूत्रम् 2-1-55 उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः would also yield the compound ‘मयूरव्यंसक’ it would not have the correct intonation (ref. 6-2-2 तत्पुरुषे तुल्यार्थतृतीयासप्तम्युपमानाव्ययद्वितीयाकृत्याः।)
Here are some other examples of compounds listed in the मयूरव्यंसकादि-गण: –
उदक् चावाक् च = उच्चावचम् – high and low.
Note: The अमर-कोश: gives the meaning of उच्चावचम् as नैकभेदम् – not of one kind, i.e. ‘variegated.’
Note: Here ‘उदक्’ and ‘अवाक्’ have irregularly taken the substitutions ‘उच्च’ and ‘अवच’ respectively.
नास्ति किञ्चन यस्य स: = अकिञ्चन: – destitute (one who owns nothing.)
Note: ‘किम्’ is intervening between ‘नञ्’ and ‘चन’। Hence 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – which only applies when the final member of a compound immediately follows ‘नञ्’ – cannot be used here to perform the elision of the letter ‘न्’ of ‘नञ्’।
Note: This compound is अन्यपदप्रधान: – its dominant member lies outside the compound.
नास्ति कुतो भयं यस्य स: = अकुतोभय: – one who has no fear from anywhere.
Note: ‘कुतस्’ is intervening between ‘नञ्’ and ‘भय’। Hence 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – which only applies when the final member of a compound immediately follows ‘नञ्’ – cannot used here to perform the elision of the letter ‘न्’ of ‘नञ्’।
Note: This compound is अन्यपदप्रधान: – its dominant member lies outside the compound.
अन्यो राजा = राजान्तरम् – another/different king.
Note: ‘अन्तर’ is used in the sense of ‘अन्य’ (another)/ ‘भिन्न’ (different) here and it has been placed in the latter position in the compound even though it is the adjective.
Note: The compound has taken the neuter gender even though ‘राजन्’ is masculine.
Note: This is a नित्य-समास: (obligatory compound) and hence the लौकिक-विग्रह: cannot be composed by using only those words which are part of the compound.
चिदेव = चिन्मात्रम् – mere (pure) intelligence/consciousness
Note: Here ‘मात्र’ is used in the sense of अवधारणे (limitation) expressed by एव (mere) in the लौकिक-विग्रह:।
Note: The compound has taken the neuter gender even though ‘चित्’ is feminine.
Note: This is a नित्य-समास: (obligatory compound) and hence the लौकिक-विग्रह: cannot be composed by using only those words which are part of the compound.
नर इव = वानर: – monkey (who is like a man.)
Note: वा is used in the sense of इव (like) here.
Note: This is a नित्य-समास: (obligatory compound) and hence the लौकिक-विग्रह: cannot be composed by using only those words which are part of the compound.
अथ नञ्तत्पुरुषसमासप्रकरणम्
2-2-6 नञ्
वृत्तिः नञ् सुपा सह वा समस्यते स च तत्पुरुषः । The negation particle नञ् (meaning ‘not’) optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The negation particle नञ् belongs to चादि-गणः (referenced in 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे)। Hence it gets the designation निपात: by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: इह ’6-3-73 नलोपो नञः’ इत्यत्र विशेषणार्थो ञकारः – The purpose of the इत् letter ‘ञ्’ is to distinguish नञ् from न। Hence the elision (prescribed by 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः) of the letter ‘न्’ applies only to नञ् and not to न।
Note: तत्सादृश्यमभावश्च तदन्यत्वं तदल्पता । अप्राशस्त्यं विरोधश्च नञर्था: षट् प्रकीर्तिता: ॥ The negation particle नञ् may convey any of the following senses –
i) तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated. For example अब्राह्मण: – One who is different from yet similar to a Brahmin. Hence the compound refers to a man and not an animal or an inanimate object.
ii) अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated. For example अविघ्नम् – An absence of obstacles.
iii) तदन्यत्वम् – different from that which is being negated. For example अपट: – Something (anything) different from a cloth.
iv) तदल्पता – smallness of that which is being negated. For example अनुदरा (कन्या) – (A maiden with) a slim waist.
v) अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness. For example अकाल: – An inopportune time.
vi) विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated. For example अधर्म: (= धर्मविरुद्ध:) – Unrighteousness.
उदाहरणम् –
न पट: = अपट: – not a cloth (which means something different from a cloth.)
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
नञ् + पट सुँ 2-2-6. As per 1-2-43 the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound.
= न + पट सुँ 1-3-3, 1-3-9. Note: ‘न + पट सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= न + पट 2-4-71
Example continued under 6-3-73
6-3-73 नलोपो नञः
वृत्तिः नञो नस्य लोप उत्तरपदे । The letter ‘न्’ of the negation particle नञ् is elided when followed by a final member of a compound.
Example continued from 2-2-6
न + पट
= अपट 6-3-73
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपट’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पट’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
We can similarly derive the following compounds –
न ज्ञ: = अज्ञ: – ignorant (one who does not know)
न रोगी = अरोगी – healthy (one who is not sick)
न धर्म: = अधर्म: – unrighteousness
etc
6-3-74 तस्मान्नुडचि
वृत्तिः लुप्तनकारान्नञ उत्तरपदस्याजादेर्नुडागमः स्यात् । When preceded by the particle नञ् whose letter ‘न्’ has been elided (by the prior सूत्रम् 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः), a final member (of a compound) which begins with a vowel takes the augment नुँट्।
Note: As per the परिभाषा ‘उभयनिर्देशे पञ्चमीनिर्देशो बलीयान्’ the fifth case affix used in तस्मात् has greater force than the seventh case affix used in अचि। Hence the operation (of attaching the augment नुँट्) takes place on the उत्तरपदम् and not on the particle नञ्।
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the augment नुँट् attaches at the beginning of the final member (of a compound) which begins with a vowel.
उदाहरणम् –
न अश्व: = अनश्व: – (An animal which is) not a horse.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
नञ् + अश्व सुँ 2-2-6. As per 1-2-43 the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound.
= न + अश्व सुँ 1-3-3, 1-3-9. Note: ‘न + अश्व सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= न + अश्व 2-4-71
= अ + अश्व 6-3-73
= अ + नुँट् अश्व 6-3-74, 1-1-46
= अ + न् अश्व 1-3-2, 1-3-3, 1-3-9
= अनश्व
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनश्व’ is masculine since the latter member ‘अश्व’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
We can similarly derive the following compounds –
न आर्य: = अनार्य: – ignoble
न ईश्वर: = अनीश्वर: – not a master/ruler
न ऋणी = अनृणी – not indebted
etc
Note: नैकधेत्यादौ तु नशब्देन सह सुप्सुपेति समासः – The सूत्रम् 2-1-4 सह सुपा (and not 2-2-6 नञ्) is used to compose compounds like नैकधा using the indeclinable न (and not नञ्)। Hence the सूत्रम् 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः (which only applies to नञ्) does not apply here.
If we were to use नञ् we would get the form अनेकधा which is also a valid form.
Another example of a compound like नैकधा is नचिरात् seen in the following verse of the गीता –
तेषामहं समुद्धर्ता मृत्युसंसारसागरात् |
भवामि नचिरात्पार्थ मय्यावेशितचेतसाम् || 12-7||
If we were to use नञ् we would get the form अचिरात् which is also a valid form.
अथ गतिसमासानां प्रादिसमासानां च प्रकरणम्
1-4-60 गतिश्च
वृत्तिः प्रादयः क्रियायोगे गतिसंज्ञाः स्युः । When used in conjunction with a verb, the terms ‘प्र’ etc. get the designation गति: also (in addition to the designation उपसर्ग: prescribed by the prior सूत्रम् 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)।
Note: The use of च in this सूत्रम् allows the designation गति: to co-exist with the designation उपसर्ग: in spite of both designations being prescribed in the अधिकार: of 1-4-1 आ कडारादेका संज्ञा।
Note: The designations उपसर्ग: and गति: are not identical. The designation उपसर्ग: is limited to only the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (when used in conjunction with a verb.) On the other hand the designation गति: applies not only to the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (when used in conjunction with a verb) but also to a number of other terms as prescribed by the rules from 1-4-61 through 1-4-79.
Note: The formulation of 1-4-60 गतिश्च as a rule separate from 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे allows the अनुवृत्ति: of only गति: (and not उपसर्गाः) to run down to the subsequent rules through 1-4-79.
2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः
वृत्तिः एते समर्थेन नित्यं समस्यन्ते (स तत्पुरुष:) । The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।
Note: ‘कु’शब्दोऽत्राव्ययं गृह्यते, न तु पृथिवीवाचको, गत्यादिसाहचर्यात् – The term ‘कु’ used in this सूत्रम् refers to the indeclinable ‘कु’ and not the feminine noun कु: meaning ‘earth.’ We infer this from the fact that in this सूत्रम् ‘कु’ has been listed alongside ‘गति’ terms and ‘प्र’ etc which are all indeclinables.
Note: The designation ‘गति’ is prescribed in the section from 1-4-60 गतिश्च down to 1-4-79 जीविकोपनिषदावौपम्ये।
Note: The प्रादि-गणः is listed as follows – प्र । परा । अप । सम् । अनु । अव । निस् । निर् । दुस् । दुर् । वि । आङ् । नि । अधि । अपि । अति । सु । उद् । अभि । प्रति । परि । उप ।
Note: प्रादिग्रहणमगत्यर्थम् – The mention of ‘प्रादि’ in this सूत्रम् is to enable compounding in those instances where ‘प्र’ etc do not have the designation ‘गति’।
उदाहरणम् using the indeclinable ‘कु’ –
कुत्सितः पुरुषः = कुपुरुषः – a despicable man
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
कु + पुरुष सुँ 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘कु’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘कु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘कु + पुरुष सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= कुपुरुष 2-4-71
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कुपुरुष’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पुरुष’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
उदाहरणम् of a गतिसमास: –
अतीत्य – having gone beyond
गुणानेतानतीत्य त्रीन्देही देहसमुद्भवान् । जन्ममृत्युजरादुःखैर्विमुक्तोऽमृतमश्नुते ॥ (गीता 14-20) अतीत्य is derived from the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘अति’। ‘अति’ also gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-60 गतिश्च।
इ + क्त्वा 3-4-21
अति + इ + क्त्वा 2-2-18
= अति + इ + ल्यप् 7-1-37, 1-1-55
= अति + इ + य 1-3-3, 1-3-8, 1-3-9. Note: 1-1-5 prevents 7-3-84 from applying.
= अती + य 6-1-101. Since the affix ‘य’ is no longer preceded by a short vowel, 6-1-71 would not apply here. But now 6-1-86 intervenes and says that when it comes to a possible addition of the augment ‘तुँक्’, the single substitute ‘ई’ (in place of ‘इ + इ’) is to be treated as if it has not occurred. Thus 6-1-71 still sees अति + इ + य and the addition of the augment ‘तुँक्’ does take place.
= अती तुँक् + य 6-1-71, 1-1-46
= अतीत्य 1-3-2, 1-3-3, 1-3-9. अतीत्य gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 with the help of 1-1-56.
उदाहरणम् of a प्रादिसमास: –
शोभन: पुरुष: = सुपुरुष: – a lovely man
Note: क्रियायोगाभावाद्गतित्वाभावः – Since ‘सु’ (which is listed in the प्रादि-गण:) is not used in conjunction with a verb here it does not have the designation ‘गति’।
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
सु + पुरुष सुँ 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘सु’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘सु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘सु + पुरुष सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= सुपुरुष 2-4-71
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुपुरुष’ is masculine since the latter member ‘पुरुष’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
6-3-101 कोः कत् तत्पुरुषेऽचि
वृत्तिः अजादावुत्तरपदे । In a तत्पुरुष: compound, the indeclinable ‘कु’ takes the substitution ‘कत्’ when it is followed by a vowel-beginning final member. Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire term ‘कु’ is replaced by ‘कत्’।
उदाहरणम् –
कुत्सितमन्नम् = कदन्नम् – bad food
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
कु + अन्न सुँ 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘कु’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘कु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘कु + अन्न सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= कु + अन्न 2-4-71
= कत् + अन्न 6-3-101, 1-1-55
= कदन्न 8-2-39
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कदन्न’ is neuter since the latter member ‘अन्न’ of the compound is neuter. The compound declines like वन-शब्द:।
6-3-105 ईषदर्थे
वृत्तिः ईषदर्थकस्य कुशब्दस्य कादेश उत्तरपदे । When used in the sense of ईषत् ‘slightly/little’, the indeclinable ‘कु’ takes the substitution ‘का’ provided it is followed by the final member in a compound. Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire term ‘कु’ is replaced by ‘का’।
उदाहरणम् –
ईषज्जलम् = काजलम् – a little water
Note: अजादावपि परत्वात्कादेश:- Even when the final member of a compound begins with a vowel the substitution ‘का’ does take place (in spite of 6-3-101 कोः कत् तत्पुरुषेऽचि) because in the अष्टाध्यायी order the सूत्रम् 6-3-105 comes after 6-3-101. Hence we have the example ईषदम्लम् = काम्लम् – slightly sour.
6-3-107 कवं चोष्णे
वृत्तिः उष्णशब्दे उत्तरपदे को: कवं का च वा स्यात् । The indeclinable ‘कु’ optionally takes the substitution ‘कव’ or ‘का’ when it is followed by ‘उष्ण’ as the final member in a compound. Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire term ‘कु’ is replaced by ‘कव’ or ‘का’ or ‘कत्’।
उदाहरणम् –
ईषदुष्णम् = कवोष्णम्/कोष्णम्/कदुष्णम् – lukewarm (slightly warm.)
1-4-61 ऊर्यादिच्विडाचश्च
वृत्तिः एते क्रियायोगे गतिसंज्ञा: स्यु: । The terms ‘ऊरी’ etc as well terms ending in the तद्धित: affix ‘च्विँ’ or ‘डाच्’ get the designation ‘गति’ provided they are used in conjunction with a verb.
Note: The terms ‘ऊरी’ etc also get the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: च्विडाचौ कृभ्वस्तियोगे विहितौ, तत्साहचर्यादूर्यादीनामपि तत्रैव गतिसंज्ञा। The affixes ‘च्विँ’ and ‘डाच्’ may be used only in conjunction with the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) or √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) or √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०). And since in this सूत्रम् 1-4-61 the terms ‘ऊरी’ etc are mentioned alongside the affixes ‘च्विँ’ and ‘डाच्’ it implies that the terms ‘ऊरी’ etc get the designation ‘गति’ under the same circumstances (that is only when used in conjunction with the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) or √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) or √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०)). In fact as per the धातुवृत्ति: – आविःप्रादुःशब्दौ मुक्त्वा, अन्येषां करोतिनैव योगे गतिसंज्ञा – barring the terms ‘आविस्’ and ‘प्रादुस्’, the terms ‘ऊरी’ etc get the designation ‘गति’ only when used in conjunction with the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०).
Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्।
उदाहरणम् –
स्वीकृत्य = ऊरीकृत्य – having accepted.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
ऊरी + कृत्वा 3-4-21, 1-4-61, 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘ऊरी’ (which has the designation ‘गति’ by 1-4-61) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘ऊरी’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘ऊरी + कृत्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46.
= ऊरी + कृ ल्यप् 7-1-37, 1-1-55
= ऊरी + कृ य 1-3-3, 1-3-8, 1-3-9
= ऊरी + कृ तुँक् य 6-1-71, 1-1-46
= ऊरीकृत्य 1-3-2, 1-3-3, 1-3-9
ऊरीकृत्य + सुँ 4-1-2
= ऊरीकृत्य 1-1-56, 1-1-40, 2-4-82
We can similarly derive the following compounds – आविर्भूय, प्रादुर्भूय etc.
1-4-63 आदरानादरयोः सदसती
वृत्तिः स्पष्टम् । The terms ‘सत्’ and ‘असत्’ when denoting ‘respect’ and ‘disrespect’ respectively get the designation ‘गति’ provided they are used in conjunction with a verb. Note: ‘1-4-62 अनुकरणम् -‘ इत्यादि त्रिसूत्री स्वभावात्कृञ्विषया – The three rules 1-4-62 अनुकरणं चानितिपरम्, 1-4-63 आदरानादरयोः सदसती and 1-4-64 भूषणेऽलम् are naturally applicable only in the context where the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) is in conjunction.
उदाहरणे –
आदरं कृत्वा = सत्कृत्य – having respected.
अनादरं कृत्वा = असत्कृत्य – having disrespected.
Derivation is similar to that of ऊरीकृत्य shown under the सूत्रम् 1-4-61.
Note: ‘आदरानादरयोः’ इति किम्? To understand the importance of the condition आदरानादरयोः, consider the following examples – सत्कृत्वा कार्यं गतः – Having done a good job, someone left. असत्कृत्वा कार्यं गतः – Having done a bad job, someone left. Here सत् कृत्वा does not stand for आदरं कृत्वा but for शोभनं कृत्वा। Similarly here असत् कृत्वा does not stand for अनादरं कृत्वा but for अशोभनं कृत्वा। Since सत्/असत् is not being used in the sense of आदरे/अनादरे here it does not get the designation ‘गति’ and hence no compounding between सत्/असत् and कृत्वा can be done by 2-2-18. Subsequently 7-1-37 (which requires compound formation) cannot replace ‘क्त्वा’ by ‘ल्यप्’।
1-4-64 भूषणेऽलम्
वृत्तिः स्पष्टम् । The term ‘अलम्’ when denoting ‘decoration’ gets the designation ‘गति’ provided it is used in conjunction with a verb. Note: ‘1-4-62 अनुकरणम् -‘ इत्यादि त्रिसूत्री स्वभावात्कृञ्विषया – The three rules 1-4-62 अनुकरणं चानितिपरम्, 1-4-63 आदरानादरयोः सदसती and 1-4-64 भूषणेऽलम् are naturally applicable only in the context where the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) is in conjunction.
Note: ‘अलम्’ has four meanings – (i) प्रतिषेध: – negation/prohibition (ii) सामर्थ्यम् – capability (iii) पर्याप्ति: – enough/sufficient (iv) भूषणम् – decoration. Only in the last meaning ‘अलम्’ gets the designation ‘गति’।
उदाहरणम् –
भूषयित्वा = अलंकृत्य/अलङ्कृत्य – having decorated.
Derivation is similar to that of ऊरीकृत्य shown under the सूत्रम् 1-4-61.
Note: भूषणे किम्? To understand the importance of the condition भूषणे, consider the following example अलं भुक्त्वौदनं गत:। (पर्याप्तमित्यर्थ:।) – having eaten enough rice, someone left. Since अलम् is not denoting भूषणम् here it does not get the designation ‘गति’ and hence no compounding between अलम् and भुक्त्वा can be done by 2-2-18. Subsequently 7-1-37 (which requires compound formation) cannot replace ‘क्त्वा’ by ‘ल्यप्’।
1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम्
वृत्तिः स्पष्टम् । The term ‘पुरस्’ when used as a अव्ययम् (indeclinable) gets the designation ‘गति’ provided it is used in conjunction with a verb.
उदाहरणम् –
अग्रे गत्वा = पुरोगत्य/पुरोगम्य – having gone ahead.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
पुरस् + गम् क्त्वा 3-4-21, 1-4-67, 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘पुरस्’ (which has the designation ‘गति’ by 1-4-67) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘पुरस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘पुरस् + गम् क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46.
= पुरस् + गम् ल्यप् 7-1-37, 1-1-55
= पुरस् + गम् य 1-3-3, 1-3-8, 1-3-9
= पुरस् + गम्य or पुरस् + ग य 6-4-38. Note: सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – व्यवस्थितविभाषेयम् । तेन मान्तानिटां वा, नान्तानिटां वनादीनां च नित्यम् ।
= पुरस् + गम्य or पुरस् + ग तुँक् य 6-1-71, 1-1-46
= पुरस् + गम्य/गत्य 1-3-2, 1-3-3, 1-3-9
= पुररुँ + गम्य/गत्य 8-2-66
= पुरउ + गम्य/गत्य 6-1-114
= पुरोगम्य/पुरोगत्य 6-1-87
पुरोगम्य/पुरोगत्य + सुँ 4-1-2
= पुरोगम्य/पुरोगत्य 1-1-56, 1-1-40, 2-4-82
उदाहरणम् –
अग्रे कृत्वा = पुरस्कृत्य – having placed in front.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
पुरस् + कृ क्त्वा 3-4-21, 1-4-67, 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘पुरस्’ (which has the designation ‘गति’ by 1-4-67) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘पुरस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘पुरस् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46.
= पुरस् + कृ ल्यप् 7-1-37, 1-1-55
= पुरस् + कृ य 1-3-3, 1-3-8, 1-3-9
= पुरस् + कृ तुँक् य 6-1-71, 1-1-46
= पुरस् + कृत्य 1-3-2, 1-3-3, 1-3-9
= पुररुँ + कृत्य 8-2-66
= पुरर् + कृत्य 1-3-2, 1-3-9
= पुर: + कृत्य 8-3-15
Example continued under 8-3-40
Note: अव्ययं किम्? To understand the importance of the condition अव्ययम्, consider the following example पुर: कृत्वा गत: – having made towns/castles, someone left. Here पुर: is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पुर्’ and not the indeclinable ‘पुरस्’। Hence पुर: does not get the designation ‘गति’ and no compounding between पुर: and कृत्वा can be done by 2-2-18. Subsequently 7-1-37 (which requires compound formation) cannot replace ‘क्त्वा’ by ‘ल्यप्’। And 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः (which requires ‘पुरस्’ to have the designation ‘गति’) does not apply either.
8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः
वृत्तिः गतिसंज्ञयोरनयोर्विसर्गस्य स: कुप्वो: परयो: । A विसर्ग: belonging to the term ‘नमस्’/’पुरस्’ is substituted by the letter ‘स्’ provided ‘नमस्’/’पुरस्’ has the designation ‘गति’ and is followed by a letter of the कवर्ग: (‘क्’, ‘ख्’, ‘ग्’, ‘घ्’, ‘ङ्’) or पवर्ग: (‘प्’, ‘फ्’, ‘ब्’, ‘भ्’, ‘म्’)।
Example continued from 1-4-67
पुर: + कृत्य
= पुरस्कृत्य 8-3-40
पुरस्कृत्य + सुँ 4-1-2
= पुरस्कृत्य 1-1-56, 1-1-40, 2-4-82
Note: अगतित्वान्नेह – पुर: प्रवेष्टव्या: – towns/castles fit to be entered. Here पुर: is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पुर्’ and not the indeclinable ‘पुरस्’। Hence पुर: does not get the designation ‘गति’ because 1-4-67 (which requires ‘पुरस्’ to be an indeclinable) does not apply. Consequently this सूत्रम् 8-3-40 (which requires ‘पुरस्’ to have the designation ‘गति’) does not apply.
1-4-68 अस्तं च
वृत्तिः अस्तमिति मान्तमव्ययं गतिसंज्ञं स्यात् । The indeclinable term ‘अस्तम्’ which ends in the letter ‘म्’ gets the designation ‘गति’ provided it is used in conjunction with a verb.
उदाहरणम् –
अदर्शनं गत्वा = अस्तंगम्य/अस्तंगत्य – having become invisible.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
अस्तम् + गम् क्त्वा 3-4-21, 1-4-68, 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘अस्तम्’ (which has the designation ‘गति’ by 1-4-68) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘अस्तम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘अस्तम् + गम् क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46.
= अस्तम् + गम् ल्यप् 7-1-37, 1-1-55
= अस्तम् + गम् य 1-3-3, 1-3-8, 1-3-9
= अस्तम् + गम्य or अस्तम् + ग य 6-4-38. Note: सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – व्यवस्थितविभाषेयम् । तेन मान्तानिटां वा, नान्तानिटां वनादीनां च नित्यम् ।
= अस्तम् + गम्य or अस्तम् + ग तुँक् य 6-1-71, 1-1-46
= अस्तम् + गम्य/गत्य 1-3-2, 1-3-3, 1-3-9
= अस्तंगम्य/अस्तंगत्य 8-3-23
= अस्तंगम्य/अस्तंगत्य/अस्तङ्गम्य/अस्तङ्गत्य 8-4-59
अस्तंगम्य/अस्तंगत्य/अस्तङ्गम्य/अस्तङ्गत्य + सुँ 4-1-2
= अस्तंगम्य/अस्तंगत्य/अस्तङ्गम्य/अस्तङ्गत्य 1-1-56, 1-1-40, 2-4-82
Note: अव्ययमिति किम्? To understand the importance of the condition अव्ययम् (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from the prior सूत्रम् 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम्), consider the following example अस्तं कृत्वा काण्डं गत:। (क्षिप्तमित्यर्थ:।) – having made the arrow discharged, someone left. Here अस्तम् is नपुंसकलिङ्गे/पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम् of the कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अस्त’ and not the indeclinable अस्तम्। Hence अस्तम् does not get the designation ‘गति’ and no compounding between अस्तम् and कृत्वा can be done by 2-2-18. Subsequently 7-1-37 (which requires compound formation) cannot replace ‘क्त्वा’ by ‘ल्यप्’।
1-4-71 तिरोऽन्तर्धौ
वृत्तिः स्पष्टम् । The term ‘तिरस्’ when denoting ‘disappearance/concealment’ gets the designation ‘गति’ provided it is used in conjunction with a verb.
उदाहरणम् –
अन्तर्हितो भूत्वा = तिरोभूय – having become concealed, having disappeared.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
तिरस् + भू क्त्वा 3-4-21, 1-4-71, 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘तिरस्’ (which has the designation ‘गति’ by 1-4-71) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘तिरस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘तिरस् + भू क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46.
= तिरस् + भू ल्यप् 7-1-37, 1-1-55
= तिरस् + भू य 1-3-3, 1-3-8, 1-3-9
= तिररुँ + भूय 8-2-66
= तिरउ + भूय 6-1-114
= तिरोभूय 6-1-87
तिरोभूय + सुँ 4-1-2
= तिरोभूय 1-1-56, 1-1-40, 2-4-82
Note: अन्तर्धौ किम्? To understand the importance of the condition अन्तर्धौ, consider the following example तिरो भूत्वा स्थितः। (पार्श्वतो भूत्वेत्यर्थः।) – having moved to the side, someone stayed. Since ‘तिरस्’ is not denoting अन्तर्धौ here it does not get the designation ‘गति’ and hence no compounding between ‘तिरस्’ and भूत्वा can be done by 2-2-18. Subsequently 7-1-37 (which requires compound formation) cannot replace ‘क्त्वा’ by ‘ल्यप्’।
1-4-72 विभाषा कृञि
वृत्तिः तिर:शब्द: कृञि वा गतिसंज्ञ: स्यादन्तर्धौ । The designation ‘गति’ is optionally assigned to the term ‘तिरस्’ when it is used in conjunction with the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) and denotes ‘disappearance/concealment.’
Note: प्राप्तविभाषेयम् – The designation ‘गति’ which is already available (by the prior सूत्रम् 1-4-71 तिरोऽन्तर्धौ) to the term ‘तिरस्’ when it denotes ‘disappearance/concealment’ is being made optional (by the present सूत्रम्) when the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) is in conjunction.
Note: This सूत्रम् is not to be confused with the identically worded सूत्रम् 1-4-98 विभाषा कृञि which concerns the optional assignment of the designation कर्मप्रवचनीय: to ‘अधि’ ।
उदाहरणम् –
अन्तर्हितं कृत्वा = तिर:कृत्य or तिर≍कृत्य or तिरस्कृत्य or तिर: कृत्वा or तिर≍ कृत्वा – having concealed. Note: In the opinion of some grammarians (who do not take the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘गति’ in to the सूत्रम् 8-3-42) the form तिरस्कृत्वा may also be possible.
Note: ‘≍’ stands for जिह्वामूलीय:।
गति-पक्षे –
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
तिरस् + कृ क्त्वा 3-4-21, 1-4-72, 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘तिरस्’ (which optionally has the designation ‘गति’ by 1-4-72) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘तिरस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘तिरस् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46.
= तिरस् + कृ ल्यप् 7-1-37, 1-1-55
= तिरस् + कृ य 1-3-3, 1-3-8, 1-3-9
= तिरस् + कृ तुँक् य 6-1-71, 1-1-46
= तिरस् + कृत्य 1-3-2, 1-3-3, 1-3-9
= तिररुँ + कृत्य 8-2-66
= तिरर् + कृत्य 1-3-2, 1-3-9
= तिर:कृत्य 8-3-15
= तिर≍कृत्य or तिर:कृत्य 8-3-37
Example continued under 8-3-42
8-3-42 तिरसोऽन्यतरस्याम्
वृत्तिः तिरसो (गतिसंज्ञस्य)* सो वा स्यात् कुप्वो: परयो: । A विसर्ग: belonging to the term ‘तिरस्’ is optionally substituted by the letter ‘स्’ (provided ‘तिरस्’ has the designation ‘गति’)* and is followed by a letter of the कवर्ग: (‘क्’, ‘ख्’, ‘ग्’, ‘घ्’, ‘ङ्’) or पवर्ग: (‘प्’, ‘फ्’, ‘ब्’, ‘भ्’, ‘म्’)।
*Note: According to some grammarians the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘गति’ (from the सूत्रम् 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः) is not taken in to this सूत्रम् 8-3-42. This may be deduced from the fact that in the well accepted form तिरस्कार: (meaning ‘contempt/disrespect’) the substitution ‘स्’ does take place even though ‘तिरस्’ is not used here in the sense of ‘concealing/disappearing’ and hence does not have the designation ‘गति’ (by 1-4-71 तिरोऽन्तर्धौ।)
Example continued from 1-4-72
तिर≍कृत्य or तिर:कृत्य
= तिर≍कृत्य or तिर:कृत्य or तिरस्कृत्य 8-3-42
गति-अभाव-पक्षे –
तिरस् + कृ क्त्वा 3-4-21. No compounding is possible in this case because this is the case in which ‘तिरस्’ does not have the optional designation ‘गति’ and hence the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः cannot apply.
= तिरस् + कृ त्वा 1-3-8, 1-3-9
= तिररुँ + कृत्वा 8-2-66
= तिरर् + कृत्वा 1-3-2, 1-3-9
= तिर:कृत्वा 8-3-15
= तिर≍कृत्वा or तिर:कृत्वा 8-3-37 and also possibly तिरस्कृत्वा in the opinion of those grammarians who do not take the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘गति’ in to the सूत्रम् 8-3-42.
1-4-74 साक्षात्प्रभृतीनि च
वृत्तिः कृञि वा गतिसंज्ञानि स्यु: । The designation ‘गति’ is optionally assigned to the terms ‘साक्षात्’ etc when used in conjunction with the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०).
Note: च्व्यर्थ इति वाच्यम् – The (optional) designation ‘गति’ prescribed by the सूत्रम् 1-4-74 साक्षात्प्रभृतीनि च only applies when the terms ‘साक्षात्’ etc are used in the same sense as that of the affix ‘च्वि’ (ref. 5-4-50 अभूततद्भावे कृभ्वस्तियोगे सम्पद्यकर्तरि च्विः) which is the sense of ‘transforming something in to that which it was not before.’
Note: As per the commentators, the साक्षात्प्रभृति-गण: is a आकृति-गण: – which is a class or group of words in which some words are actually mentioned and room is left to include others which are found undergoing the same operations.
Note: ‘प्रादुस्’ as well as ‘आविस्’ is included in the ऊर्यादि-गण: as well as the साक्षात्प्रभृति-गण:। The purpose of including ‘प्रादुस्’/’आविस्’ in the साक्षात्प्रभृति-गण: – in spite of already being included in the ऊर्यादि-गण: – is to make the designation ‘गति’ only optional when ‘प्रादुस्’/’आविस्’ is used in conjunction with the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) and denotes the same sense as that of the affix ‘च्वि’। Hence we have the forms प्रादुष्कृत्य/प्रादुष्कृत्वा and आविष्कृत्य/आविष्कृत्वा – having made something manifest which was not manifest before.
उदाहरणम् –
असाक्षाद्भूतं यथा साक्षाद्भवति तथा कृत्वा = साक्षात्कृत्य or साक्षात् कृत्वा – having made something evident which was not evident before.
गति-पक्षे –
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
साक्षात् + कृ क्त्वा 3-4-21, 1-4-74, 2-2-18. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘साक्षात्’ (which optionally has the designation ‘गति’ by 1-4-74) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘साक्षात्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘साक्षात् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46.
= साक्षात् + कृ ल्यप् 7-1-37, 1-1-55
= साक्षात् + कृ य 1-3-3, 1-3-8, 1-3-9
= साक्षात् + कृ तुँक् य 6-1-71, 1-1-46
= साक्षात्कृत्य 1-3-2, 1-3-3, 1-3-9
गति-अभाव-पक्षे – साक्षात् कृत्वा
Note: च्व्यर्थवृत्तित्वं प्रायिकम् – the requirement that – the (optional) designation ‘गति’ prescribed by the सूत्रम् 1-4-74 साक्षात्प्रभृतीनि च only applies when the terms ‘साक्षात्’ etc are used in the same sense as that of the affix ‘च्वि’ – is प्रायिकम् meaning that it usually applies but is not universal. For example नमस्कृत्य (‘having saluted’) – here ‘नमस्’ (which is listed in the साक्षात्प्रभृति-गण:) gets the (optional) designation ‘गति’ even though it does not convey the same sense as that of the affix ‘च्वि’। The derivation of नमस्कृत्य is similar to that of साक्षात्कृत्य। The substitution ‘स्’ (in place of the विसर्ग:) in नमस्कृत्य is by the सूत्रम् 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः।
सौनाग-वार्तिकानि (under 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः in the महाभाष्यम्) प्रादयो गताद्यर्थे प्रथमया । अत्यादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे द्वितीयया । अवादयः क्रुष्टाद्यर्थे तृतीयया । पर्यादयो ग्लानाद्यर्थे चतुर्थ्या । निरादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्या ।
i) Terms like ‘प्र’ (from the प्रादि-गण:) when denoting a sense like ‘गत’ (‘gone’/’advanced’) invariably compound with a syntactically related पदम् ending in the nominative case and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:। ii) Terms like ‘अति’ (from the प्रादि-गण:) when denoting a sense like ‘क्रान्त’ (‘surpassed’/’transgressed’) invariably compound with a syntactically related पदम् ending in the accusative case and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:। iii) Terms like ‘अव’ (from the प्रादि-गण:) when denoting a sense like ‘क्रुष्ट’ (‘announced’/’sounded’) invariably compound with a syntactically related पदम् ending in the instrumental case and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:। iv) Terms like ‘परि’ (from the प्रादि-गण:) when denoting a sense like ‘ग्लान’ (‘fatigued’/’unenthusiastic’) invariably compound with a syntactically related पदम् ending in the dative case and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:। v) Terms like ‘निर्’ (from the प्रादि-गण:) when denoting a sense like ‘क्रान्त’ (‘departed’/’gone past’) invariably compound with a syntactically related पदम् ending in the ablative case and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: These वार्तिकानि have been composed by the सौनाग: school of grammarians and hence they are known as सौनाग-वार्तिकानि।
Note: अव्यवस्थया समासप्रसक्तौ व्यवस्थार्थं वचनानि – The purpose of these वार्तिकानि is to regulate the prescription of प्रादि-समासा: because otherwise the prescription would be too general (and would have led to the construction of undesirable forms.)
Note: वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः – The सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः does not apply to the following compounds which instead take their gender to match the gender of the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) –
i) a द्विगु-समास: (composed तद्धितार्थे विषये – in the context where the sense of a तद्धित: affix is to be expressed)
ii) a तत्पुरुष-समास: compound which has either ‘प्राप्त’, ‘आपन्न’ or ‘अलम्’ as its prior member
iii) a प्रादि-समास: composed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
Note: The mention of ‘द्विगु’ in the above वार्तिकम् refers to only those द्विगु: compounds which are composed तद्धितार्थे because the gender of those द्विगु: compounds which are composed उत्तरपदे परत: (when a the final member of a compound follows) is not of any consequence to the gender of the larger compound and the gender of those द्विगु: compounds which are composed समाहारे (to denote an aggregate) is neuter as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम्।
Note: गतिसमासपदं गते: समासो येनेति बहुव्रीहिणा ‘कुगतिप्रादयः’ इति सूत्रपरम्। तच्चान्यत्र फलाभावात् प्रादिपरमेव। The mention of ‘गतिसमास’ in the above वार्तिकम् refers to those compounds constructed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः (which prescribes गति-समासा:)। And since the वार्तिकम् is of no use in the case of those compounds which have ‘कु’ or a ‘गति’ term as the prior member, we have to conclude that the mention of ‘गतिसमास’ in the above वार्तिकम् refers to प्रादि-समास: only.
उदाहरणम् for the वार्तिकम् ‘प्रादयो गताद्यर्थे प्रथमया’ –
प्रगत आचार्यः = प्राचार्यः – an advanced teacher
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
प्र + आचार्य सुँ By वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) प्रादयो गताद्यर्थे प्रथमया। As per 1-2-43 the term ‘प्र’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the वार्तिकम् (which prescribes the compounding) the term प्रादयो गताद्यर्थे प्रथमया ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘प्र’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘प्र + आचार्य सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= प्र + आचार्य 2-4-71
= प्राचार्य 6-1-101
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः – The gender of a तत्पुरुष: compound as well as a द्वन्द्व: compound is the same as the gender of the latter member of the compound. For a प्रादि-समास: (which belongs to the तत्पुरुष: class of compounds) though, as per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः, the gender is determined not by its final member but by the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound.) But in the present example this वार्तिकम् is not necessary because the compound ‘प्राचार्य’ is itself a noun. It is not qualifying any other noun. So the gender is the same as the gender of its latter member (‘आचार्य’) which is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
Similarly –
प्रगत: पितामह: = प्रपितामह: great-grandfather (father’s father’s father.)
विप्रकृष्टो देश: = विदेश: – foreign (far-away) land
विरुद्ध: पक्ष: = विपक्ष: – opposing party
प्रकृष्टो वीर: = प्रवीर: – an excellent hero
उपोच्चारितं पदम् = उपपदम् – a word that is adjoining (pronounced near)
प्रतिगतमनीकम् = प्रत्यनीकम् – opposing army. (ref. ऋतेऽपि त्वां न भविष्यन्ति सर्वे येऽवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः || गीता 11-32||
उदाहरणम् for the वार्तिकम् ‘अत्यादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे द्वितीयया’ –
अतिक्रान्तो मालाम् = अतिमालः – (one who has) surpassed the garland (in beauty/fragrance.)
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
अति + माला अम् By वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) अत्यादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे द्वितीयया। As per 1-2-43 the term ‘अति’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the वार्तिकम् (which prescribes the compounding) the term अत्यादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे द्वितीयया ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘अति’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘अति + माला अम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= अतिमाला 2-4-71. Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-2-44 एकविभक्ति चापूर्वनिपाते, ‘माला’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् (but this designation cannot be used for the purpose of placing ‘माला’ in the prior position in the compound.) This allows the सूत्रम् 1-2-48 गोस्त्रियोरुपसर्जनस्य to apply in the next step.
= अतिमाल 1-2-48, 1-1-52
As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अतिमाल’ is masculine since the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) is ‘नर’ which is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
Similarly –
अतिक्रान्तं मानुषम् = अतिमानुषम् (चरित्रम्) – superhuman (conduct)
उपगत इन्द्र: = उपेन्द्र: – Lord Viṣṇu (younger brother of Indra)
अनुगत: स्वारम् = अनुस्वार: – (nasal sound) following a vowel
अतिक्रान्तमर्थम् = अत्यर्थम् – excessive (beyond measure)
उदाहरणम् for the वार्तिकम् ‘अवादयः क्रुष्टाद्यर्थे तृतीयया’ –
अवक्रुष्टः कोकिलया = अवकोकिलः – (spring) which is announced/heralded by the cuckoo or a region which is sounded by the cuckoo
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
अव + कोकिला टा By वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) अवादयः क्रुष्टाद्यर्थे तृतीयया। As per 1-2-43 the term ‘अव’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the वार्तिकम् (which prescribes the compounding) the term अवादयः क्रुष्टाद्यर्थे तृतीयया ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘अव’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘अव + कोकिला टा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= अवकोकिला 2-4-71. Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-2-44 एकविभक्ति चापूर्वनिपाते, ‘कोकिला’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् (but this designation cannot be used for the purpose of placing ‘कोकिला’ in the prior position in the compound.) This allows the सूत्रम् 1-2-48 गोस्त्रियोरुपसर्जनस्य to apply in the next step.
= अवकोकिल 1-2-48, 1-1-52
As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अवकोकिल’ is masculine since the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) is ‘वसन्त’/’देश’ which is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
Similarly –
अनुगतमर्थेन = अन्वर्थम् (नाम) – (a name) which is followed by (true to) its sense
वियुक्तमर्थेन = व्यर्थम् (वच:) – senseless (disjoint from sense) (speech)
उपमित: पत्या = उपपति: – a paramour (comparable to a husband)
उपमित: प्रधानेन = उपप्रधान: – vice (comparable to a) chairman
उदाहरणम् for the वार्तिकम् ‘पर्यादयो ग्लानाद्यर्थे चतुर्थ्या’ –
परिग्लानोऽध्ययनाय = पर्यध्ययनः – one who is fatigued/unenthusiastic for studying
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
परि + अध्ययन ङे By वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) पर्यादयो ग्लानाद्यर्थे चतुर्थ्या। As per 1-2-43 the term ‘परि’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the वार्तिकम् (which prescribes the compounding) the term पर्यादयो ग्लानाद्यर्थे चतुर्थ्या ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘परि’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘परि + अध्ययन ङे’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= परि + अध्ययन 2-4-71
= पर्यध्ययन 6-1-77
As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पर्यध्ययन’ is masculine since the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) is ‘छात्र’ which is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
Similarly –
उद्युक्त: सङ्ग्रामाय = उत्सङ्ग्राम: – ready for battle
उदाहरणम् for the वार्तिकम् ‘निरादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्या’ –
निष्क्रान्तः कौशाम्ब्याः – निष्कौशाम्बिः – who has departed from Kauśāmbī (name of an ancient city.)
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
निर् + कौशाम्बी ङसिँ By वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) निरादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्या। As per 1-2-43 the term ‘निर्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the वार्तिकम् (which prescribes the compounding) the term निरादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्या ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘निर्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘निर् + कौशाम्बी ङसिँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step
= निर् + कौशाम्बी 2-4-71. Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-2-44 एकविभक्ति चापूर्वनिपाते, ‘कौशाम्बी’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् (but this designation cannot be used for the purpose of placing ‘कौशाम्बी’ in the prior position in the compound.) This allows the सूत्रम् 1-2-48 गोस्त्रियोरुपसर्जनस्य to apply in the next step.
= निर् + कौशाम्बि 1-2-48
= नि: + कौशाम्बि 8-3-15
= निष्कौशाम्बि 8-3-41
As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निष्कौशाम्बि’ is masculine since the विशेष्यम् (the term being qualified by the compound) is ‘नर’ which is masculine. The compound declines like हरि-शब्द:।
Similarly –
उत्क्रान्त: कुलात् = उत्कुल: – fallen (gone out) from the family
उत्क्रान्त: सूत्रात् = उत्सूत्रम् (वच:) – (statement) in contradiction to a सूत्रम्
उत्क्रान्तो वेलाया: = उद्वेल: (समुद्र:) – (The ocean) overflowing its banks.