Today we will look at the form व्योम्नि-nLs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-20-44

अखण्डमण्डलो व्योम्नि रराजोडुगणैः शशी ।
यथा यदुपतिः कृष्णो वृष्णिचक्रावृतो भुवि ।। १०-२०-४४ ।।

Gita Press translation “The full moon shone in the firmament with the host of stars (even) as on the earth did Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Protector of the Yadus, surrounded by the circle of Vṛṣṇis.”

The neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्योमन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्योमन्’।

(1) व्योमन् + ङि ।

(2) व्योमन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The अङ्गम् “व्योमन्” gets भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(3) व्योम्नि । By 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः, the अकारः of the अन् in the अङ्गम् when a स्वादि-प्रत्यय: that follows is not सर्वनामस्थानम् and which either begins with a यकारः or a vowel (अच्), is elided only optionally when the प्रत्यय: that is following is “ङि” or “शी”।

Questions:

1. Which is the other (optional) final form possible in this example?

2. In Chapter 8 of the गीता, can you spot a सप्तमी-एकवचनम् (just like in this example) of a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “अन्”?

3. Which entire सूत्रम् comes as अनुवृत्ति: into 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः?

4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-136 विभाषा ङिश्योः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says “शीति ‘नपुंसकाच्च’ इति विहितो गृह्यते, न तु ‘जश्शसोः शिः’। तस्मिन्नभत्वात्।” Please explain what this means.

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च been used?

6. Can you spot an उवँङ्-आदेश: in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama shone, sitting along with Sita, on the throne.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आसीन” for sitting and the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “सिंहासन” for “throne.”

8. Please give the five synonyms for the word “उडु/उडु:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “उडु” neuter/feminine, meaning “star”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
नक्षत्रमृक्षं भं तारा तारकाऽप्युडु वा स्त्रियाम् ।।१-३-२१।।
(इति षड् “नक्षत्रसामान्यस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Does “पति” – used in the compound “यदुपति” – get the घि-सञ्ज्ञा? Does it get the घि-सञ्ज्ञा when it is not part of a compound?

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get रराज + उडुगणै: = रराजोडुगणै:?

Today we will look at the form चत्वारि-nNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 3-11-19

चत्वारि त्रीणि द्वे चैकं कृतादिषु यथाक्रमम् ।
सङ्ख्यातानि सहस्राणि द्विगुणानि शतानि च ।। ३-११-१९ ।।

Gita Press translation “The Kṛtayuga and the succeeding Yugas severally consist of four, three, two and one thousand celestial years plus twice as many hundred years (representing the Sandhyā and Sandhyāṁśa of each Yuga).”

‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्’.

(1) चतुर् + जस् ।

(2) चतुर् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) चतु आम् र् + शि । By 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, चतुर् and अनडुह् get the आम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the आम्-आगम: will attach itself after the last vowel in “चतुर्” which is the उकार:।

(4) चतु आ र् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) चत्वारि । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

Questions:

1. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः used in the Tenth Chapter of the गीता?

2. What would have been the final form in this example, if the gender had been feminine?

3. In the declension table of “चतुर्” in the neuter, where is there a विकल्प: (option – two forms.)

4. Which सर्वनाम-शब्द: has been used in the verse?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च been used?

6. Under the सूत्रम् 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः, the काशिका gives an example “अनड्वान्”। Please give the steps required to derive “अनड्वान्”।

7. We have studied one अपवाद-सूत्रम् for 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः। Which one is it?

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Four bulls, eating grass in the field, were seen by us.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अनडुह्” for “bull”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दृष्ट” for “were seen” and the adjective शतृँ-प्रत्ययान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् “अश्नत्” for “eating.”

Easy questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does the शि-प्रत्यय: get the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा (required to apply 7-1-98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः in step 3)?

2. Derive the form त्रीणि (नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “त्रि”। (Use 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः and 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ)।

Today we will look at the form नामानि-nAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 6-6-10

सङ्कल्पायास्तु सङ्कल्पः कामः सङ्कल्पजः स्मृतः ।
वसवोऽष्टौ वसोः पुत्रास्तेषां नामानि मे शृणु ।। ६-६-१० ।।

Gita Press translation “Of Saṇkalpā, again, was born Saṇkalpa (the deity presiding over thoughts); (and) Kāma (the god of love) has been declared the progeny of Saṇkalpa. The eight Vasus (another group of gods) are the sons of Vasu; (now) hear their names from me;–“

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नामन्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नामन्’ ।

(1) नामन् + शस् ।

(2) नामन् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) नामन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) नामानि । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

Questions:

1. Derive the form अष्टौ (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “अष्टन्”। Is there an alternate form?

2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Hear that which was told to me by my teacher in school yesterday.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the pronoun प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” for “that” and “यद्” for “which.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्त” for “was told”, the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “पाठशाला” for “school” and the अव्ययम् “श्वस्” for “yesterday.”

3. Can you spot a सुँट्-आगम: in the verse?

4. How about a याट्-आगम:?

5. Try to find five नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकानि in the गीता which (like “नामन्”) end in “अन्”। (Hint: The way to find these is to look for a प्रथमा/द्वितीया-एकवचनम् (like “नाम”) which ends in an अकार: (no विसर्ग:)।)

6. In which of the 21 forms in the declension table of “नामन्” is there a विकल्प: (option – giving two alternate forms)?

7. Which विभक्ति: has been used in the word “मे” in this verse? (Reference: 8-1-22 तेमयावेकवचनस्य)। (Use the translation for help.)
a) Here मे is short for मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्)।
b) Here मे is short for मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।
c) Here मे could be short for either मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) or मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।
d) Here मे is short for neither मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) nor मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।

8. Please list the eighteen synonyms for the word “काम:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “काम” masculine, meaning “god of love”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
मदनो मन्मथो मारः प्रद्युम्नो मीनकेतनः ।
कंदर्पो दर्पकोऽनङ्गः कामः पञ्चशरः स्मरः ।।१-१-२५।।
शम्बरारिर्मनसिजः कुसुमेषुरनन्यजः ।
पुष्पधन्वा रतिपतिर्मकरध्वज आत्मभूः ।।१-१-२६।।
(इति एकोनविंशति: “कामस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “वसो:” (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “वसु”। (Use 7-3-111 घेर्ङिति and 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च)।

2. Where has a प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् been used in the verse? (The word has been declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form तिर्यक्-nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4-29-29

क्वचित्पुमान्क्वचिच्च स्त्री क्वचिन्नोभयमन्धधीः ।
देवो मनुष्यस्तिर्यग्वा यथाकर्मगुणं भवः ।। ४-२९-२९ ।।

Gita Press translation “The deluded Jīva is sometimes (born as) a male, now (as) a female, and now it is (born) without gender either as a god or as a human being or in the sub-human species, the birth being determined by its past actions and the mode of Pakṛti (predominating in at the time of death preceding that birth).”

To get the form “तिर्यक्”, we have to start with the धातु “अन्च्” preceded by “तिरस्” । “तिरस् + अन्च्” means “moving horizontally” (hence “sub-human”.)

By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च, “तिरस् अन्च्” gets the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। क्विन् takes सर्वापहारलोपः। The ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

Now, since क्विन् is a कित्-प्रत्ययः, by 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति, the penultimate नकारः of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have इकारः as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has ककारः or ङकारः as a marker. The उपधा-नकारः of अन्च् takes लोपः to give “तिरस् अच्”।

The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “तिरस् अच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(1) तिरस् अच् + सुँ ।

(2) तिरस् अच् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) तिरि अच् । By 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे, तिरस् gets तिरि as its replacement, when it is followed by the verb अन्चुँ that ends in a affix having a वकार:। This substitution does not take place when the अकारः of अन्चुँ takes लोपः। See question 3.

(4) तिर्यच् । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि। तिर्यच् has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(5) तिर्यक् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(6) तिर्यग् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, when a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(7) तिर्यक्/तिर्यग् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे, the काशिका says “अलोपे इति किम्? तिरश्चा।” Please explain what this means.

2. What would have been the final form in this example if the gender were to be masculine?

3. In step 3, we could use 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे because the अकार: of अन्चुँ had not taken लोप:। Which सूत्रम् is used to do the अकार-लोप:? Why did that सूत्रम् not apply in this example?

4. Can you spot an असुँङ्-आदेश: in the verse?

5. Where is the सूत्रम् 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा used?

6. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in the त्रिपादी section in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This is the longest सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी।” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दीर्घतम” for “longest.”

8. Please list the ten synonyms for the word “स्त्री” (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्त्री” feminine, meaning “woman”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्त्री योषिदबला योषा नारी सीमन्तिनी वधूः ।
प्रतीपदर्शिनी वामा वनिता महिला तथा ।।२-६-२।।
(इति एकादश “नार्या:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used to get न + उभयम् = नोभयम्?

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of क्वचिच्च and mention the relevant rules.

Today we will look at the form महान्ति-nAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 12-7-22

एवंलक्षणलक्ष्याणि पुराणानि पुराविदः ।
मुनयोऽष्टादश प्राहुः क्षुल्लकानि महान्ति च ।। १२-७-२२ ।।

Gita Press translation “Sages well-versed in the antiquities tell us of eighteen Purāṇas, big and small (in volume), distinguished by the aforesaid characteristics.”

‘महत्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महत्’।

Note: By the उणादि-सूत्रम् “वर्तमाने पृषद्-बृहन्महज्जगद् शतृँवच्च।” the प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” will undergo the same operations as a शतृँ-प्रत्ययान्त-शब्द:। This makes it उगित् (one that has an उक् letter as an इत्) and hence 7-1-70 can apply.

(1) महत् + शस् ।

(2) महत् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) मह नुँम् त् + शि । By either 7-1-70 or 7-1-72, we get the नुँम् augmentation. By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः, a non-verbal base with an उक् (उ, ऋ, ऌ) as a marker and the verbal base अञ्चुँ whose नकारः has taken elision takes the नुँम् augment when followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix. By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, an augment with मकारः as the इत् letter attaches itself after last vowel of the term to which it is prescribed. In the present case, the नुँम्-आगम: will come after the latter अकार: (the one following the हकार:) in महत्।

(4) महन्त् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) महान्ति । By 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix other than a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the letter preceding the नकारः of a base that ends in a सान्त-संयोग: (a conjunct ending in a सकार:) or of the word महत् is elongated.
See question 6.

Questions:

1. “महान्ति” is an adjective. Which noun is it qualifying in the verse?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-22 षड्भ्यो लुक् been used?

3. In which verse of Chapter 1 of the गीता has the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used नपुंसकलिङ्गे?

4. In step 3, both 7-1-70 and 7-1-72 are applicable and they give the same result (prescribe the नुँम्-आगम:)। In the commentary on 7-1-72, the काशिका gives the following opinion on this issue – “उगितो झलन्तस्य नपुंसकस्य परत्वादनेन एव नुम् भवति।” Please explain.

5. In this example, we could have managed without making the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् “शतृँ-वत्” (hence उगित्) by the उणादि-सूत्रम् “वर्तमाने पृषद्-बृहन्महज्जगद् शतृँवच्च।” We just use 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः (which does not require उगित्)। 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः (which requires उगित्) is not necessary. This being the case, what is the point of making the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् “शतृँ-वत्” (hence उगित्)?

6. Which two rules (from the त्रिपादी section) should be applied after step 5? (The final form will be the same – महान्ति)।

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The गीता has been studied by many great scholars.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “विद्वस्” for “scholar” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अधीत (अधीता feminine)” for “has been studied.”

8. Please list the eight synonyms of the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” (meaning “large/great”) as given in the अमरकोश:। We have already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “महत्”)।

Easy questions:

1. In this example the नुँम्-आगम: was used. After removing the इत् letters (by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्) only the नकार: remains. Can you recall another आगम: that we have studied which (after removing the इत् letters) is also a नकार:?

2. Derive the form “मुनय:” (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “मुनि”। (Use 7-3-109 जसि च)।

Today we will look at the form वाः-nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-82-45

अहं हि सर्वभूतानामादिरन्तोऽन्तरं बहिः ।
भौतिकानां यथा खं वार्भूर्वायुर्ज्योतिरङ्गनाः ।।१०-८२-४५ ।।

Gita Press translation “I am the beginning and end of all beings and pervade them both inside and outside, even as the elements, viz., the earth, water, air, fire and ether constitute the beginning and end of all material objects and pervade them both inside and outside, O fair ones!”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वार्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वार्’ ।

(1) वार् + सुँ ।

(2) वार् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) वाः । By 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः, the letter र् at the end of a पद changes to a विसर्ग: (represented by : ) when it is either followed by a खर् letter or when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a सकारान्तम् (ending in a सकार:) नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse?

2. If we had a situation where a word like “आगच्छति” were to follow the प्रथमा-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्”, what would be the final form?
a) वा आगच्छति (like देवा आगच्छन्ति) ?
or
b) वारागच्छति ?

3. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in the verse? Was there an alternate form possible?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-3 नामि been used?

5. Which word in the verse is ending in the जस्-प्रत्यय:?

6. In the declension table of the प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्” where do we need the सूत्रम् 8-3-16 रोः सुपि ?

7. Please list the twenty-six synonyms for the word “वा:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्” neuter, meaning “water”) as listed in the अमरकोश:।
आपः स्त्री भूम्नि वार्वारि सलिलं कमलं जलं । (Note: भूम्नि means “in the plural”)
पयः कीलालममृतं जीवनं भुवनं वनम् ।।१-१०-३।।
कबन्धमुदकं पाथः पुष्करं सर्वतोमुखम् ।
अम्भोऽर्णस्तोयपानीयनीरक्षीराम्बुशम्बरम् ।।१-१०-४।।
मेघपुष्पं घनरस: ।।१-१०-५।।
(इति सप्तविंशति: “जलस्य” नामानि)

Note: Some editions of अमरकोश: have शंवरम् instead of शम्बरम्।

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In which month were you born?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “जात” for “were born.”

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of अन्तोऽन्तरम् and mention the relevant rules.

2. Derive the form खम् (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “ख” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form ब्रह्मन् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 1-19-32

परीक्षिदुवाच।
अहो अद्य वयं ब्रह्मन्सत्सेव्याः क्षत्रबन्धवः ।
कृपयातिथिरूपेण भवद्भिस्तीर्थकाः कृताः ।। १-१९-३२ ।।

Gita Press translation “Oh, how blessed are we today, O holy sage, in that we, vile Kṣatriyas, have been considered worthy of a visit by saints and have been so graciously consecrated by you by calling on us as our guest.”

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ब्रह्मन्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बुद्धिः । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ब्रह्मन्’ ।

(1) (हे) ब्रह्मन् + सुँ (सम्बुद्धिः) ।

(2) (हे) ब्रह्मन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The सकार: which is an एकाल् (single letter) प्रत्यय: gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः।

(3) (हे) ब्रह्मन् । सकार-लोप: by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्।

(4) (हे) ब्रह्मन् । By 8-2-8 न ङिसम्बुद्ध्योः, the नकारः does not take लोपः, when ङि or the सम्बुद्धिः affix follows. 8-2-8 stops 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य।

Questions:

1. Would the final form in this example be the same if the प्रातिपदिकम् “ब्रह्मन्” were to be used in the neuter gender?

2. Why was no सन्धि-कार्यम् done between अहो अद्य? (Why was 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति not applied?)

3. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?

4. Which other सर्वनाम-शब्द: (besides “अस्मद्”) has been used?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च been used?

6. In most places the प्रातिपदिकम् “ब्रह्मन्” is used in the गीता in the neuter gender. Can you spot a place in the 11th Chapter where it is used in the masculine?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“From where can there be happiness for one who is not at peace.” Take the answer directly from Chapter 2 of the गीता।

Along the same lines, construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“From where can there be knowledge of the वेद: for one who has not studied grammar?” Paraphrase the second part to “for one by whom grammar has not been studied.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अधीत” for “has been studied.”

8. Please list the two synonyms for the word “अतिथि:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अतिथि” masculine, meaning “guest”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्युरावेशिक आगन्तुरतिथिर्ना गृहागते ।।२-७-३४।।
(इति त्रीणि “गृहागतस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “कृपया” (तृतीया-एवचनम्) from the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “कृपा” (declined like रमा/लता-शब्द:)। (Use 7-3-105 आङि चापः।)

2. Can you spot another तृतीया-एकवचनम् form (besides “कृपया”) in the verse?

Today we will look at the form आशिषः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 4-19-41

विप्राः सत्याशिषस्तुष्टाः श्रद्धया लब्धदक्षिणाः
आशिषो युयुजुः क्षत्तरादिराजाय सत्कृताः ।। ४-१९-४१ ।।

Gita Press translation “The Brāhmaṇas, whose blessings (always) came true and who had received their sacrificial fees and had been (duly) honored with reverence, pronounced their blessings on king Pṛthu (the constitutional monarch), O Vidura, (highly) gratified.”

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “आशिस्” is formed using the क्विप्-प्रत्यय: with the धातु: “शास्” along with the उपसर्गः “आङ्”। By the वार्त्तिकम् (under 6-4-34) “आशासः क्वावुपसङ्ख्यानम्” the penultimate आकार: of the धातु: “शास्” takes the इकारादेश: giving the form “आशिस्”। The entire क्विप्-प्रत्ययः takes सर्वापहार-लोपः। The ककार: and पकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विप्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

The क्विप्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विप्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “आशिस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्।

(1) आशिस् + शस् ।

(2) आशिस् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of शस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा। See question 1.

(3) आशिस: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

(4) आशिष: । By 8-3-60 शासिवसिघसीनां च, since the  ending सकार: of “आशिस्” belongs to the धातु: “शास्” it gets षकारादेशः as it is preceded by an इण् letter (इकार:)।

Questions:

1. In this example, the अङ्गम् “आशिस्” has:
a) पद-सञ्ज्ञा
b) भ-सञ्ज्ञा
c) Neither पद-सञ्ज्ञा nor भ-सञ्ज्ञा
d) Both पद-सञ्ज्ञा and भ-सञ्ज्ञा

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः been used?

3. In which of the (7 X 3 =) 21 forms in the declension table of the प्रातिपदिकम् “आशिस्” is there an optionality? (Two forms are possible in that विभक्ति:/वचनम्)।

4. The सूत्रम् 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः is used in the सूत्रम् 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः itself. How is that?

5. Can you recall another प्रत्यय: (besides the वकार: in “क्विप्”) which gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा?

6. Match the columns:
a) विप्राः
b) श्रद्धया
c) तुष्टाः
d) सत्कृताः

i. gratified
ii. honored
iii. with reverence
iv. The Brāhmaṇas

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lanka, which had already been burnt by Sita’s grief, was again burnt by Sri Hanuman with his burning tail”
Use the शतृँ-प्रत्ययान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् “ज्वलत्” for “burning”, use the masculine/neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “पुच्छ” for “tail”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दग्ध” for “burnt”, use “प्रथमम्” as an adverb meaning “already” and use the अव्ययम् “पुनर्” for “again.”

8. Please list the three synonyms of सत्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “सत्य” neuter, meaning “truth”) as given in the अमरकोश:। (We’ve already seen these before. Search this web site for “सत्य”)।

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “श्रद्धया” (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “श्रद्धा” (declined like रमा/लता-शब्द:)। (Use 7-3-105 आङि चापः)।

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of आशिषो युयुजुः and mention the relevant rules.

Today we will look at the form प्रावृट् (fNs) from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

देव्यनूढा त्वमभवो युवराजो भवाम्यहम् |
ततः प्रावृडनुप्राप्ता मम कामविवर्धिनी || २-६३-१४ ||

Gita Press translation “You were not married (with me till then), O pious lady, and I was (only) Prince Regent (at that time). Then set in the monsoon, which keenly enhanced my passion (for hunting).”

The स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रावृष्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रावृष्’।

(1) प्रावृष् + सुँ ।

(2) प्रावृष् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) प्रावृष् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, “प्रावृष्” gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(4) प्रावृड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter occurring at the end of a पदम् is replaced by a जश् letter.

(5) प्रावृट्/प्रावृड् By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse? Was an alternate form possible?

2. Where has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used? Is there an alternate form?

3. What is the सप्तमी-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रावृष्”?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-107 अम्बाऽर्थनद्योर्ह्रस्वः been used?

5. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, the काशिका says “झलां चरिति वर्तते।” From where does the अनुवृत्ति: of “झलाम्” and “चर्” come in to 8-4-56?

6. Can you recall another षकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् that we have studied?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This सूत्रम् has not been studied by us, but I have heard it once.” Paraphrase the second part to “but (it) has been heard by me once.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अधीत” for “has been studied”, the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “श्रुत” for “heard.” Use the अव्ययम् “सकृत्” for “once” and the अव्ययम् “(परम् + तु) = परन्तु” for “but.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “प्रावृट्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रावृष्” feminine, meaning “rainy season”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
स्त्रियां प्रावृट् स्त्रियां भूम्नि वर्षा: ।।१-४-१९।। (“भूम्नि” means “in the plural.”)
(इति द्वे “वर्षर्तो:” नामनी)

Easy question:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get भवामि + अहम् = भवाम्यहम्?

2. Which term(s) used in this verse has (have) the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा? (Ref. 1-4-3 यू स्त्र्याख्यौ नदी)।

Today we will look at the form गीर्भिः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 8-5-25

तत्रादृष्टस्वरूपाय श्रुतपूर्वाय वै विभो ।
स्तुतिमब्रूत दैवीभिर्गीर्भिस्त्ववहितेन्द्रियः ।। ८-५-२५ ।।

Gita Press translation “There, indeed, with a collected mind, O lord, he uttered (the following) hymn, of course, in divine (Vedic) language, intended to propitiate the Lord, whose essential nature had not been perceived but about whom he had already heard (much).”

The स्त्रीलिङ्ग प्रातिपदिकम् “गिर्” is formed from the धातुः “गॄ” by adding the क्विप्-प्रत्ययः। The क्विप्-प्रत्ययः takes सर्वापहार-लोपः । The ककार: and पकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विप्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

Now the ॠकार: of “गॄ” takes “इर्” as आदेशः by 7-1-100 ॠत इद्धातोः and 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः and we get the form “गिर्”।

The क्विप्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विप्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “गिर्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-विभक्तिः बहुवचनम्।

(1) गिर् + भिस् ।

(2) गिर् + भिस् । 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of the भिस्-प्रत्यय: from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(3) गिर् + भिस् । The अङ्गम् “गिर्” gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनामस्थाने।

(4) गीर् + भिस् । By 8-2-76 र्वोरुपधाया दीर्घ इकः, the penultimate इक् letter (इ, उ, ऋ, ऌ) of a पदम् is elongated when the पदम् ends in a रेफ: or a वकार: of a धातु:।
Note : By the परिभाषा “क्विबन्ता धातुत्वं न जहति” , even though क्विप्-प्रत्ययः is added to “गिर्”, it does not lose its status of being a धातुः। Therefore we can still apply 8-2-76.

(5) गीर्भि: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. What is the सप्तमी-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “गिर्”?

2. Can you recall a prior example where we have used the सूत्रम् 8-2-76 र्वोरुपधाया दीर्घ इकः? (Search this web site for “8-2-76”).

3. We have studied one सूत्रम् which prescribes an आदेश: for the भिस्-प्रत्यय:। Which one is that?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-102 सुपि च been used in this verse?

5. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Where did you find these two shoes?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “लब्धवत् (लब्धवती feminine)” to express the verb “did find” and the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “उपानह्” for “shoe”. Use the अव्ययम् “कुत्र” for “where.”

7. The अमरकोश: gives six synonyms for the word “सरस्वती” (प्रातिपदिकम् “सरस्वती” feminine, meaning “Goddess of speech – Sarasvati”). One of them is गी: (प्रातिपदिकम् “गिर्”) used in this verse. Please list the other five. We have already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “सरस्वती”)।

8. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “गिर्” been used in the गीता in Chapter Ten?

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form (हे) विभो from the प्रातिपदिकम् “विभु”। (Use 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः)।

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get तु + अवहितेन्द्रियः = त्ववहितेन्द्रियः?