Today we will look at the form विधवा fNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.10.28.
नैवं वेद महाभाग भवान्कामवशं गतः । तेजोऽनुभावं सीताया येन नीतो दशामिमाम् ।। ९-१०-२७ ।।
कृतैषा विधवा लङ्का वयं च कुलनन्दन । देहः कृतोऽन्नं गृध्राणामात्मा नरकहेतवे ।। ९-१०-२८ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
गृध्राणामन्नं भक्ष्यः । नरकहेतवे नरकभोगाय ।। २८ ।।
Gita Press translation – Swayed by passion, you did not realize, O highly blessed one, such (extraordinary) power of Sītā’s glory, by which you have been reduced to this (miserable) plight! (27) Widowed is this Lañkā as well as we, O delight of your race! (Nay,) your body has been made the food of vultures and your soul rendered fit for hell (28).
(1) विगतो धवो यस्या: सा = विधवा (नारी) – She (a woman) whose husband has passed away.
Note: The compound ‘विगत’ is a गति-समास: formed using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
(2) विगत सुँ + धव सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)
(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘विगत सुँ’ as well as ‘धव सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे (which prescribes the compounding) the term अनेकम् ends in the nominative case. And hence 2-2-30 cannot help us in deciding which term to place in the prior position in the compound.
The adjective ‘विगत सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.
Note: ‘विगत सुँ + धव सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) विगत + धव । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) विधव । By वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे) प्रादिभ्यो धातुजस्य वाच्यो वा चोत्तरपदलोपः – A compound पदम् in which a ‘प्र’ etc term (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) is followed by a उत्तर-पदम् (final member) that is a कृदन्तम् (a participle formed by adding a कृत् affix to a verbal root) optionally drops this उत्तर-पदम् when it combines with another पदम् to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound.
Note: Compounding is already prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-24 itself. It is only for the elision of the उत्तरपदम् (of the compound पूर्वपदम्) that this वार्तिकम् is necessary.
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example ‘लङ्का’ is being qualified. Hence we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विधवा’ by adding the feminine affix टाप्।
(6) विधव + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप् – The प्रातिपदिकानि ‘अज’ etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in the letter ‘अ’ get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.
(7) विधव + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(8) विधवा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
See question 2.
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(9) विधवा + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(10) विधवा + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(11) विधवा । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’।
Questions:
1. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे) प्रादिभ्यो धातुजस्य वाच्यो वा चोत्तरपदलोपः (used in step 5) been used in verses 12-17 of Chapter 14 of the गीता?
2. What is the alternate form for विधवा?
3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नन्दन’ (used as part of the compound ‘कुलनन्दन’ in the verses)?
4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of the affix ‘क्त’ in the active voice (कर्तरि) in the form गतः used in the verses?
5. In which word used in the verses does the सूत्रम् 1-4-51 अकथितं च find application?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I don’t want to live in this lonely place.” Paraphrase to “I don’t want to live in this place from which people have departed.” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘that (place) from which people have departed’ = निर्गता जना यस्मात् स: (देश:)।
Easy questions:
1. What is the alternate form for वेद (लँट्, प्रथम-पुरुष:, एकवचनम्) derived from the verbal root √विद् (विदँ ज्ञाने २. ५९)?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-109 दश्च been used in the verses?
1. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे) प्रादिभ्यो धातुजस्य वाच्यो वा चोत्तरपदलोपः (used in step 5) been used in verses 12-17 of Chapter 14 of the गीता?
Answer: The वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे) प्रादिभ्यो धातुजस्य वाच्यो वा चोत्तरपदलोपः has been used in the form निर्मलम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निर्मल’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the following verse of the गीता –
कर्मणः सुकृतस्याहुः सात्त्विकं निर्मलं फलम् |
रजसस्तु फलं दुःखमज्ञानं तमसः फलम् || 14-16||
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is –
निर्गतं मलं यस्य/यस्मात् तत् = निर्मलम् – pure (free from impurities)
The compound निर्मलम् is qualifying the neuter noun फलम् (fruit/result).
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निर्मल’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विधव’ as shown in the post.
2. What is the alternate form for विधवा?
Answer: The alternate form for विधवा is विगतधवा।
The वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे) प्रादिभ्यो धातुजस्य वाच्यो वा चोत्तरपदलोपः (used in step 5 of the derivation shown in the post) says – A compound पदम् in which a ‘प्र’ etc term (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) is followed by a उत्तर-पदम् (final member) that is a कृदन्तम् (a participle formed by adding a कृत् affix to a verbal root) optionally drops this उत्तर-पदम् when it combines with another पदम् to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound.
When the उत्तर-पदम् ‘गत’ (of ‘विगत’) is not dropped we get the optional form विगतधवा।
Note: Even though विगतधवा is an optional form, its usage is rare in the language. Only the form विधवा is generally used.
3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नन्दन’ (used as part of the compound ‘कुलनन्दन’ in the verses)?
Answer: The कृत् affix ‘ल्यु‘ is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नन्दन’ – derived from the causative form of the verbal root √नन्द् (टुनदिँ समृद्धौ १. ७०).
नन्दयतीति नन्दनः – one who delights.
The ‘टु’ at the beginning of this verbal root gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The letter ‘इँ’ at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्। Both the ‘टु’ and the ‘इँ’ take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
नद् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= न नुँम् द् । By 7-1-58 इदितो नुम् धातोः, 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः।
= न न् द् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= नन्द् ।
नन्द् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च।
= नन्द् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= नन्दि । ‘नन्दि’ gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नन्दन’ is derived as follows:
नन्दि + ल्यु । By 3-1-134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः – The affix ‘ल्यु’ may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by ‘नन्दि’; the affix ‘णिनिँ’ may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by ‘ग्रहि’; and the affix ‘अच्’ may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by ‘पच्’।
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत् the affixes prescribed by the above सूत्रम् are used to denote the agent of the action.
= नन्दि + यु । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= नन्दि + अन । By 7-1-1 युवोरनाकौ, 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
= नन्द् + अन । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि।
= नन्दन। ‘नन्दन’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of the affix ‘क्त’ in the active voice (कर्तरि) in the form गतः used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च justifies the use of the affix ‘क्त’ in the active voice (कर्तरि) in the form गतः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गत’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) – derived from the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७).
The meaning of the सूत्रम् 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च is as follows – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix ‘क्त’ may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Please see answer to question 1 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गत’ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2014/12/08/सुभिक्षम्-nns/#comment-35138
5. In which word used in the verses does the सूत्रम् 1-4-51 अकथितं च find application?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 1-4-51 अकथितं च finds application in the form दशाम् (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दशा’, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) and the corresponding pronoun इमाम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इदम्’, स्त्रीलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
इमां दशां भवान् (रावणः) नीतः – You sir (Rāvaṇa) have been taken/reduced to this state/plight.
As per the सूत्रम् 1-4-51 अकथितं च – A कारकम् (participant in the action) which has no other specific designation like अपादानम् (ablation) etc gets the designation कर्म (object.) In the present example, the designation अधिकरणम् (locus) has not been assigned to the कारकम् ‘दशा’ (state/plight) and hence it gets the designation कर्म (object.)
Note:
दुह्याच्पच्दण्ड्रुधिप्रच्छिचिब्रूशासुजिमथ्मुषाम् ।
कर्मयुक् स्यादकथितं तथा स्यान्नीहृकृष्वहाम् ।।
दुहादीनां द्वादशानां तथा नीप्रभृतीनां चतुर्णां कर्मणा यद्युज्यते तदेवाकथितं कर्मेति परिगणनं कर्तव्यमित्यर्थ:।
A कारकम् (participant in the action) which connects with the primary object of any one of only the following 12 + 4 = 16 verbal roots (and their synonyms) gets the designation कर्म as long as no other specific designation like अपादानम् etc has been assigned to it –
(i) √दुह् (दुहँ प्रपूरणे २. ४)
(ii) √याच् (टुयाचृँ याच्ञायाम् १. १००१)
(iii) √पच् (डुपचँष् पाके १. ११५१)
(iv) √दण्ड् (दण्ड दण्डनिपाते १०. ४७२)
(v) √रुध् (रुधिँर् आवरणे ७. १)
(vi) √प्रच्छ् (प्रच्छँ ज्ञीप्सायाम् ६.१४९)
(vii) √चि (चिञ् चयने ५. ५)
(viii) √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९)
(ix) √शास् (शासुँ अनुशिष्टौ २. ७०)
(x) √जि (जि अभिभवे १. १०९६)
(xi) √मन्थ् (मन्थँ विलोडने १. ४४, ९. ४७)
(xii) √मुष् (मुषँ स्तेये ९. ६६)
and
(xiii) √नी (णीञ् प्रापणे १. १०४९)
(xiv) √हृ (हृञ् हरणे १. १०४६)
(xv) √कृष् (कृषँ विलेखने १. ११४५)
(xvi) √वह् (वहँ प्रापणे १. ११५९)
Note: The above 12 + 4 = 16 verbal roots (and their synonyms) are called द्विकर्मका: because they are capable of taking two objects – a primary object (प्रधान-कर्म/मुख्य-कर्म) and a secondary object (गौण-कर्म)। The प्रधान-कर्म/मुख्य-कर्म gets the कर्म-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-49 कर्तुरीप्सिततमं कर्म and the गौण-कर्म gets the कर्म-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-51 अकथितं च। In the present example, ‘भवत्’ (you sir) is the प्रधान-कर्म/मुख्य-कर्म while ‘दशा’ (state/plight) is the गौण-कर्म।
गौणे कर्मणि दुह्यादे:, प्रधाने नीहृकृष्वहाम्। In a passive construct (कर्मणि प्रयोग:) the secondary object (गौण-कर्म) of the 12 verbal roots √दुह् etc is expressed (अभिहितम्) while the primary object (प्रधान-कर्म/मुख्य-कर्म) of the 4 verbal roots √नी etc is expressed (अभिहितम्)। This is the reason for splitting the 16 verbal roots in to two classes.
In the present example, the verbal root √नी has been used in the form नीतः which is a कर्मणि प्रयोगः and therefore the primary object (‘भवत्’) is expressed. Hence the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भवत्’ takes a first case affix as per the सूत्रम् 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् to give the form भवान्। The secondary object ‘दशा’ (and the corresponding pronoun ‘इदम्’) is not expressed and hence the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दशा’ (and the corresponding pronoun प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इदम्’) takes a second case affix as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया to give the form (इमाम्) दशाम्।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I don’t want to live in this lonely place.” Paraphrase to “I don’t want to live in this place from which people have departed.” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘that (place) from which people have departed’ = निर्गता जना यस्मात् स: (देश:)।
Answer: अस्मिन् निर्जने देशे वस्तुम् न इच्छामि = अस्मिन् निर्जने देशे वस्तुं नेच्छामि।
अथवा –
अस्मिन् निर्जने देशे न विवत्सामि।
Note: In the desiderative form विवत्सामि the substitution ‘त्’ in place of letter ‘स्’ (of the verbal root ‘वस्’) is as per the सूत्रम् 7-4-49 सः स्यार्धधातुके।
Easy questions:
1. What is the alternate form for वेद (लँट्, प्रथम-पुरुष:, एकवचनम्) derived from the verbal root √विद् (विदँ ज्ञाने २. ५९)?
Answer: The alternate form for वेद is वेत्ति – derived from the verbal root √विद् (विदँ ज्ञाने २. ५९ ).
As per the सूत्रम् 3-4-83 विदो लटो वा – The affixes (‘तिप्’, ‘तस्’ etc.) of लँट् following the verbal root √विद् (विदँ ज्ञाने २. ५९) optionally get the nine affixes ‘णल्’, ‘अतुस्’ etc. as replacements respectively. In the form वेद the affix ‘णल्’ has been used while in the alternate form वेत्ति the affix ‘तिप्’ is used.
Please see answer to easy question 2 in the following comment for derivation of the forms वेत्ति and वेद – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/03/09/गजभीतः-mns/#comment-32272
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-109 दश्च been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-2-109 दश्च has been used in the form इमाम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इदम्’, स्त्रीलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
Please see answer to easy question 1 in the following comment for derivation of the form इमाम् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/08/03/सरीसृपम्-nns/#comment-4134